Misplaced Pages

#91908

83-527: The Spring is an oil painting on canvas with dimensions 249.6 x 249.3 cm (8' 2 1/4" x 8' 2 1/8"). It was executed by Picabia upon return from a road trip with two friends; the poet Guillaume Apollinaire and the composer Claude Debussy , during the summer of 1912. During the trip, Picabia is quoted: "Are blue and red unintelligible? Are not the circle and the triangle, volumes and colors, as intelligible as this table?" The Salon d'Automne of 1912, held in Paris at

166-464: A Martial-like epigram ; this poetry collection also included the first published poems of Joachim Du Bellay and Pierre de Ronsard . Around Ronsard, Du Bellay and Jean Antoine de Baïf there formed a group of radical young noble poets of the court (generally known today as La Pléiade , although use of this term is debated). The character of their literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto,

249-399: A Balcony , by Mr. Gleizes, is more comprehensible. At least in the chaos of cubes and trapezoids we find a man. I will say as much for the entry of Mr. Metzinger, Dancers . It has the effect of a puzzle that is not assembled properly". Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire ( French: [ɡijom apɔlinɛʁ] ; born Kostrowicki ; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was

332-401: A French poet , playwright, short story writer , novelist and art critic of Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the early 20th century, as well as one of the most impassioned defenders of Cubism and a forefather of Surrealism . He is credited with coining the term "Cubism" in 1911 to describe the emerging art movement , the term Orphism in 1912, and

415-485: A café in Switzerland in 1916—came to Paris in 1920, but by 1924 the writers around Paul Éluard , André Breton , Louis Aragon and Robert Desnos —heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud 's notion of the unconscious —had modified dada provocation into Surrealism . In writing and in the visual arts, and by using automatic writing , creative games (like the cadavre exquis ) and altered states (through alcohol and narcotics),

498-512: A form of divine inspiration (see Pontus de Tyard for example), a possession by the muses akin to romantic passion, prophetic fervor or alcoholic delirium. The forms that dominate the poetic production of the period are the Petrarchian sonnet cycle (developed around an amorous encounter or an idealized woman) and the Horace / Anacreon ode (especially of the " carpe diem " - life is short, seize

581-579: A literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the Marquis de Sade , whose works were for a long time obscure, yet arising in popularity as an influence upon the Dada and Surrealist art movements going on in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century as, "The freest spirit that ever existed." The war-weakened Apollinaire died at the age of 38 on 9 November 1918 of influenza during

664-588: A major force in experimental writing and the international art world until the Second World War. The effects of surrealism would later also be felt among authors who were not strictly speaking part of the movement, such as the poet Alexis Saint-Léger Léger (who wrote under the name Saint-John Perse ), the poet Edmond Jabès (who came to France in 1956 when the Jewish population was expelled from his native Egypt) and Georges Bataille . The Swiss writer Blaise Cendrars

747-422: A movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term orphism to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of Robert Delaunay and others. In 1917, Apollinaire produced Peintures de Léopold Survage; Dessins et aquarelles d’Irène Lagut (Paintings by Léopold Survage; Drawings and Watercolors by Irène Lagut), which is included in the permanent collection of Pérez Art Museum Miami, in

830-415: A poem). Jean Racine was seen as the greatest tragedy writer of his age. Finally, Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux became the theorizer of poetic classicism: his "Art poétique" (1674) praised reason and logic (Boileau elevated Malherbe as the first of the rational poets), believability, moral usefulness and moral correctness; it elevated tragedy and the poetic epic as the great genres and recommended imitation of

913-470: A question of aesthetics quickly turned political , and as in the 1905 Salon d'Automne, with his infamous "Donatello chez les fauves", the critic Louis Vauxcelles (Les Arts, 1912) was most implicated in the deliberations. Recall too, it was Vauxcelles who, on the occasion of the 1910 Salon des Indépendants, wrote disparagingly of 'pallid cubes' with reference to the paintings of Metzinger, Gleizes, Le Fauconnier, Léger and Delaunay. The Cubist contribution to

