46-812: Thomas Hare may refer to: Thomas Hare (political scientist) (1806–1891), proponent of electoral reform Thomas Hare (MP) (1686–1760), Member of Parliament for Truro Tom Hare (born 1952), professor and Japanologist Tom Hare (veterinary pathologist) (1895–1959), British veterinary pathologist Thomas Truxtun Hare (1878–1956), American track and field athlete Richard Hare (bishop) (Thomas Richard Hare, 1922–2010), bishop of Pontefract Sir Thomas Hare, 2nd Baronet (1658–1693), Member of Parliament for Norfolk, 1685–1689 Sir Thomas Leigh Hare, 1st Baronet (1859–1941), British Member of Parliament for South West Norfolk, 1892–1906 Sir Thomas Hare, 5th Baronet (1930–1993), cricketer [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
92-403: A copy of her "little book", Botany for Novices (1864). Becker is one of a number of 19th-century women who contributed, often routinely, to Darwin's scientific work. Her correspondence and work alike suggest that Becker had a particular interest in bisexual and hermaphroditic plants which, perhaps, offered her powerful 'natural' evidence of radical, alternative sexual and social order. Lydia
138-399: A font and stained glass window to St Paul's Church, Hook, London . Hare was twice married. There was one child, Mary Eleanor (1874–1883), of the second marriage. Hare was survived by seven children, and his will divided his estate equally between them, in a trust: they were three sons (Sherlock, Alfred, Lancelot) and four daughters (Marian, Alice, Katharine, Lydia Mary). The family home
184-816: A general formulation. Hare was also known in the field of law reporting . At a period without official case reports, the published reports of key court decisions allowed them to be used as precedents. From 1841 he reported on the Court of Chancery , on James Wigram 's decisions as Vice-Chancellor of England . The series of 11 volumes of Reports of Cases Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery culminated in 1858 with one on cases of William Wood . Wigram's decrees were considered lucid. Two leading judicial decisions that are still relevant are covered only in Hare's Reports in Chancery : Hare
230-631: A scanty education. He went to London and found work as a solicitor's clerk. On 14 November 1828 he was admitted a student of the Inner Temple , and he was called to the bar on 22 November 1833. He practiced law in the chancery courts . In 1853 Hare became an Inspector of Charities for the Charity Commission . Hare was a member of the London-based Athenaeum Club and Political Economy Club . In 1859, he met John Stuart Mill . He
276-478: A single preferential vote in an at-large district covering the entire United Kingdom. In the preface to the fourth edition of Treatise on the Election of Representatives , Hare stated his belief that proportional representation would "end the evils of corruption, violent discontent and restricted power of selection or voter choice". A great deal of writing on that theory developed and several societies were formed in
322-594: A street is named after her, Lydia Becker Way. A book collection by women, with books from Helen Blackburn 's collection, her friends and from second hand sources, was placed in two bookcases decorated with paintings of Becker and Caroline Ashurst Biggs , who had been chairs of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage before Blackburn. These bookcases were given to Girton College and are extant. The archives of Lydia Becker are held at
368-569: A toll and doctors from Gervais recommended Lydia travel the 40 miles to Geneva to see a specialist. Having deteriorated further, Lydia died in Geneva on 18th July 1890, reportedly of diphtheria , aged 63. She was buried in the Geneva cemetery of St George on 21st July. She was afterwards commemorated on the family gravestone in the St James churchyard at Altham . Her father had been church warden at St James. Rather than continue publishing in her absence,
414-491: A widowed shop owner, Lilly Maxwell , mistakenly appeared on the register of voters in Manchester. She was not the first but she was a good opportunity for publicity. Becker visited Maxwell and escorted her to the polling station. The returning officer found Maxwell's name on the list and allowed her to vote. Becker immediately began encouraging other women heads of households in the region to petition for their names to appear on
460-795: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Thomas Hare (political scientist) Thomas Hare (28 March 1806 in England – 6 May 1891) was a British lawyer and supporter of electoral reform . He is credited with inventing the single transferable vote system of proportional representation which he was a proponent and defender, now used in national elections in Ireland and Malta, in Australian Senate and state elections, in local and European Parliament elections in Northern Ireland, and several cities in
506-648: The American Law Review , was reprinted in London by the Representative Reform Association, a group of allies of Hare set up with support from Walter Morrison who funded George Howell as its secretary from 1868 to 1874, also involving Edmond Beales . Ware's ideas were close to Hare's. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson built on the classification used by Ware of voting systems, in his 1884 pamphlet The Principles of Parliamentary Representation , to give
