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51-442: Canada established Cornwall as a port of entry in 1800. Regular ferry service existed between Cornwall and Massena since the late 1800s. In 1900, the rail bridge of New York and Ottawa Railway was built at Cornwall, the only crossing on the St. Lawrence River between Niagara River and Montreal at this point. During the 1920s, negotiations with several parties were initiated to find

102-467: A 747 to Itami on January 12, 2014, the first 747 operation at the airport in eight years, for an open house event to commemorate the upcoming retirement of ANA's 747 fleet in March 2014. The government proposed changing Itami's status from first-class airport to second-class airport, which would saddle local governments with one-third of its operating costs; after protests from the surrounding local authorities,

153-443: A dedicated customs presence is posted there. The choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port. An airport of entry (AOE) is an airport that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights. These services allow the airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country. The word "international" in an airport's name usually means that it

204-596: A large maintenance base at Itami which occasionally services aircraft ferried in from overseas without passengers, and some international cargo flights continue to use the airport as well. The policy of the Japanese government has been to limit operations at Itami in order to spur development at Kansai and Kobe. Commercial passenger aircraft with more than two engines were banned from Itami effective April 2006, although such aircraft may continue to make ferry flights to and from Itami for maintenance purposes. All Nippon Airways flew

255-541: A plan to expand the airport by an additional 82.5 ha so that it could accommodate jet aircraft . Despite some protests from locals, the plan was approved by the neighboring city assemblies between 1960 and 1961 with strong backing from local business groups, and land was purchased between 1962 and 1964, in part out of the aviation industry's interest in keeping pace with the development of the Tokaido Shinkansen high-speed rail link between Tokyo and Osaka. The main runway

306-499: A process that made their crossing more tedious; believing it violated their treaty rights of free passage. When traveling from the US to Cornwall Island , they must first cross a second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station. Discussions between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the Canadian border inspection facilities on

357-537: A single central security checkpoint with expanded capacity) and a new shopping and dining area. Work began in February 2016, and the renovated central area became operational in 2018. On August 5, 2020, the terminal's complete renovation was completed. The latest facilities have helped the airport to rank 78th in Skytrax ’s world airport rankings for 2024, up from 95th the previous year. The only direct railway connection to

408-448: A single terminal building with 21 gates, divided into the "North Terminal" for JAL and Amakusa; and the "South Terminal" for ANA and IBEX. The departure and arrival zones of the two terminals are connected by a "Central Block" containing shops, restaurants and a hotel. The terminal was planned to be extensively renovated by August 2020 to include a new pier for additional aircraft, consolidated departures and arrivals facilities (including

459-502: A smaller domestic airport opened in 2006. The airport was named after the city of Itami , Hyōgo Prefecture , because most of its land is located there. A portion of the airport property is also located in Toyonaka and Ikeda cities of Osaka Prefecture . The terminal complex is located in all three of these cities, and the only access from the Itami side is via a long tunnel that passes below

510-609: A way of supporting automobile traffic on the Cornwall railway bridge. In 1935 a road bridge was added and both rail and road bridges were commemorated as the Roosevelt International Bridges. The international bridges were replaced in 1958 by the Cornwall-Massena International Bridge , at which time both border stations were also replaced. The north span of the bridge was replaced in 2014. In 2000,

561-467: Is an airport of entry, but many airports of entry do not use it. Airports of entry can range from large urban airports with heavy scheduled passenger service, like John F. Kennedy International Airport , to small rural airports serving general aviation exclusively. Often, smaller airports of entry are located near an existing port of entry such as a bridge or seaport. On the other hand, however, some "former" airports of entry chose to leave their name with

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612-446: Is limited to domestic flights, and can only handle 18 landings per hour and 370 landings per day. As of July 2013 , NKIAC is considering providing more leniency to the aforementioned restrictions through negotiations with local authorities, on the basis that advances in technology have allowed modern aircraft to be quieter than those in operation when the restrictions were imposed. NKIAC hopes to coordinate with local governments to increase

663-450: Is named Sorayan, and was created for the airport's 75th anniversary. She is a round, humanoid airplane who wears a captain's hat, and speaks with an Osaka accent. The name was chosen from over 1,900 suggestions sent to airport operators, and is a combination of Sora , Japanese for " Sky ", and Yan , a word used for emphasis in the local dialect. Her interests include roaming around the airport and fashion, as indicated by her collection of

