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52-471: Thesprotia was part of the proto-Greek region in the late Bronze Age in which Greek archaic toponyms are densely found. In antiquity, the territory of modern Thesprotia was inhabited by the ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotians and was bordered by the neighboring regions of Molossia to the north and Chaonia to the east. Thesprotia is mentioned at the Epic Cycle as a place where Odysseus sailed and married

104-465: A hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant. According to Filos (2014), the emergence of Proto-Greek was a long and continuous linguistic evolution, as the predecessors of Greek speakers were migrating towards the outskirts of Greece, somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper, where they eventually merged with pre-Greek populations to form

156-670: A 15th century Greek portolan chart it was mentioned as Igoumenitza ( Greek : Ηγουμενίτζα ). Later in Ottoman times, it was known as Grava ( Greek : Γράβα ). or Reşadiye. In 1938, after it became the capital city of the prefecture of Thesprotia , its name was changed to the current Igoumenitsa. The name is a derivation from the Greek word Igoumeni which means " commander ; abbot ". The name has been adopted as Gomenizza in Italian and as Gumenicë in Albanian . In ancient times, near Igoumenitsa,

208-596: A West Greek (consisting of Doric and Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the Linear B script, Walter Porzig and Ernst Risch argued for a division between a Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental until today. During this period of c.  1700 BC , South Greek-speaking tribes spread to Boeotia, Attica, and

260-516: A following aspirated consonant occurred in the same word. It was a relatively late change in Proto-Greek history, and must have occurred independently of the similar dissimilation of aspirates (also known as Grassmann's law ) in Indo-Iranian , although it may represent a common areal feature . The change may have even been post-Mycenaean: Greek is unique among Indo-European languages in reflecting

312-399: A glide, *t͡sy , in the case of both original *t and original *tʰ . Either way, restored *t(ʰ)y would go on to merge via the second palatalization with the reflex of *k(ʰ)y , resulting in a distinct outcome from the *t͡s derived from the first palatalization. There may also have been restoration of *y after original *d in the same circumstances, but if so, it apparently merged with

364-426: A hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) with mild to cool, rainy winters and hot, relatively dry summers. Igoumenitsa is known for its green forests and blue crystal waters, and attracts many local tourists from the nearby regions, and especially from Italy. The city provides the possibility for walks, jogging on the beach or mountain, hiking, sports, boating or contact with nature. Also provides access to

416-712: A new highway that will connect Igoumenitsa and Saranda , passing by Sagiada and Konispol . The port of Igoumenitsa serves ferry routes to the islands of Corfu and Paxoi (includes Antipaxoi), as well as Italy. Proto-Greek Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic )

468-567: A region that included southwestern Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia. Older theories like those of Vladimir I. Georgiev placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to the Aulon river to the north), including Parauaea , Tymphaia , Athamania , Dolopia , Amphilochia , and Acarnania , as well as west and north Thessaly ( Histiaeotis , Perrhaibia , Tripolis ), and Pieria in Macedonia, during

520-523: A religious sanctuary. Excavations have revealed a theatre which seats 2,500 and ruins of two temples. Gitanae was a meeting place of the Epirote League (Livy 42.38.1). A spur near Philiates between the Kalamas River , the acropolis had a fine semicircular tower. A small theater, towers, and gateways which are still visible. The Kalamas may have been navigable to this point. The city was destroyed by

572-518: A separate sound in Mycenaean) and geminated palatal consonants. Any aspiration was lost in the process. The palatalized consonants later simplified, mostly losing their palatal character. Palatalization occurred in two separate stages. The first stage affected only dental consonants, and the second stage affected all consonants. The first palatalization replaced post-PIE sequences of dental stop + *y with alveolar affricates: The affricate derived from

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624-486: A university department, a library, an archeological museum, several sport stadiums and tennis courses, a courthouse and a medical clinic. The Thesprotia Police Headquarters and the Municipal Sailing Club are located here. The city itself is built on the slopes of a forested mountain and expands perimetrically around the gulf. The 2021 census recorded 25,698 inhabitants for the wider Municipality, of which 18,562 in

676-574: Is built on the easternmost end of the Gulf of Igoumenitsa in the Ionian Sea and primary aspects of the economy are maritime, transport, services, agriculture and tourism. The 670 km (420 mi) long A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos), which serves northern Greece, terminates at Igoumenitsa, making it a popular starting point for tourists coming from Europe and ending point for trucks from Turkey. Igoumenitsa features many shops, schools, offices and cargo storages,