SECTION 10

#1732851044092

996-534: A regular syntactical pause, called a "césure" ( cesura ): In traditional poetry, the césure cannot occur between two words that are syntactically linked (such as a subject and its verb), nor can it occur after an unelided mute e. (For more on poetic meter, see Poetic meter .) For example: Je fais souvent ce rêve étrange et pénétrant d'une femme inconnue et que j'aime et qui m'aime... ( Paul Verlaine , "Mon rêve familier", from Poèmes saturniens ) The verses are alexandrines (12 syllables). The mute e in "d'une"

1079-450: A rigidity of form and an emotional detachment (elements of which echo the philosophical work of Arthur Schopenhauer whose aesthetic theories would also have an influence on the symbolists). The naturalist tendency to see life without illusions and to dwell on its more depressing and sordid aspects appears in an intensified degree in the immensely influential poetry of Charles Baudelaire , but with profoundly romantic elements derived from

1162-419: A serious shrapnel wound to the temple, from which he would never fully recover. He wrote Les Mamelles de Tirésias while recovering from this wound. During this period he coined the word " Surrealism " in the programme notes for Jean Cocteau 's and Erik Satie 's ballet Parade , first performed on 18 May 1917. He also published an artistic manifesto, L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes . Apollinaire's status as

1245-492: Is a category of French literature . It may include Francophone poetry composed outside France and poetry written in other languages of France . The modern French language does not have a significant stress accent (as English does) or long and short syllables (as Latin does). This means that the French metric line is generally not determined by the number of beats, but by the number of syllables (see syllabic verse ; in

1328-553: Is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism, which I first used" [ Tout bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé ]. He described Parade as "a kind of surrealism" ( une sorte de surréalisme ) when he wrote the program note the following week, thus coining the word three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris. Apollinaire served as an infantry officer in World War I and, in 1916, received

1411-460: Is often identified as his muse. While there, he dabbled in anarchism and spoke out as a Dreyfusard in defense of Dreyfus's innocence. Metzinger painted the first Cubist portrait of Apollinaire. In his Vie anecdotique (16 October 1911), the poet proudly writes: "I am honoured to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants." It

1494-419: Is pronounced and is counted in the syllables (whereas the mute e's at the end of "rêve", "étrange", "femme" and "j'aime"—which are followed by vowels—are elided and hypermetrical); the mute e at the end of "qui m'aime" is hypermetrical (this is a so-called " feminine rhyme "). No word occurs across the sixth to seventh syllable in both lines, thus creating the cesura. The rules of classical French poetry (from

1577-587: The Byronic myth of the anti-hero and the romantic poet. The poetry of Baudelaire and much of the literature in the latter half of the century (or " fin de siècle ") were often characterized as " decadent " for their lurid content or moral vision. In a similar vein, Paul Verlaine used the expression " poète maudit " ("accursed poet") in 1884 to refer to a number of poets like Tristan Corbière , Stéphane Mallarmé and Arthur Rimbaud who had fought against poetic conventions and suffered social rebuke or had been ignored by

1660-498: The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and was recognized as "Fallen for France" ( Mort pour la France ) because of his commitment during the war. Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish . He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka,

1743-475: The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 ravaging Europe at the time, two years after being wounded in World War I . Due to his military service for the duration of the war, he was declared to have "Died for France" ( Mort pour la France ) by the French government. He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery , Paris. In 1900 he wrote his first novel Mirely, ou le petit trou pas cher (pornographic), which

SECTION 20

#1732851044092

1826-558: The "Defense and Illustration of the French Language" (1549) which maintained that French (like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante ) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production (including the imitation of Latin and Greek genres) and purification. For some of the members of the Pléiade, the act of the poetry itself was seen as

1909-416: The 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt. Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions. The book was made into a movie in 1986 . Shortly after his death, Mercure de France published Calligrammes , a collection of his concrete poetry (poetry in which typography and layout adds to

1992-642: The 15th century. Charles, duc d'Orléans was a noble and head of one of the most powerful families in France during the Hundred Years' War . Captured in the Battle of Agincourt , he was a prisoner of the English from 1415–1441 and his ballades often speak of loss and isolation. Christine de Pisan was one of the most prolific writers of her age; her "Cité des Dames" is considered a kind of "feminist manifesto". François Villon