714-513: Is the airport closest to Kyoto, 36 km (22 mi) southwest of Kyoto Station . Itami Airport has a small footprint, covering only 311 hectares (768 acres ) of land. Despite its "international" designation, the airport caters exclusively to domestic flights. Kansai International Airport (43 km (27 mi) away) took over the region's international traffic in 1994 and competes with Itami for domestic traffic. Itami also faces competition from Kobe Airport (26 km (16 mi) away),

765-678: The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while operating on Mohawk territory. The north span of the Seaway International Bridge and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed. During this occupation, the Canadian flag was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people. Although US Customs remained opened to southbound traffic, northbound traffic

816-489: The Code of Federal Regulations , "the terms 'port' and 'port of entry' incorporate the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a port director." In other words, a port of entry may encompass an area that includes several border crossings, as well as some air and sea ports. This also means that not every border crossing is a port of entry. There are two reasons for this: In some countries, immigration procedures are carried out by

867-521: The European Union , flights between countries in the Schengen Area are considered domestic regarding passport and immigration check. Several international airports have only intra-Schengen flights. Several of these have occasional charter flights to foreign countries. Some cases of statelessness have occurred in airports of entry forcing people to live in the airport for an extended period . One of

918-438: The 1960s and 1970s, among them: Jet flights at Itami began on June 1, 1964, and triggered complaints by neighboring residents about noise pollution . In addition, eminent domain procedures were used in 1966 to obtain land for the runway expansion at Itami and led to local protests, as had also been the case in the construction of Narita International Airport near Tokyo. In May 1968, a group of local citizens decided to sue

969-661: The 2004 film The Terminal . Zahra Kamalfar , an Iranian national who attempted to travel to Canada via Russia and Germany using forged documents, lived in the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Russia for eleven months before being granted refugee status by Canada to reunite with her family in Vancouver. The formal definition of a port of entry in the United States is something entirely different. According to

1020-567: The High Court injunction was illegal (though the victims remained entitled to damages). By the mid-1970s, the airport was subject to extensive slot restrictions, with operations limited to 200 jets and 170 propeller aircraft per day, and no takeoffs or landings allowed after 9 PM. These restrictions led the major domestic airlines to adopt more widebody aircraft in ultra-high-density configurations on Itami routes. The introduction of these widebodies caused additional concern among locals who protested

1071-644: The Osaka High Court, which ruled in November 1975 that the plaintiffs were entitled to both a wider scope of damages and an injunction halting flights at the airport between 9 PM and 7 AM. This was a landmark decision in Japanese environmental law as it set a precedent for polluters to be enjoined and to be required to pay damages to victims. However, the state then appealed to the Supreme Court of Japan , which deliberated for almost six years before ruling in 1981 that

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1122-449: The US side of the border. Port of entry In general, a port of entry ( POE ) is a place where one may lawfully enter a country. It typically has border security staff and facilities to check passports and visas and to inspect luggage to assure that contraband is not imported. International airports are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land border . Seaports can be used as ports of entry only if

1173-675: The airport is the Osaka Monorail , which serves the northern suburbs of Osaka, connecting to the Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line at Hotarugaike Station and the Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway ( Midōsuji Line ) at Senri-Chuo Station . Several plans have been formulated for improving rail access to the airport. Hankyu considered building a spur from the Takarazuka Line to the airport in the 1970s, but did not proceed with

1224-504: The airport to central Itami around 2007, but was unwilling to commit funding for the project due to profitability concerns. An April 2018 study by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism concluded that a 4 km, 70 billion yen spur line from Sone to the airport, allowing one-stop express service to Umeda in around 20 minutes, would deliver a greater benefit-cost ratio than many other Japanese rail projects in terms of

1275-712: The airport's convenience. They planned to enlist the support of the other neighboring municipalities of Toyonaka, Takarazuka and Ikeda. On the other hand, the Japanese government has supported Kansai at Itami's expense, and current Osaka City mayor and former Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto has been a particularly vocal critic of the airport, arguing that the Chuo Shinkansen maglev line will make much of its domestic role irrelevant, and that its domestic functions should be transferred to Kansai in conjunction with upgraded high-speed access to Kansai from central Osaka. In 2009, Hashimoto proposed closing Itami and converting

1326-516: The armed forces rather than specific immigration officers. However, in most, the levying of duty on imports is still carried out by customs officers. Immigration clearance in some ports of entry have automated sections open to the country's own residents or citizens, such as the e-Channel found in Hong Kong and Macau , Global Entry found at some airports in the United States and other similar country-instituted programs. On some international borders,

1377-474: The concept of a port of entry does not exist or is at least not applied to select countries of free-crossing pacts. Travelers may cross the border wherever and whenever convenient. For example, and as such a pact, most EU citizens may travel freely within the Schengen Area , which is made up of 29 European countries. As with the example, in some cases, such free travel may be restricted to citizens of specific countries and to travelers who are not carrying goods over

