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67-481: Theodore Roosevelt Park may refer to: Theodore Roosevelt Island Park , Washington DC Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park , Oyster Bay, New York Theodore Roosevelt Monument , New Jersey Theodore Roosevelt National Park , North Dakota Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge Complex , Mississippi Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge Theodore Roosevelt Park, in

134-548: A causeway from the Virginia shore to the island was constructed after debris from flooding in the winter of 1784 changed the Potomac River's main channel from the island's western side to the eastern side and increased silt which threatened the nearby Georgetown port. Alexandria merchants objected to the causeway and it proved a sticking point in their calls for retrocession of 26 square miles of land Virginia had given to establish

201-577: A 1997 excavation near the Whitehurst Freeway, a major freeway which runs parallel to the Potomac River in Georgetown, gathered findings of a "hair comb, hammer stone, and pendants." This land, upon which modern-day Georgetown is established, was the site for the Tohoga village, which Fleet had observed in his time as captive . Tohoga was a trading village, with it being located along the river bank of

268-676: A ferry between Georgetown and the Virginia shore until construction of the Aqueduct Bridge in 1843 (superseded by the Key Bridge in 1923), as well as from 1817 until 1838 serving as the last president of the Potowmack Company (founded in 1774 with George Washington as its first President and in order to deepen the Potomac's channel and build locks around the principal falls). Using federal funds and private funds raised by Georgetown merchants,

335-572: A loose confederacy of tribes in Southern Maryland from the village of Moyaone to the south. As the neighboring Maryland colony sought land for tobacco plantations, the Nacotchtank were encroached upon and forcibly removed. They were last recorded in the late 1600s to have taken refuge on nearby Theodore Roosevelt Island located in the Potomac River . Over time, the small population that

402-547: A mansion on the island around 1796 and planted crops for sale as well as gardens. The home was built and estate maintained with free black and slave labor. He was an active member of the Agricultural Society of Georgetown and the Columbia Agricultural Society of Washington, and able to manufacture almost everything needed for home consumption (including cotton) on the island. He also entertained lavishly on

469-566: A mild, temperate climate in the mid-Atlantic, allowed for the Nacotchtank to become a flourishing, self-sustainable community with an abundance in myriad natural resources. By being situated along the confluence of two major rivers, the Nacotchtank had a reliable supply of fish and the area soon became a well-known fishing ground. Additionally, the rivers were surrounded by a vast area of woodlands, which housed wild game such as bison, turkey, deer, and geese. The Nacotchtank were also accomplished in agricultural practices, as they would move inland from

536-415: A much larger group of 7,000 members in comparison to the roughly 300 members of the Nacotchtank tribe. The Piscataway affiliation was intended for protection against the rival Powhatan Chiefdom of eastern Virginia. The Piscataway Chief, or tayac, held a loose confederacy over the Nacotchtank in addition to the other surrounding tribes. The rank of the tayac was supreme to that of the individual chiefs of

603-548: A raid against the Nacotchtank. As a result of the raid, a mixed colonial and Patawomeke force killed 18 Nacotchtank people and drove the rest from their cabins before plundering and burning the village. Captain Fleet remained a captive of the Nacotchtank, but would escape in 1626. In 1626, when Captain Fleet escaped, he left with a great sum of knowledge of the Nacotchtank way of life and would use that information in partnering in trade with other tribes. Fleet began sailing up and down

670-404: A result, the Nacotchtank suffered a large population loss. In 1668, the Nacotchtank tribe, depopulated from Eurasian diseases, collectively relocated to Anacostine Island , which has since been renamed to Theodore Roosevelt Island. Theodore Roosevelt Island is located directly across from Georgetown in the Potomac River, between what is now Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia. By 1697,

737-461: A river which made the area appear to be very pleasant. These initial encounters were peaceful and did not affect the Nacotchtank existence. In the year 1621, Captain Henry Fleet, age 20, took a party of approximately 26 settlers from Jamestown in an attempt to barter for corn from the Nacotchtank. The Nacotchtank were suspicious of the colonists, and a confrontation erupted into fighting. All of