728-437: Is subdivided into three municipalities (numbered as in the map in the infobox): Thesprotia was established as a prefecture in 1937 ( Greek : Νομός Θεσπρωτίας ). As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Thesprotia was created out of the former prefecture Thesprotia. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to

780-536: Is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek , including Mycenaean Greek , the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic , Ionic , Aeolic , Doric , Arcadocypriot , and ancient Macedonian —either a dialect or a closely related Hellenic language ) and, ultimately, Koine , Byzantine and Modern Greek (along with its variants ). Proto-Greek speakers entered Greece sometime between 2200 and 1900   BC, with

832-490: The *d͡z that resulted from the first palatalization before leaving any visible trace. However, restoration is not evident in Mycenaean Greek , where the reflex of original *t(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨s⟩) is consistently written differently from the reflex of original *k(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨z⟩ via the second palatalization). The second palatalization took place following

884-531: The Adriatic Sea and vice versa , as well as the ships of Superfast Ferries , ANEK Lines and several other shipping companies, before going to Ancona , Bari or Venice in Italy, and vice versa. Frequent passenger and car ferries to and from Corfu. The A2 motorway , which was opened in 2009 and is part of the [REDACTED] , has significantly enhanced the connection with Thessaloniki and Turkey and shortened

936-768: The Black Sea and the Middle East , through the development of combined transport (maritime-roads) directly and long-term (through the Egnatia railway), incorporating the railroad. In the beginning of 2012, the First Phase of the construction project of the New Port had been completed and progression to the Second Phase has begun in late 2013 and was completed by 2016, when the Third Phase of

988-549: The Blue Flag beaches of Drepanos and Makrygiali with crystal clear waters and a length of 7 km, with both of them being situated on the northwestern edge of the Gulf of Igoumenitsa. The archaeological museum with exhibits from historical times until the Byzantines period . In recent years, the city has become a growing cruise destination, as cruise station for visits to archaeological sites and natural beauties of Thesprotia but also

1040-526: The Late Neolithic . The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region, in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek . Radoslav Katičić considered these findings highly significant, and agreed that due to the minimal traces of pre-Greek toponymy in the region, Epirus and western Thessaly must have formed the region of concentration of Proto-Greek speakers, before their spread southwards. However,

1092-568: The Romans in 167 BC and later on it was annexed into the Roman Empire . It was ruled by Ottoman Empire and was renamed as "Reşadiye" in 1909 in honour of Mehmet V , Ottoman Sultan between 1909 and 1918. During Italo-Turkish War , Hamidiye torpedo boat was sunk by an Italian destroyer on December 30, 1912 in here. After the liberation of the region from Ottoman rule during the Balkan Wars in 1913,

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1144-756: The Ottomans. From the 8th-9th until the 15th century, the region was called Vagenetia , a name deriving from the Slavic tribe of the Baiounitai , who appear in the early 7th century during the Slavic invasions of the Balkans. In the late Ottoman period, the area was known as Chameria , and at 1910 most of the territory of the modern prefecture of Thesprotia was known as Sancak of Resadiye or Çamlık Sancak or Igoumenitsa Sancak . Thesprotia remained under Ottoman rule until 1913, when it

1196-651: The Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken in Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and perhaps also Macedonia. Proto-Greek is reconstructed with the following phonemes: The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language include the following. Major changes included: Grassmann's law was a process of dissimilation in words containing multiple aspirates. It caused an initial aspirated sound to lose its aspiration when

1248-454: The Proto-Greek language. A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration from Ukraine towards the south c.  2400  – c.  2300 BC . Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the Evros river valley from where their main body moved west. As such Katona as well as M.V Sakellariou agree that the main body of Greek speakers settled in

1300-402: The arrival of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula to 2200   BC, while Carl Blegen (1928) dates it to c.  1900 BC . Ivo Hajnal dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700   BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior to 1955 differentiated them between

1352-552: The cases may stem from an early insertion of /e/ next to a laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel in the Indo-European dialect ancestral to Greek (subsequently coloured to /e/ , /a/ , /o/ by the particular laryngeal in question) prior to the general merger of laryngeals: A laryngeal adjacent to a vowel develops along the same lines as other Indo-European languages: Consonants followed by consonantal *y were palatalized , producing various affricate consonants (still represented as