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#1732855042509552-610: The Women's Suffrage Journal between 1870 and 1890. Lydia Becker was Born in Cooper Street in the Deansgate area of Manchester , the oldest daughter of Hannibal Leigh Becker and Mary Becker (nee Duncuft). Lydia's Grandfather, Ernst Hannibal Becker had emigrated from Ohrdruf in Thuringia and set up a manufacturing business supplying the cotton industry with dyes and chemicals. Ernest made
598-763: The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics. In 2018 the Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation was launched at The University of Manchester. The institute is home to internationally renowned immunology and inflammation expertise in a vast array of basic and applied disciplines. The institute is named after Lydia Becker because she was a celebrated natural scientist who conversed with Charles Darwin and because she strongly believed that women were intellectually equal to men and deserved
644-527: The co-operative movement from 1869, and joined the Land Tenure Reform Association (1869 to 1873) for "free trade in land", following the ideas of Mill and William Thomas Thornton . Hare's major work The Machinery of Representation appeared in 1857 (two editions) and editions of his Treatise on the Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal appeared between 1859 and 1873. John Stuart Mill in 1873 described Hare's system as
690-488: The 1850s onwards, winning a gold medal for an 1862 scholarly paper on horticulture. An uncle, rather than her parents, encouraged this interest. Whilst at Altham she began a correspondence with Charles Darwin (fourteen of her letters survive in the Darwin archive from 1863-1877). In the course of their correspondence, Becker sent a number of plant samples to Darwin from the fields surrounding Altham. She also forwarded Darwin
736-534: The Ladies' Literary Society, in the same year. Though her practical study of flowers had come to an end with the family move to Manchester, her correspondence with Charles Darwin had continued and she persuaded Darwin to send one of his own pamphlets for discussion at the opening meeting of her Society. With the death of her father in 1877, greater freedom still, became available to Lydia and her emerging independent and growing public life. In autumn 1866 Becker attended
782-662: The MP for Caernarvonshire after he voted against a proposal offering women the vote. In 1880, Becker and co-workers campaigned in the Isle of Man for the right of women to vote in the House of Keys elections. Unexpectedly, they were successful and they secured for women voting rights in the Isle of Man for the first time in the elections of March 1881. Becker became the chair of the Central Committee of
828-523: The Manchester School Board on which she served until her death. In the same year Becker and her friend Jessie Boucherett founded the Women's Suffrage Journal and soon afterward began organising speaking tours of women – a rarity in Britain at the time. At an 1874 speaking event in Manchester organised by Becker, fifteen-year-old Emmeline Pankhurst experienced her first public gathering in
874-462: The National Society for Women's Suffrage . This organisation had been formed in 1871 to lobby parliament. Other committee members included Helen Blackburn , Millicent Fawcett , Jessie Boucherett , Eva McLaren , Margaret Bright Lucas , Priscilla Bright McLaren and Frances Power Cobbe . Becker differed from many early feminists in her disputation of essentialised femininity. Arguing there
920-463: The U.S., New Zealand and Scotland. He was born on 28 March 1806, the illegitimate son of Anne Hare of Leigh, Dorset . ( Alumni Cantabrigienses considers that a 19th-century identification was incorrect. It identified Anne Hare's son with the Thomas Hare who matriculated at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1823, graduating B.A. in 1827, and M.A. in 1846. ) Brought up on a Dorset farm, Hare had
966-643: The United Kingdom, including minorities in the House of Commons and other electoral assemblies. In the British context, the "transferable vote" concept had already been introduced by Thomas Wright Hill , but was not published by him. His son Rowland Hill , for the South Australian Colonization Commission , took an interest during the 1830s in a reformed electoral system for the colony, and drew on his father's ideas. Hare's interest in
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#17328550425091012-946: The annual meeting of the National Association for the Advancement of Social Science, where she was excited by a paper from Barbara Bodichon entitled "Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women". She dedicated herself to organising around the issue, and in January 1867 convened the first meeting of the Manchester Women's Suffrage Committee, one of the first organisations of its kind in England. She got to know there Dr. Richard Pankhurst , known as 'the red Doctor' whom Becker described as 'a very clever little man with some extraordinary sentiments about life in general and women in particular'. He married Emmeline in 1879. Several months later,