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804-617: Is a dialect of the Nanticoke language, which belongs to the Algonquian subfamily of languages. The Algonquian subfamily belongs to an even larger grouping of languages, the Macro-Algonquian phylum. All languages that fall under the Macro-Algonquian phylum are polysynthetic , meaning that an individual word is made up of many different morphemes , which are the smallest linguistic units of meaning. The principal village, Nachatank, housed

871-470: Is also an area of fresh-water tidal (estuarine) marsh , and a few small bedrock outcrops of metamorphic Piedmont rock, some along the tidal shore. The variety of freshwater estuarine intertidal habitats along the island's shores is particularly notable. The island is particularly known for its variety of birds and its showy displays of spring wildflowers . However, dozens of non-native invasive plants have become abundant there, often outcompeting

938-402: Is derived from the word anaquashatanik , meaning "a town of traders"; this reflected how the Nacotchtank were a trading people established on fertile land on the nearby rivers. The process by which Nacotchtank was slowly changed to Anacostine was done by European colonists. During their colonization, English settlers frequently got rid of unfamiliar and unaccustomed sounds in the words from

1005-485: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Theodore Roosevelt Island Park The island is maintained by the National Park Service , as part of the nearby George Washington Memorial Parkway . The land is generally maintained as a natural park, with various trails and a memorial plaza featuring a statue of Roosevelt. No cars or bicycles are permitted on

1072-526: Is now Anacostia (in Washington, D.C.), temporarily moved to the island in 1668, giving its first recorded name, "Anacostine". The island was patented in 1682 as Anacostine Island by Captain Randolph Brandt (or Brunett), who left the island to his daughter Margaret Hammersley, upon his death in 1698 or 1699. The island was acquired by George Mason III in 1724. George Mason IV (then underage) inherited

1139-489: The Chicago Loop neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois Theodore Roosevelt Park, Manhattan , New York City Theodore Roosevelt State Park , Pennsylvania Montauk County Park , New York, formerly known as Theodore Roosevelt County Park See also [ edit ] Roosevelt Park (disambiguation) Theodore Roosevelt State Natural Area , North Carolina Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

1206-583: The Mount Vernon Trail south from the intersection of Langston Boulevard and North Lynn Street in Rosslyn , near Key Bridge. The closest Washington Metro station to the island is the Rosslyn station . Several hiking trails provide access to the memorial and a variety of the island's natural habitats, including a boardwalk through a swampy and marshy area. Nacotchtank The Nacotchtank , also Anacostine , were an Algonquian Indigenous people of

1273-453: The 1650s, the Province of Maryland experienced an economic boom with the great popularity and demand of one of its cash crops — tobacco . This large expansion necessitated vast areas of land that could be turned into tobacco plantations as the demand was exceedingly high. In 1663, Cecil Calvert , the second Lord of Baltimore, granted Thomas Dent an 850-acre tract of land named Gisborough on

1340-508: The City of Alexandria and was renamed Arlington County). After Carter died in 1851, the island passed to William A. Bradley . Nonetheless, in 1854, the island again hosted an entertainment, this time given by the late John Mason's daughter Anna Maria (who had married Sydney Smith Lee in 1834) to mark a treaty opening Japan to foreign trade (Captain Lee having served under Commodore Matthew C. Perry on

1407-620: The District of Columbia. The tribe was situated along the intersection of two major rivers—the Potomac and the Anacostia —and thus, the majority of Nacotchtank settlements were along the water. The Nacotchtank's principal village, Nachatank, was situated along the eastern bank of the Potomac River on the land of what is now the Bolling Air Force Base . It was here that the Nacotchtank chief

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1474-617: The East Coast, trading with various indigenous tribes and eventually taking over the monopoly on the fur trade that the Nacotchtank had for long enjoyed. When the Jesuits arrived in Maryland in 1634, who wanted to adapt church teachings for the natives, Fleet helped by translating the Algonquian language used by the Nacotchtank to English, under the guidance of Governor Leonard Calvert . Beginning in