1404-559: The city name was Grava, a name that stayed in use until 1938, when the town became head of the prefecture of Thesprotia and was then renamed to Igoumenitsa. The town was destroyed in 1944 during the Axis occupation of Greece and a new settlement grew up around the new ferry terminal in the 1950s and 1960s. Igoumenitsa was burnt by the Italian Fascist army in November 1940. After the creation of

1456-475: The city of Igoumenitsa into an international logistics centre. Port traffic statistics as of 2012: Igoumenitsa serves the 61.73% of the maritime traffic, the 67.49% of car traffic and the 55.08% of truck traffic annually. The population of Igoumenitsa town is 10,315 residents and the urban area (municipal unit) is 18,562. The population of Municipality of Igoumenitsa is 25,698 permanent citizens. Igoumenitsa's population grew rapidly in recent years, as result of

1508-531: The construction began. With the completion of the First phase, Igoumenitsa has become a modern, large port in the Mediterranean Sea , able to serve passenger, commercial and tourist traffic. The completion of the Second Phase, enabled the port to serve large cruise ships. Also, the planned creation of a freight centre in a section within the port area is estimated to greatly strengthen the commercial traffic and turn

1560-462: The context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, with the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose

1612-648: The dating of proto-Greek in Bronze Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common Proto-Indo-European language , which excludes any possibility of it being present in Neolithic Greece . In modern bibliography, models about the settlement and development of proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula place it in the region at the earliest around 2200–2000 BC, during the Early Helladic III. Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date

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1664-495: The diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700   BC. Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the late Proto-Indo-European language (PIE); a process whose last phase gave rise to the later language families and occurred c.  2500 BC . Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged c.  2400  – c.  2200 BC , in an area which bordered pre- Proto-Indo-Iranian to

1716-617: The east and pre- Proto-Armenian and pre-Proto- Phrygian to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe; according to the Kurgan hypothesis . Speakers of what would become Proto-Greek, migrated from their homeland (which could have been northeast of the Black Sea ), and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within

1768-545: The entire Ionian coast. The archaeological museum of Igoumenitsa was opened in 2009 and is located on the north side, next to the Fire Department of the city. It consists of five main sections that showcase the history and culture of the region of Thesprotia from ancient times to the Byzantine period: Archaeological-Historical background, Settlements of historical times, Public life, Private life, Burial customs. Igoumenitsa

1820-463: The first palatalization of *ty and *tʰy merged with the outcome of the inherited clusters *ts , *ds and *tʰs , all becoming *t͡s . After the first palatalization changed *ty and *tʰy into *t͡s , the consonant *y was restored after original *t or *tʰ in morphologically transparent formations. The initial outcome of restoration may have been simply *ty and *tʰy , or alternatively, restoration may have yielded an affricate followed by

1872-482: The historical period. Igoumenitsa Igoumenitsa ( Greek : Ηγουμενίτσα , romanized :  Igoumenítsa ) is a coastal city in northwestern Greece . It is the capital of the regional unit of Thesprotia . Igoumenitsa is the chief port of Thesprotia and Epirus , and one of the largest passenger ports of Greece, connecting northwestern Mainland Greece with the Ionian Islands and Italy . The city

1924-499: The increased traffic in the region because of the New Port. The chart below shows the development of the population of Igoumenitsa and the broader urban area according to the data of the Greek Statistical Agency: Igoumenitsa is located in the north-western corner of Greece in the regional unit of Thesprotia , which is part of the prefecture of Epirus . Igoumenitsa, like much of the west coast of Greece , has

1976-567: The local queen Callidice of Thesprotia . Thesprotia became part of the Epirote League before it was annexed by Rome where it became part of the Roman province of Epirus . After the fragmentation of the Roman Empire into East and West, it was part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until the late Middle Ages, except for a period of Bulgarian rule in the 9th-11th centuries. In c. 1430 it fell to

2028-547: The mountains. Following World War II , the Muslim Cham Albanian residents of Igoumenitsa were expelled after parts of them collaborated with the invading German forces . They were relocated further north under instructions by the German Wehrmacht. The Cham-dialect of the Albanian language is still spoken by a minority of inhabitants in the town and the surrounding area. The present municipality Igoumenitsa

2080-419: The municipal unit of Igoumenitsa, and 10,315 in the town proper. Igoumenitsa is known for being surrounded by several forests and for its blue waters. The nearby Drepanos Beach is one of the longest sand beaches in the region, with a length of over 7 kilometers. Igoumenitsa is known by various names in different time periods. During the medieval era it was mentioned in a golden bull by Simeon Uroš (1361). At