1428-483: The customs limits; others may only cross the border at a designated border crossing during its opening times. Itami Airport Osaka International Airport ( 大阪国際空港 , Ōsaka Kokusai Kūkō ) ( IATA : ITM , ICAO : RJOO ), often referred to as Itami Airport ( 伊丹空港 , Itami Kūkō ) , is the primary regional airport for the Kansai region of Japan, including the major cities of Osaka , Kyoto , and Kobe . It

1479-544: The end of World War II in 1945, expanding it to 221 hectares and renaming it Itami Air Base . The airfield was used extensively by US forces during the Korean War . In 1954, Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio stopped at Itami during their honeymoon, and in 1956, the base was used in the filming of the movie Sayonara . Itami was renamed Osaka Airport ( 大阪空港 , Ōsaka Kūkō ) following its return to Japanese control in March 1959. The Japanese government quickly implemented

1530-562: The focus of a rare aviation agreement dispute between the United States and Australia, as less than 30% of passengers on the Australia-Japan segment were originating in the U.S. even though the "primary objective" of the route authority, according to the US-Australia aviation agreement, was service between the US and Australia. In 1993, after Australia demanded arbitration and the US implemented retaliatory sanctions against Qantas , Northwest

1581-730: The frequency on its Itami-Fukuoka route from two flights to five flights daily, making the route more competitive with the Sanyō Shinkansen rail service. In September 2013, NKIAC announced that it would acquire Osaka Airport Terminal Co. for 27.8 billion yen, which an NKIAC official called the "last piece" of the integration of both airports' management. NKIAC plans to market Itami Airport to business travelers by touting its convenience for domestic business travel and improving its connectivity to Narita International Airport , while continuing to market Kansai Airport to leisure and international travelers. Following Typhoon Jebi , which resulted in

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1632-525: The government for damages related to noise pollution from Itami Airport. The lawsuit was filed in December 1969. The Japanese government concurrently banned takeoffs and landings at Itami between 10:30 PM and 6:30 AM, effective February 1970. In February 1974, the Osaka District Court issued a qualified ruling in favor of the plaintiffs which limited the scope of their damages. The plaintiffs appealed to

1683-449: The increased pollution and greater dangers in the event of a crash. Because of the political friction surrounding Itami, planners began work in the 1970s to relocate many of its flights to an offshore location. This plan led to the opening of Osaka's current international airport, referred to as Kansai International Airport , in 1994 on an artificial island in Kansai region . There were originally plans to close Itami Airport following

1734-576: The international border crossing was renamed the Three Nations Crossing, in honor of the Mohawk people of Akwesasne , a federally recognized Mohawk tribe in the United States and Indigenous peoples in Canada . The reservation is situated mostly in the US state of New York, and crosses into the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around

1785-504: The most famous cases was that of Mehran Karimi Nasseri , an Iranian national who lived in the Charles de Gaulle Airport in France for approximately eighteen years after being denied entry into France and not having a country of origin to be returned to due to claiming his Iranian nationality had been revoked. Nasseri's experience was loosely adapted by two films, the 1993 film Tombés du ciel and

1836-584: The mouth of the Yamato River, also targeted at seaplanes, but concerns about fog and protests from Kobe-based businesses led the government to build the "No. 2 Airport" for land-based aircraft instead. Construction began in July 1936 on a 53- hectare (131 acre) site. The new airport was primarily used by the Imperial Japanese Army during its early years. U.S. occupation forces took over Osaka Airport after

1887-525: The national government withdrew this proposal. The government also proposed banning widebody aircraft from Itami, although this proposal was criticized as unrealistic given the volume of traffic there. In May 2011, the Diet of Japan passed legislation to form a new Kansai International Airport Corporation using the state's existing equity stake in Kansai Airport and its property holdings at Itami Airport. The move

1938-593: The number of passengers assisted, but would not be profitable at Hankyu's standard fare level and would require a significant surcharge in order to break even. Itami Airport is directly connected to the Hanshin Expressway Ikeda Route and is five minutes' drive from the Chugoku Expressway , making it possible to reach central Osaka by car or bus in 25 to 30 minutes, central Kobe in 40 minutes and central Kyoto in 55 minutes. Itami Airport's mascot

1989-402: The number of slots allowed during the day and to open additional slots during nighttime hours. Both Hyogo Prefecture and Itami City are supporters of expanded service at Itami, and established a formal coordination body in July 2013 to propose further reforms such as allowing international charter flights, and to engage in local efforts such as improving ground transportation and publicizing