1541-634: The Nacotchtank along the Potomac River, within what are now Stafford and King George counties of Northern Virginia. Such proximity to one another resulted in long-standing hostility, with the Chief of the Patawomeke referring to the Nacotchtank as their "mortal enemies." As such, the Patawomeck chief not only allied with the colonists, but also helped them in avenging the death of Fleet's party and in attaining corn by providing roughly 40-50 warriors to take part in

1608-608: The Nacotchtank bears the legacy of the latinized version, Anacostine , as seen in the naming of the river which borders eastern D.C., the Anacostia River , or the neighborhood in southeast D.C., Anacostia . The Nacotchtank fell under the larger influence of the Piscataway Chiefdom. The Nacotchtank were not necessarily under complete control of the Piscataway, but rather, the Nacotchtank closely allied with them as they were

1675-454: The Nacotchtank population living on Theodore Roosevelt Island sought refuge in the larger Piscataway tribe of Southern Maryland, whom the Nacotchtank had previously been allied with. With the increased sense of tolerance of indigenous peoples in Pennsylvania, the Piscataway, which the Nacotchtank coalesced with, migrated north and settled on land bordering the lower Susquehanna River around

1742-560: The Nacotchtank traded principally furs, which was readily available given their extensive supply of wild game. The Nacotchtank eventually monopolized the fur trade . The Nacotchtank were first recorded by Captain John Smith , who visited their palisaded village during his First Voyage in 1608, in which he explored the land surrounding the Jamestown settlement of the Colony of Virginia. Between

1809-490: The Nacotchtank would chip away large chunks of the rock, which would then be taken back to the individual villages, where they would complete formation of whatever artifact they were intending to create. Quartzite, which was relatively-easily chipped and available in a quarry in the Piney Branch area of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., was used in forming sharp-edged tools, particularly spears and arrow points. Soapstone

1876-585: The Northeastern Woodlands . During the 17th century, the Nacotchtank resided within the present-day borders of Washington, D.C. , along the intersection of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers. The Nacotchtank spoke Piscataway , a variant of the Algonquian subfamily spoken by many tribes along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean . This was due to close association and tribute with the nearby Piscataway chiefdom, whose tayac (grand chief) ruled over

1943-574: The Potomac River, separates the island from the Virginia bank of the Potomac, with the main channel of the Potomac between the island and Georgetown , part of Washington, D.C. Surrounding scenery includes the Potomac Gorge and Key Bridge , Georgetown , Rosslyn , and the Kennedy Center . The Virginia state line follows the southern bank of the river, so, despite the fact that the primary access to

2010-516: The Potomac River, which bordered the principal Nacotchtank village. The colony, in such close proximity to the Nacotchtank, now had the leverage to begin encroaching on Nacotchtank territory. Additionally, with the two groups now close to one another and in constant contact, the Europeans from Maryland introduced to the area a number of Eurasian infectious diseases to which the Nacotchtank had no immunity , such as measles, cholera, and smallpox. As

2077-533: The Potomac and thus permitting easy access for traders. Although the proximity of rivers was integral for the Nacotchtank, there is evidence of the Nacotchtank existence further inland, which comes from the findings of archaeologist Samuel Proudfit, who worked for the United States Department of the Interior . Proudfit studied the excavation that was performed when the swimming pool was being constructed in

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2144-525: The White House, which is relatively inland from any of the Nacotchtank river settlements. Analysis of the terrain that was dug up proved indigenous existence on the site, with findings such as quartzite points, a broken biface, and fragments of broken pottery. According to Proudfit, blades of quartzite that taper off into points on each end are indicative of the Nacotchtank, as they are found commonly in areas of Nacotchtank settlement and rarely in settlements of

2211-492: The authority of the U.S. Army, and later, the Freedmen's Bureau . Locals continued to call it "Mason's Island" until the memorial was built. Following the declaration of war against Spain in 1898, the island became a test site for a number of private experiments in electrical ignition of the explosives dynamite and joveite led by the chemist Charles Edward Munroe of Columbian University . Monroe's experiments, which explored