2132-556: The pro-Axis Cham Albanian organisation ( Këshilla ) in mid-1942 violence was accelerated and on February 19, 1942, a group of Cham Albanians militias murdered Giorgos Vasilakos, head of the prefecture of Thesprotia in Igoumenitsa. On 30 September 1943, a representative of the International Red Cross , having visited the city, recorded that the Greek population was expelled from Igoumenitsa and its population had to find refuge to

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2184-776: The remains of ancient cities such as Gitani . In 1996, construction began on the A2 motorway , officially called Egnatia Odos . The road, which links the Ionian coast at Igoumenitsa to Thessaloniki and further to Alexandroupoli the Greek Turkish borders, was opened to traffic in 2009. Other important roads in Thesprotia include the Greek National Road 6 (Igoumenitsa - Ioannina - Larissa ) and Greek National Road 18 ( Filiates - Paramythia - Preveza ). In 2009, construction began for

2236-502: The required travelling time from and to the Turkish border by several hours. Between Thessaloniki and the Turkish border, the road runs more or less parallel to the ancient Roman Via Egnatia . Igoumenitsa features two ports. The Old Port and the New Port, which is the second busiest passenger port of Greece, after Piraeus , even surpassing the Ports of Iraklion and Patras which are now

2288-512: The resolution of syllabic laryngeals and sonorants, and prior to Grassmann's law. It affected all consonants followed by the palatal glide *y . The following table, based on American linguist Andrew Sihler , shows the outcomes of the second palatalization: Sihler reconstructs the palatalized stops (shown in the above table as *ť *ď ) with a degree of assibilation and transcribes them as *č *ǰ . The resulting palatal consonants and clusters of Proto-Greek were resolved in varying ways prior to

2340-479: The table below. Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece . Thesprotia is traditionally one of the poorest and most remote regional units of Greece . The main economic activities are agriculture and tourism, with agriculture as historically the main economic activity. The main tourist attractions of the region are its numerous beaches, particularly the resort of Syvota . Other tourist attractions are

2392-399: The third and fourth largest in the country. The sea-lines going to and coming from Igoumenitsa are: Internal Maritime Traffic External Maritime Traffic According to the draft strategy prepared by the relevant Ministry of Shipping (2012–2013) the port of Igoumenitsa becomes a "Connection Portal" not only of Greece with the rest of Europe, but of the whole of Europe with the Balkans,

2444-429: The three different laryngeals with distinct vowels. Most Indo-European languages can be traced back to a dialectal variety of late Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in which all three laryngeals had merged (after colouring adjacent short /e/ vowels), but Greek clearly cannot. For that reason, Greek is extremely important in reconstructing PIE forms. Greek shows distinct reflexes of the laryngeals in various positions: All of

2496-534: The west. Much of the regional unit is mountainous. Most farmland is located in the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. Two of Thesprotia's rivers are legendary: the Thyamis and the Acheron of Greek mythology, lined with reedbeds and plane trees. Thesprotia's coastal climate is Mediterranean. Cold winters of a semi-alpine climate dominate the eastern part and higher elevations. The regional unit Thesprotia

2548-468: Was ceded to Greece after the Ottoman defeat in the First Balkan War . As part of Greece the province of Margariti became part of Preveza prefecture and the provinces of Paramythia and Filiates were part of Ioannina prefecture . The area above river Acheron continued to be referred to as Tsamouria in official Greek government communication until 1937, when the separate prefecture of Thesprotia

2600-427: Was established. In 1923, the population of Thesprotia was 60,705, In 1920, there were 20,319 Muslim Albanians in Thesprotia. After their expulsion on the orders of Napoleon Zervas at the end of World War II , Muslim Albanians numbered to only 77 individuals in the 1951 census. Thesprotia borders Albania to the north, the regional unit of Ioannina to the east and Preveza to the south. The Ionian Sea lies to

2652-470: Was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets): The municipality has an area of 428.353 km , the municipal unit 111.752 km . The Patras , Greece to Brindisi , Italy car–ferry ships of the Hellenic Mediterranean Lines (HML) stop at Igoumenitsa, before crossing

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2704-461: Was the town of Gitanae (also known as Titana), and was one of the most important towns of the Kingdom of Thesprotis during the 4th century BC, covering 28 hectares. The circumference of its walls was 2,400 metres. The walls had four gates. Internal walls, in the shape of a sickle, divided the city in half. Its most noteworthy tower, located at the top of the hill, was round, and is thought to have been

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