2075-590: The 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais , to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal , 5 October 1912. On 3 December 1912 the controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris. A debate transpired in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide

2158-519: The Baudelairian poetic exploration of modern life in evoking planes, the Eiffel Tower and urban wastelands, and he brought poetry into contact with cubism through his " Calligrammes ", a form of visual poetry . Inspired by Rimbaud, Paul Claudel used a form of free verse to explore his mystical conversion to Catholicism. Other poets from this period include: Paul Valéry , Max Jacob (a key member of

2241-560: The Belgians Albert Giraud , Emile Verhaeren , Georges Rodenbach and Maurice Maeterlinck and others have been called symbolists, although each author's personal literary project was unique. From a technical point of view, the Romantics were responsible for a return to (and sometimes a modification of) many of the fixed-form poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as for the creation of new forms. The sonnet however

2324-639: The Grand Palais from 1 October to 8 November, saw the Cubists regrouped into the same room XI. The history of the Salon d'Automne is marked by two important dates: 1905, bore witness to the birth of Fauvism , and 1912, the xenophobe and anti-modernist quarrel. The 1912 polemic leveled against both the French and non-French avant-garde artists originated in Salle XI where the Cubists exhibited their works. The resistance to foreigners (dubbed "apaches") and avant-garde artists

2407-637: The Provençal poets were greatly influenced by poetic traditions from the Hispano- Arab world. The Occitan or Provençal poets were called troubadours , from the word "trobar" (to find, to invent). Lyric poets in Old French are called " trouvères ", using the Old French version of the word (for more information on the "trouvères", their poetic forms, extant works and their social status, see the article of that name). The occitan troubadours were amazingly creative in

2490-503: The Renaissance, there was a brief attempt to develop a French poetics based on long and short syllables [see " musique mesurée "]). The most common metric lengths are the ten-syllable line ( decasyllable ), the eight-syllable line ( octosyllable ) and the twelve-syllable line (the so-called " alexandrin "). In traditional French poetry, all permissible liaisons are made between words. Furthermore, unlike modern spoken French (at least in

2573-485: The United States. In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known erotic novel , The Eleven Thousand Rods ( Les Onze Mille Verges ). Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan) , in which

The Spring - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-418: The artist does not take from visual reality, but creates entirely by himself. [...] An Orphic painter's works should convey an untroubled aesthetic pleasure , but at the same time a meaningful structure and sublime significance . According to Apollinaire Orphism represented a move towards a completely new art-form, much as music was to literature. The term Surrealism was first used by Apollinaire concerning

2739-494: The ballet Parade in 1917. The poet Arthur Rimbaud wanted to be a visionary, to perceive the hidden side of things within the realm of another reality. In continuity with Rimbaud, Apollinaire went in search of a hidden and mysterious reality. The term "surrealism" appeared for the first time in March 1917 (Chronologie de Dada et du surréalisme, 1917) in a letter by Apollinaire to Paul Dermée : "All things considered, I think in fact it

2822-411: The brown with the pink, the brick with the red nasturtium and the green bluish to reddish black. It's ugly. It evokes incrusted linoleum and it has no utility. Of works by Léger, Gleizes and Metzinger, Jean Claude writes: "Mr. Léger walked his brush on the canvas after having dipped them in blue, black, red and brown. It is stupefying to look at. The catalog says it's a Woman in blue . Poor woman. Man on

2905-480: The catalogue of the Brussels Indépendants show, Apollinaire stated that these 'new painters' accepted the name of Cubists which has been given to them. He described Cubism as a new manifestation and high art [ manifestation nouvelle et très élevée de l'art ], not a system that constrains talent [ non-point un système contraignant les talents ], and the differences which characterize not only the talents but even

2988-552: The century, an attempt to be objective was made in poetry by the group of writers known as the Parnassians —which included Leconte de Lisle , Théodore de Banville , Catulle Mendès , Sully-Prudhomme , François Coppée , José María de Heredia and (early in his career) Paul Verlaine —who (using Théophile Gautier 's notion of art for art's sake and the pursuit of the beautiful) strove for exact and faultless workmanship, and selected exotic and classical subjects which they treated with