2278-494: The colonists were killed except for Captain Fleet, who was captured. Held captive for 5 years, Fleet acquired the language and culture of the Nacotchtank. During his time, Fleet observed the trading village Tohoga in present-day Georgetown and noted it as being the center for the monopolized fur trade with the Iroquois . In November 1622, the Nacotchtank faced their first death at the hand of colonial forces. This took place at

2345-462: The dates of June 16 and July 18 of 1608, Smith recorded in his journal, which has since been published as The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles , his impressions of the indigenous peoples of the Potomac River. Specifically speaking of the Nacotchtank, Smith writes that they were a welcoming people who "did their best to content [him]." Smith also noted the presence of

2412-518: The federal city as the century began. The first retrocession attempt was in 1804, and another major failed attempt occurred in 1824. However, by 1831, water stagnation caused the Mason family to move from the island. (Through his ownership, John Mason, who opposed retrocession, also had a Georgetown residence at the corner of 25th Street, L Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, which became the site of Columbia Hospital in 1932). In 1842, then elderly John Mason sold

2479-399: The highest area of the island (where the Mason mansion stood) is about 44 feet (13 m) above sea level. Spring floods coming down the Potomac from Appalachia inundate low-lying portions of island's shores regularly, usually several times each year, while much larger floods, often from the storm surges and intense, widespread rainfall from coastal hurricanes and tropical storms , flood

2546-561: The island and pulled down the house's remaining walls; today, only part of the mansion's foundation remains. Funds were finally designated by Congress in 1960. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the national memorial is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; the listing first appeared on October 15, 1966. The memorial was dedicated on October 27, 1967. Designed by Eric Gugler ,

2613-603: The island in 1735 upon the death of his father, and a ferry from the Virginia shore across the Potomac to Georgetown (the "Little River" and mouth of Rock Creek ) was moved from Awbrey's land to Mason's island in 1748. His son and executor John Mason , inherited the island as the century ended, pursuant to a 1773 will presented to the Fairfax County Circuit court in 1792 by his brother George Mason V, who died in 1796 so he and his other living brother, Thomas Mason , succeeded as their father's executors. John Mason built

2680-807: The island is from Virginia, the island itself is entirely in the District of Columbia . The rocky western (upriver) and central portions of the island are part of the Piedmont Plateau , while the southeastern part is within the Atlantic Coastal Plain . At one point opposite Georgetown, the Atlantic Seaboard fall line between the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain can be seen as a natural phenomenon. The island has about 2.5-mile (4.0 km) of shoreline, and

2747-451: The island more deeply several times a century. The island's vegetation is quite diverse for a relatively small area, due to its geological and topographic variety, the frequency of floods, its land-use history (including various periods of landscaping ), and its location in an urban area in which many non-native species occur. Most of the island is deciduous forest of various kinds, including uplands, riparian shores, and swamps . There

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2814-420: The island to John Carter. Four years later, Congress left retrocession to a referendum, which President James K. Polk authorized and Alexandria voters endorsed by a 763 to 222 vote on September 1, 1846 (despite opposition from the northern areas). After a further year of Congressional and Virginia General Assembly negotiations, the island became part of Alexandria County (the northern portion later separated from

2881-602: The island, including a 1798 party to honor then-uncrowned Louis Philippe I , and an 1811 fete for his son John Murray Mason before he left to study in Paris. In 1809 John Mason secured a charter for a turnpike to connect his ferry landing with the Washington-Alexandria turnpike that Congress had chartered the previous year (and which would follow what became U.S. Route 1 and compete with his ferry for traffic). John Mason also diversified his income-producing activities, operating

2948-407: The island, which is reached by a footbridge from Arlington, Virginia , on the western bank of the Potomac. According to the National Park Service : "In the 1930s landscape architects transformed Mason’s Island from neglected, overgrown farmland into Theodore Roosevelt Island, a memorial to America’s 26th president. They conceived a 'real forest' designed to mimic the natural forest that once covered