1058-589: The development of anthers. Lydia’s mother died in 1855, at the age of 47, leaving Lydia, as the eldest child, to become the mother figure in the household, for her eleven surviving siblings and father Economic troubles saw Lydia, along with her siblings and father move from Altham to 11 Grove Street, Ardwick, in Manchester in 1865, but it was here that Lydia found her independence. Moving into her own lodgings in 1867 at Carter Street in Greenheys, Manchester, and founding
1104-482: The exclusion of women from the suffrage". A system along lines described by Hare was publicised by Henry Fawcett in Mr. Hare's Reform Bill Simplified and Explained (1860). Mill then shifted his ideas from 1859 slightly, emphasizing the role of bullet voting in a voting context, as a safeguard for minority groups. An article The Machinery of Politics and Proportional Representation from 1872 by William Robert Ware , in
1150-477: The family chemical works there, beside the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Moorside House was to be Lydia’s home for a large part of her childhood. The family moved to Reddish for 13 years (1837-50), when her father acquired a calico printing works there but the family returned again to Altham in 1850. Becker was educated at home, like many girls at the time. Intellectually curious, she studied botany and astronomy from
1196-610: The family home at Foxdenton Hall in Chadderton, which remained the family seat for 80 years. Lydia’s father, Hannibal Leigh Becker, was the eldest son, marrying Mary, daughter of a Hollinwood Mill owner, in 1826, with Lydia being born the following year. Whilst Hannibal’s younger brother, John Leigh, remained resident with his own family at Foxdenton, Hannibal and his Wife, Mary built their own new family home, Moorside House, at Altham, near Accrington, in Lancashire. The home being near to
1242-589: The favour and respect of the town and neighbourhood? Hare lends his name to the following: Hare's death in May 1891 occurred several years before the first use of proportional representation in Tasmania in 1897. The recognition of Hare's name in the Hare-Clark electoral system (i.e. Tasmanian system) honours his work. The Single Transferable Vote method has been widely used for multiple-winner elections. While continuing to be
1288-432: The greatest improvement of which the system of representative government is susceptible; an improvement which…exactly meets and cures the grand, and what before seemed inherent, defect of the representative system. In 1859 Mill wrote a review for Fraser's Magazine under the title "Recent Writers on Reform", calling Hare's Treatise remarkable, and noting also "Mr. Hare passes an unqualified and most just condemnation on
1334-495: The issue dated from his appointment as Inspector of Charities. Danish thinker Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ developed a similar system independently in 1855. Hare's ideas intended to make political representation more closely reflect the ideals of participatory democracy , where all constituents could be heard. He argued that "personal representation" could displace the dominant "monolithic bloc" political party . Hare's original electoral system concept included each voter casting
1380-465: The junction with Moorfield Way. Becker's name and image, alongside those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters, are etched on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square , London. In Paris, France, a street is named after her, the allée Lydia-Becker (Lydia Becker Lane), near Montmartre , close to the rue Eva-Kotchever . In Chadderton , Oldham , United Kingdom ,
1426-689: The main method of elections in the Republic of Ireland and for some elections in Australia, it has been widely used in numerous corporations and organizations, and has been employed in local elections in a few jurisdictions of the United States. 2007 saw the reintroduction of STV in public elections on the British mainland in elections to Scottish local authorities . STV had been used for elections to Parliament for some University Seats from 1918 to 1945 and from 1918 to 1929 for Scottish boards. Hare and his wife gave
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1472-405: The movement Votes for Women: The Story of a Struggle , writes: "The history of the decades from 1860 to 1890 – so far as women's suffrage is concerned – is the history of Miss Becker." The Journal published speeches from around the country, both within and outside of Parliament. Becker published her correspondence with her supporters and her opponents, notably in 1870, when she chastised
1518-495: The name of women's suffrage. On 24 March 1877 Lydia appeared at a public meeting alongside J.W White, Henry Birchenough , Alice Cliff Scatcherd (subsequently one of the co-founders of the Women's Franchise League ) and other early suffragists to discuss women's access to the vote in Macclesfield. The Journal was the most popular publication relating to women's suffrage in 19th-century Britain. Roger Fulford , in his study of
1564-405: The resolution that women should be granted voting rights on the same terms as men. Becker subsequently commenced a lecture tour of northern cities on behalf of the society. In June 1869, Becker and fellow campaigners were successful in securing the vote for women in municipal elections . Having campaigned for the inclusion of women on school boards , in 1870 she was one of four women elected to