3071-512: The chivalric romances ("roman", such as the tales of King Arthur written by Chrétien de Troyes ) were usually written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets . Medieval French lyric poetry was indebted to the poetic and cultural traditions in Southern France and Provence —including Toulouse , Poitiers , and the Aquitaine region—where "langue d'oc" was spoken ( Occitan language ); in their turn,

3154-547: The critics. But with the publication of Jean Moréas "Symbolist Manifesto" in 1886, it was the term symbolism which was most often applied to the new literary environment. The writers Stéphane Mallarmé , Paul Verlaine , Paul Valéry , Joris-Karl Huysmans , Arthur Rimbaud , Jules Laforgue , Jean Moréas , Gustave Kahn , Albert Samain , Jean Lorrain , Remy de Gourmont , Pierre Louÿs , Tristan Corbière , Henri de Régnier , Villiers de l'Isle-Adam , Stuart Merrill , René Ghil , Saint-Pol Roux , Oscar-Vladislas de Milosz ,

3237-483: The day - variety). Ronsard also tried early on to adapt the Pindaric ode into French. Throughout the period, the use of mythology is frequent, but so too is a depiction of the natural world (woods, rivers). Other genres include the paradoxical encomium (such as Remy Belleau 's poem praising the oyster), the " blason " of the female body (a poetic description of a body part), and propagandistic verse. Several poets of

3320-422: The development of verse forms and poetic genres, but their greatest impact on medieval literature was perhaps in their elaboration of complex code of love and service called "fin amors" or, more generally, courtly love . For more information on the troubadour tradition, see Provençal literature . By the late 13th century, the poetic tradition in France had begun to develop in ways that differed significantly from

3403-411: The expression Ars nova [new art, or new technique] to distinguish the new musical practice from the music of the immediately preceding age). The best-known poet and composer of ars nova secular music and chansons was Guillaume de Machaut . (For more on music, see medieval music  ; for more on music in the period after Machaux, see Renaissance music ). French poetry continued to evolve in

The Spring - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-407: The first half of the century was dominated by Romanticism , associated with such authors as Victor Hugo , Alphonse de Lamartine , and Gérard de Nerval . The effect of the romantic movement would continue to be felt in the latter half of the century in wildly diverse literary developments, such as "realism", "symbolism", and the so-called fin de siècle "decadent" movement (see below). Victor Hugo

3569-444: The first years of the 16th century is characterised by the elaborate sonorous and graphic experimentation and skillful word games of a number of Northern poets (such as Guillaume Cretin , Jean Lemaire de Belges and Jean Molinet ), generally called "les Grands Rhétoriqueurs " who continued to develop poetic techniques from the previous century. Soon however, the impact of Petrarch (the sonnet cycle addressed to an idealised lover,

3652-460: The grandfather of poetic classicism. Poetry came to be a part of the social games in noble salons (see "salons" above), where epigrams , satirical verse, and poetic descriptions were all common (the most famous example is "La Guirlande de Julie" (1641) at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, a collection of floral poems written by the salon members for the birthday of the host's daughter). The linguistic aspects of

3735-452: The group around Apollinaire), Pierre Jean Jouve (a follower of Romain Rolland's "Unanism"), Valery Larbaud (a translator of Whitman and friend to Joyce), Victor Segalen (friend to Huysmans and Claudel), Léon-Paul Fargue (who studied with Stéphane Mallarmé and was close to Valéry and Larbaud). The First World War generated even more radical tendencies. The Dada movement—which began in

3818-737: The house were hung cubist paintings by Marcel Duchamp , Albert Gleizes , Fernand Léger , Roger de La Fresnaye, and Jean Metzinger ( Woman with a Fan , 1912). In a review of the exhibition published in Le Petit Parisien , art critic Jean Claude writes of Picabia's entries: I believe that the record of high fantasy is held this year by Mr. Picabia. His two entries are entitled La Source and Danses à la source . These are beautiful titles... The two paintings, I must say, do not accord with them at all. They are vast panels, on which have been drawn triangles, rhombuses, trapezoids, squares, rectangles, all crooked, and mixing in their inextricable entanglement