3015-536: The island. In 1931, the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Association purchased the island from the gas company with the intention of erecting a memorial honoring Roosevelt. On Dec 12, 1932 in a ceremony in the east room of the White House, President Hoover accepted the island as a shrine to Roosevelt and declared that would be known as Theodore Roosevelt Island. Congress authorized the memorial on May 21, 1932, but did not appropriate funds for

3082-512: The island. Today miles of trails through wooded uplands and swampy bottomlands honor the legacy of a great outdoorsman and conservationist." A small island, Little Island , lies just off the southern tip; Georgetown and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts are respectively across the main channel of the Potomac to the north and the east. The Nacotchtank Indians, formerly of what

3149-465: The local languages and replaced them with sounds that were easier to pronounce and to which they were more familiar. As a result, the English settlers that were interacting with the Nacotchtank would not pronounce the "-tchtank" and would replace it with the ending "-stine," which was easier to enunciate. Through transmission of the mispronounced Nacotchtank name amongst English settlers, the Nacotchtank name

3216-660: The memorial for almost three decades. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , a landscape architect known for his wildlife conservation efforts, as well as designs for the National Mall and other areas in the National Capital area (and whom President Theodore Roosevelt had appointed to the McMillan Commission back in 1901), developed a plan for the island. By 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps had cleared much of

3283-455: The memorial includes a 17-foot (5.2 m) statue by sculptor Paul Manship , four large stone monoliths with some of Roosevelt's more famous quotations, and two large fountains. The Potomac River surrounding the island is at sea level, part of the Chesapeake Bay estuary , with the river water fresh but tidal . A narrow channel, unofficially referred to as "Little River" by local users of

3350-562: The native species. Theodore Roosevelt Island is accessible by a footbridge from a parking lot along the Virginia bank of the Potomac River, just north of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge , which crosses but does not allow access to the island. Cars can enter this parking lot only from the northbound lanes of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Pedestrians can reach the parking lot and footbridge by following

3417-641: The nearby tribes. Additionally, Proudfit posits that fragmented pottery is "one of the unfailing evidences of permanent aboriginal occupation." This theory of pottery as a marker for permanent occupation was used in Proudfit's mapping of another Nacotchtank village north of Garfield Park on what is now Capitol Hill . The Nacotchtank utilized this land, which now houses the Supreme Court and Library of Congress , for agriculture, growing corn , beans , and squash. The Nacotchtank settled on this specific area as it

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3484-625: The principal village followed a particular pattern of settlement called dispersed settlement . In this pattern, there would be rather-isolated dwellings with large open fields in between them. The resultant community would have groupings of between 2 and 100 dwellings clustered together, with a shared, designated spot that would have fallen trees that were to be used for fire-burning. In between these clusters were plots of land, ranging from between 20 and 100 acres, which would be used in cultivating various plants and crops. The Nacotchtank lived in wigwams —which were dome-shaped huts—and longhouses , as

3551-521: The rivers to occupy fertile and flat land and grow a variety of crop species, most of which belonged to the Three Sisters family—corn, beans, and squash. Since the Nacotchtank had abundant natural resources and were situated where two rivers met, they held an epicenter for a bustling trade network with neighboring tribes. One known intertribal network was with the Haudenosaunee of New York, in which

3618-482: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Theodore Roosevelt Park . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt_Park&oldid=1160104086 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3685-474: The smaller tribes that belonged to the Piscataway Chiefdom. These lower-ranked chiefs were known as werences (also known as werowances/weroances) . The Nacotchtank werence would collect and pay tribute to the Piscataway tayac who resided in a village named Mayone in present-day Prince Georges County of Maryland, 15 miles south of the Nacotchtank land base. The tribe's physical location, which had

3752-463: The three major trans-Potomac routes, and soon fortified the county as part of the military defenses of the nation's capital. Mason's Island soon became a U.S. Army training camp called Camp Greene . Following President Lincoln's decision to allow African Americans to join the U.S. Army, the 1st United States Colored Infantry used the island to train its soldiers. From 1864 to 1865, the camp housed as many as 1,200 formerly enslaved people , first under