1610-543: The rolls. Their claims were presented in court by Sir John Coleridge and Richard Pankhurst in Chorlton v. Lings , but the case was dismissed. On 14 April 1868, the first public meeting of the National Society for Women's Suffrage was held in the Free Trade Hall in Manchester. The three main speakers were Agnes Pochin , Anne Robinson and Becker. The meeting was presided over by Priscilla Bright McLaren . Becker moved
1656-404: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hare&oldid=942163966 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1702-692: The staff of the Women's Suffrage Journal decided to cease production. Becker's name is listed on the Reformers’ Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Her name is also listed on her father's gravestone (Hannibal Leigh Becker) in the churchyard of the Parish Church of St James, Altham in Lancashire. A plaque commemorating her life is situated adjacent to the Moorfield Colliery Memorial on Burnley Road, Altham, (A678) at
1748-585: The target of frequent ridicule in newspaper commentary and editorial cartoons. Ill of health by 1890, Lydia decided upon a rest cure at Bath. In June she travelled to the French spa town of Aix-les-Bains , for further treatment. Friends by this time were concerned for Lydia’s health and her ability to complete the long journey. From there she travelled to Chamonix in the Savoy Alps for a week and arrived at St Gervais Les Bains on 6th July. Ill health continued to take
1794-529: The world for its adoption although Hare pointed out that his scheme was not meant to bear the title "representation for minorities". In the preface to his third edition of that work, Hare had asked: Can it be supposed that the moment the electors are allowed a freedom of choice they will immediately be seized with a desire to vote for some distant candidate with whom they are unacquainted, rather than for those whom they know – who are near to them, whose speeches they have heard and who have personal recommendations to
1840-717: Was Gosbury Hill in Surrey where Hare had a farmhouse built to his own design. The place is now a street in a built-up area, in north Chessington . Of the sons: Herbert Thomas Hare, the second son, a civil engineer, died at Hong Kong in 1874 aged 27. Of the daughters: Attribution [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Courtney, William Prideaux (1901). " Hare, Thomas ". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement) . Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Lydia Becker Lydia Ernestine Becker (24 February 1827 – 18 July 1890)
1886-604: Was a co-author, with Henry Iltid Nicholl and John Monson Carrow, of the initial 1840 and 1843 volumes of Cases Relating to Railways and Canals 1835–1840, resp. 1840–1842. Initially a Conservative Party supporter, Hare was a free trader opposed to the Corn Laws . He left the Conservatives in 1846, the year of their repeal, and became a Peelite . He never joined the Liberal Party , preferring to maintain his independence. He
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1932-648: Was a devout Anglican, influenced by the Tractarians . Hare differed from Mill in relying heavily on Edmund Burke as a political authority, in particular the Reflections on the Revolution in France . The Dictionary of National Biography article by William Prideaux Courtney on Hare states: Hare's energies were concentrated in an attempt to devise a system which would secure proportional representation of all classes in
1978-414: Was a leader in the early British suffrage movement, as well as an amateur scientist with interests in biology and astronomy . She established Manchester as a centre for the suffrage movement and with Richard Pankhurst she arranged for the first woman to vote in a British election and a court case was unsuccessfully brought to exploit the precedent. Becker is also remembered for founding and publishing
2024-651: Was also a member of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science , and from 1867 was on the committee of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women . He worked with Lydia Becker on suffrage petitions. He attended the 1867 funeral of the Manchester suffragist Max Kyllmann, to support his wife Philippine Kyllmann ; who two years later fell out with Becker. Under Mill's influence, Hare became involved in
2070-636: Was also recognised for her own scientific contributions, being awarded a national prize in the 1860s for a collection of dried plants prepared using a method that she had devised so that they retained their original colours. She gave a botanical paper to the Biology Section (D) at the 1868 meeting of the British Association about the effect of fungal infection on sexual development in a plant species. The smut fungus Microbotryum silenes-dioicae transforms female flowers into hermaphrodite ones by causing
2116-428: Was no natural difference between the intellect of men and women, Becker was a vocal advocate of a non-gendered education system in Britain. She also differed with many suffrage activists in arguing more strenuously for the voting rights of unmarried women. Women connected to husbands and stable sources of income, Becker believed, were less desperately in need of the vote than widows and single women. This attitude made her
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