3901-465: The imagination, from intuition, because it must be as close as possible to life, to nature, to the environment, and to the human being. Apollinaire was also active as a journalist and art critic for Le Matin , L'Intransigeant , L'Esprit nouveau , Mercure de France , and Paris Journal . In 1912 Apollinaire cofounded Les Soirées de Paris , an artistic and literary magazine. Two years after being wounded in World War I , Apollinaire died during

3984-401: The late 16th to the 18th century) also put forward the following: For more on rhymes in French poetry, see Rhyme in French . Poetic forms developed by medieval French poets include: Other poetic forms found in French poetry: As is the case in other literary traditions, poetry is the earliest French literature; the development of prose as a literary form was a late phenomenon (in

4067-453: The late Middle Ages, many of the romances and epics initially written in verse were converted into prose versions). In the medieval period, the choice of verse form was generally dictated by the genre: the Old French epics (" chanson de geste ", like the anonymous Song of Roland , regarded by some as the national epic of France) were usually written in ten-syllable assonanced "laisses" (blocks of varying length of assonanced lines), while

4150-484: The later 1660s when the phenomenon had spread to the provinces) for its linguistic and romantic excesses (often linked to a misogynistic disdain for intellectual women), the French language and social manners of the 17th century were permanently changed by it. From the 1660s, three poets stand out. Jean de La Fontaine gained enormous celebrity through his Aesop inspired "Fables" (1668–1693) which were written in an irregular verse form (different meter lengths are used in

4233-580: The most popular members of the artistic community of Paris (both in Montmartre and Montparnasse ). His friends and collaborators in that period included Pablo Picasso , Henri Rousseau , Gertrude Stein , Max Jacob , André Salmon , André Breton , André Derain , Faik Konitza , Blaise Cendrars , Giuseppe Ungaretti , Pierre Reverdy , Alexandra Exter , Jean Cocteau , Erik Satie , Ossip Zadkine , Marc Chagall , Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger . He became romantically involved with Marie Laurencin , who

SECTION 50

#1732851044092

4316-405: The north of France), a silent or mute 'e' counts as a syllable before a consonant and is pronounced, but is elided before a vowel (where " h aspiré " counts as a consonant). When it falls at the end of a line, the mute "e" is hypermetrical (outside the count of syllables). (For more on pronunciation of French, see French phonology ). The ten-syllable and 12-syllable lines are generally marked by

4399-930: The overall effect), and more orthodox, though still modernist poems informed by Apollinaire's experiences in the First World War and in which he often used the technique of automatic writing. In his youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium , mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived. French poetry French Language and Literature French literary history Medieval 16th century • 17th century 18th century • 19th century 20th century • Contemporary Literature by country France • Quebec Postcolonial • Haiti Franco-American Portals France • Literature French literature Wikisource French poetry ( French : Poésie française )

4482-446: The period—Jean Antoine de Baïf (who founded an "Académie de Poésie et Musique" in 1570), Blaise de Vigenère and others—attempted to adapt into French the Latin , Greek or Hebrew poetic meters ; these experiments were called "vers mesurés" and "prose mesuré" (for more, see the article " musique mesurée "). Although the royal court was the center of much of the century's poetry, Lyon –

4565-558: The phenomenon associated with the " précieuses " (similar to Euphuism in England, Gongorism in Spain and Marinism in Italy) -- the use of highly metaphorical (sometimes obscure) language, the purification of socially unacceptable vocabulary—was tied to this poetic salon spirit and would have an enormous impact on French poetic and courtly language. Although "préciosité" was often mocked (especially in

4648-578: The poets of antiquity. "Classicism" in poetry would dominate until the pre-romantics and the French Revolution. From a technical point of view, the poetic production from the late 17th century on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the sonnet – were largely avoided. The resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose. French poetry from

4731-408: The principal modes of literary production of noble gentlemen and of non-noble professional writers in their patronage in the 17th century. Poetry was used for all purposes. A great deal of 17th- and 18th-century poetry was "occasional", written to celebrate a particular event (a marriage, birth, military victory) or to solemnize a tragic occurrence (a death, military defeat), and this kind of poetry