3819-641: The time of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War , a battle between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy. One tribe that the colonists closely allied with during this time was the Patawomeke (or Patawomeck ). Though the Patawomeke were initially part of the Powhatan Confederacy, they were large enough so that they could lose such affiliation and side with the colonists. The Patawomeke, an Algonquian-speaking people, were established across from

3886-432: The use of the explosives for mining waterways and roadways and preparing ground for rapid entrenchment, were conducted in secret and without alerting the District of Columbia Police Department, which investigated citizens' reports of Spanish spy activity and found the explosives and detonators buried on the island. From 1913 to 1931, Washington Gas Light Company owned the island, and allowed vegetation to grow unchecked on

3953-436: The voyage which resulted in the treaty). In 1861, Alexandria County had about 10,000 residents, three-quarters of whom lived in the city portion, and about half of those in the country portion were enslaved or "free colored". Union forces occupied the island, Mason's former mansion, and the rest of the formerly retroceded area on the night of May 23–24, hours after Virginia voters ratified secession. Three federal units covered

4020-415: The werence (subordinate Chief to the tayac), close kin, priests, and councilors. Here, the werence would store tribute, oftentimes corn and hides, from surrounding villagers. The abode of the werence and all religious buildings within the main village were protected by a palisade , and there were approximately 80 warriors contained within the village. The structure of the Nacotchtank occupation outside of

4087-418: The year 1700. Though the Nacotchtank were absorbed by the Piscataway and relocated north, some aspects of Washington, D.C., are named after them. The river surrounding the eastern border of the city and the neighborhood in southeast, D.C., are named "Anacostia" after the latinized version of Nacotchtank. The entirety of the Nacotchtank tribe, prior to colonization, was situated within the modern borders of

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4154-460: Was accessed mainly through the Rose Hill quarry of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., and was utilized in producing various vessels such as bowls and pipes. There is also evidence of the Nacotchtank producing pottery, which has been found in fragments in an excavation of the terrain under the White House. The Carolina Dog was the only domesticated animal that lived among the Nacotchtank and

4221-460: Was flat and much more suitable for agriculture than the uneven land bordering the rivers on which they were initially established. The smooth terrain allowed the Nacotchtank to grow the large stores of corn that were appealing to European colonists. With the Nacotchtank's under the loose confederacy of the Piscataway Chiefdom, the Nacotchtank spoke the Piscataway language. The Piscataway language

4288-498: Was left behind after battle and disease was absorbed into the Piscataway. In his 1608 expedition, English explorer John Smith noted the prosperity of the Nacotchtank and their great supply of various resources. Various pieces of art and other cultural artifacts, including hair combs, pendants, pottery, and dog bones, have been found in excavations throughout Washington, D.C., on Nacotchtank territory. The name Nacotchtank (and variants Anaquashtank , Nacothtant , or Nachatanke )

4355-597: Was noted as residing, along with 80 others, in Smith's journal. Smith summarized his findings in his "Map of Virginia," which plotted the principal village of the Nacotchtank in 1608. In addition to the principal village, there were multiple smaller villages, as observed by Fleet in his time held captive. Fleet mentioned four of these villages: Tohoga , Mosticum , Shaunetowa , and Usserahak . Various excavations have been performed throughout Washington D.C., which point to more specific areas of Nacotchtank villages. For example,

4422-408: Was slowly faded out and replaced with Nacostine. Later on, the Jesuits from the Province of Maryland further latinized the term by attaching a prefix "A" to "Nacostine," creating the name Anacostine. Etymologically, keeping the "A" is indeed a closer derivation of the term "anaquashtank," but the Nacotchtank preferred to omit prefixes and suffixes from words. Any present cultural honoring of

4489-491: Was typical of other tribes along the East Coast . The villages also had menstrual huts, which women would visit when menstruating, and communal sweat houses, where those who were sick could visit and be healed. Two types of rock were readily available in Nacotchtank territory for their use— quartzite and soapstone . These two types of rock were available in various quarries throughout Nacotchtank territory. At these quarries,

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