2040-642: The opening of Itami, Kizugawa Airport was Osaka's main civilian airport. It handled both seaplanes and conventional ones. The site of Kizugawa Airport is now a port area in Funamachi in south end of Taisho Ward with only a small marker located in Funamachi Ryokuchi Park below the Shin-Kizugawa Bridge . In 1931, the Osaka municipal government drafted plans to construct a new "No. 1 Osaka Airport" near

2091-502: The opening of Kansai, but nearby communities opposed such a move for economic reasons, so Itami was retained as a domestic-only airport after Kansai opened in 1994. Itami has been used by international charters for state visits – Air Force One visited Itami in November 2005 and Chinese premier Wen Jiabao landed at Itami in April 2007 – and by Asiana Airlines charter flights to and from South Korea in late 2015. All Nippon Airways retains

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2142-497: The operating rights for Kansai and Itami Airport in May 2015. Orix and Vinci SA were the sole bidder for the 45-year contract, at a price of around $ 18 billion. The new operating company will be formed around the end of 2015 and will be 80% owned by Orix and Vinci, with the remaining 20% owned by Kansai-based enterprises such as Hankyu Hanshin Holdings and Panasonic . Itami Airport has

2193-407: The project due to capacity constraints on the Takarazuka Line; Hankyu reportedly re-commenced studies of the project in 2017. JR West announced a plan to build a line to the airport from Itami around 1989 but never proceeded, due in part to the 2005 Amagasaki derailment and demand concerns following the opening of Kobe Airport . Hyogo Prefecture also considered building a light rail system from

2244-629: The runway and apron. In FY2006, Itami used to be Japan's third busiest airport and the Kansai region's busiest. In 2015, it had 139,450 aircraft movements, serving 14,541,936 domestic passengers and carrying 140,668 metric tons of freight cargo. In 2018, Itami was the seventh busiest in Japan, serving 16.3 million passengers. In the Kansai region, Kansai International Airport had far more passengers than Itami Airport. Itami Airport opened as No. 2 Osaka Airport ( 第二大阪飛行場 , Dai-ni Ōsaka Hikōjō ) in 1939. Prior to

2295-454: The site into an "International Campus Freedom City" operating in the English language with 20,000 residents; the governor of Hyogo criticized the idea as "complete nonsense." Hashimoto later expressed support for Transport Minister Seiji Maehara 's plan to maintain Itami with further restrictions on the size of aircraft. Kansai International Airport Corporation conducted a public tender to sell

2346-500: The temporary closure of Kansai Airport in September 2018, operating hours at both Itami and Kobe were extended, and the government began considering permitting international service at all three Osaka area airports. Japan Airlines later announced that it would operate two special flights between Itami and Hong Kong in mid-October 2018. These would be the first scheduled international passenger flights to or from Itami in 24 years. Itami

2397-755: The word "international" in it, even though they no longer serve international flights. One example is Osaka International Airport . Even when it had ended all international services and became a purely domestic airport after the opening of Kansai International Airport in 1994, it kept its original name of "Osaka International Airport". Many airports in the nearby region have the same situation, like Taipei Songshan Airport . Songshan retained its official Chinese name, Taipei International Airport, after Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport ) opened. Similar cases of transitions of international airports such as Seoul , Tokyo , Nagoya , Shanghai , Hong Kong , Bangkok , Tehran , etc. For

2448-418: Was aimed at offsetting Kansai Airport's debt burden. NKIAC started free shuttle bus service between Itami and Kansai for transfer passengers in order to further integrate the two as a single hub. Itami has also seen increased domestic passenger traffic in 2013 following the easing of flight restrictions, which was possible due to propeller aircraft being replaced by quieter regional jets; JAL was able to increase

2499-433: Was blocked on the US side by both American and Canadian officials. The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks. On July 13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions. The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border. In 2014 they objected to

2550-412: Was completed in 1970. In its heyday Itami was served by a variety of major international carriers, including Pan Am (Japan routes transferred to United in 1985), British Airways , Air India , Cathay Pacific and Korean Air . Northwest Airlines was a major international operator at Itami, and by 1992 offered nonstop service to New York, Los Angeles, Honolulu and Sydney. The Sydney service became

2601-505: Was forced to limit the amount of local Australia-Japan traffic on the Osaka-Sydney route, and subsequently abandoned the service entirely. B.O.A.C also operated in Osaka until 1974, flying from either Taipei or Tokyo . While Japan's economy was growing rapidly, the area around Itami Airport became an increasingly dense residential area for commuters to Osaka. A number of factors made the airport an intensely debated political issue in

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