4814-511: The reign of Henri IV and Louis XIII was still largely inspired by the poets of the late Valois court , some of their excesses and poetic liberties found censure, especially in the work of François de Malherbe who criticized La Pléiade 's and Philippe Desportes 's irregularities of meter or form (the suppression of the cesura by a hiatus , sentences clauses spilling over into the next line "enjambement", neologisms constructed from Greek words, etc.). The later 17th century would see Malherbe as

4897-483: The relationship between poetry and the visual arts, and Stéphane Mallarmé 's notions of the limits of language. Another important influence was the German poet Paul Celan . Poets concerned with these philosophical/language concerns—especially concentrated around the review " L'Ephémère "—include Yves Bonnefoy , André du Bouchet , Jacques Dupin , Roger Giroux and Philippe Jaccottet . Many of these ideas were also key to

4980-438: The second largest city in France in the Renaissance – also had its poets and humanists, most notably Maurice Scève , Louise Labé , Pernette du Guillet , Olivier de Magny and Pontus de Tyard . Scève's Délie, objet de plus haulte vertu - composed of 449 ten syllable ten line poems ( dizains ) and published with numerous engraved emblems - is exemplary in its use of amorous paradoxes and (often obscure) allegory to describe

5063-603: The styles of these artists are an obvious proof of this. The artists involved with this new movement, according to Apollinaire, included Pablo Picasso (who represented Apollinaire in his Three Musicians painting), Georges Braque , Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Robert Delaunay , Fernand Léger , and Henri Le Fauconnier . By 1912 others had joined the Cubists: Jacques Villon , Marcel Duchamp , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Francis Picabia , Juan Gris , and Roger de La Fresnaye , among them. The term Orphism

SECTION 60

#1732851044092

5146-506: The suffering of a lover. Poetry at the end of the century was profoundly marked by the civil wars : pessimism, dourness and a call for retreat from the world predominate (as in Jean de Sponde ). However, the horrors of the war were also to inspire one Protestant poet, Agrippa d'Aubigné , to write a brilliant poem on the conflict: Les Tragiques . Because of the new conception of "l'honnête homme" or "the honest or upright man", poetry became one of

5229-793: The surrealists tried to reveal the workings of the unconscious mind. The group championed previous writers they saw as radical ( Arthur Rimbaud , the Comte de Lautréamont , Baudelaire ) and promoted an anti-bourgeois philosophy (particularly with regards to sex and politics) which would later lead most of them to join the communist party. Other writers associated with surrealism include: Jean Cocteau , René Crevel , Jacques Prévert , Jules Supervielle , Benjamin Péret , Philippe Soupault , Pierre Reverdy , Antonin Artaud (who revolutionized theater), Henri Michaux and René Char . The surrealist movement would continue to be

5312-419: The term "Surrealism" in 1917 to describe the works of Erik Satie . He wrote poems without punctuation, in his attempt to be resolutely modern in both form and subject. Apollinaire wrote one of the earliest Surrealist literary works, the play The Breasts of Tiresias (1917), which became the basis for Francis Poulenc 's 1947 opera Les mamelles de Tirésias . Influenced by Symbolist poetry in his youth, he

5395-583: The theft of the Mona Lisa and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre , but released him a week later. The theft of the statues had been committed in 1907 by a former secretary of Apollinaire, Honoré Joseph Géry Pieret, who had recently returned one of the stolen statues to the French newspaper the Paris-Journal . Apollinaire implicated his friend Picasso, who had bought Iberian statues from Pieret, and who

5478-455: The traditional forms. The new direction of poetry is fully apparent in the work of the humanist Jacques Peletier du Mans . In 1541, he published the first French translation of Horace 's "Ars poetica" and in 1547 he published a collection of poems "Œuvres poétiques", which included translations from the first two cantos of Homer 's Odyssey and the first book of Virgil 's Georgics , twelve Petrarchian sonnets , three Horacian odes and

5561-557: The troubadour poets, both in content and in the use of certain fixed forms. The new poetic (as well as musical: some of the earliest medieval music has lyrics composed in Old French by the earliest composers known by name) tendencies are apparent in the Roman de Fauvel in 1310 and 1314, a satire on abuses in the medieval church filled with medieval motets, lais , rondeaux and other new secular forms of poetry and music (mostly anonymous, but with several pieces by Philippe de Vitry who would coin

5644-510: The use of amorous paradoxes), Italian poets in the French court (like Luigi Alamanni ), Italian Neo-platonism and humanism , and the rediscovery of certain Greek poets (such as Pindar and Anacreon ) would profoundly modify the French tradition. In this respect, the French poets Clément Marot and Mellin de Saint-Gelais are transitional figures: they are credited with some of the first sonnets in French, but their poems continue to employ many of

5727-591: The venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat. This exhibition also featured La Maison Cubiste . Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed facade of a 10 meter by 3 meter house, which included a hall, a living room and a bedroom. This installation was placed in the Art Décoratif section of the Salon d'Automne. The major contributors were André Mare , a decorative designer, Roger de La Fresnaye , Jacques Villon and Marie Laurencin . In

5810-786: The works of Maurice Blanchot . The unique poetry of Francis Ponge exerted a strong influence on a variety of writers (both phenomenologists and those from the group " Tel Quel "). The later poets Claude Royet-Journoud , Anne-Marie Albiach , Emmanuel Hocquard , and to a degree Jean Daive , describe a shift from Heidegger to Ludwig Wittgenstein and a reevaluation of Mallarmé's notion of fiction and theatricality; these poets were also influenced by certain English-language modern poets (such as Ezra Pound , Louis Zukofsky , William Carlos Williams , and George Oppen ) along with certain American postmodern and avant garde poets loosely grouped around

5893-479: Was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman born near Navahrudak , Grodno Governorate (former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, present-day Belarus ). His maternal grandfather participated in the 1863 uprising against occupying Russia and had to emigrate when the uprising failed. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi d'Aspermont

5976-630: Was a nephew of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787–1874), a poet who wrote in Ladin Putèr (an official language dialect of Switzerland spoken in Upper Engadin ), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born c. 1377, died 2 August 1445; see Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire at Geneanet ). Apollinaire eventually moved from Rome to Paris in 1900 and became one of

6059-427: Was a student and vagabond whose two poetic "testaments" or "wills" are celebrated for their portrayal of the urban and university environment of Paris and their scabrous wit, satire and verbal puns. The image of Villon as vagabond poet seems to have gained almost mythic status in the 16th century, and this figure would be championed by poetic rebels of the 19th century and 20th centuries (see Poète maudit ). Poetry in

6142-474: Was admired during his lifetime by the young poets who later formed the nucleus of the Surrealist group ( Breton , Aragon , Soupault ). He revealed very early on an originality that freed him from any school of influence and made him one of the precursors of the literary revolution of the first half of the 20th century. His art is not based on any theory, but on a simple principle: the act of creating must come from

6225-553: Was also brought in for questioning in the theft of the Mona Lisa , but he was also exonerated. The theft of the Mona Lisa was perpetrated by Vincenzo Peruggia , an Italian house painter who acted alone and was only caught two years later when he tried to sell the painting in Florence. Apollinaire wrote the preface for the first Cubist exposition outside of Paris; VIII Salon des Indépendants , Brussels, 1911. In an open-handed preface to

6308-423: Was close to Apollinaire, Pierre Reverdy, Max Jacob and the artists Chagall and Léger, and his work has similarities with both surrealism and cubism. Poetry in the post-war period followed a number of interlinked paths, most notably deriving from surrealism (such as with the early work of René Char ), or from philosophical and phenomenological concerns stemming from Heidegger , Friedrich Hölderlin , existentialism,

6391-507: Was coined by Apollinaire at the Salon de la Section d'Or in 1912, referring to the works of Robert Delaunay and František Kupka . During his lecture at the Section d'Or exhibit Apollinaire presented three of Kupka's abstract works as perfect examples of pure painting , as anti-figurative as music. In Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (1913) Apollinaire described Orphism as "the art of painting new totalities with elements that

6474-508: Was eventually lost. Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was L'enchanteur pourrissant (1909), but Alcools (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the Symbolists , juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques on the Cubist painters,

6557-435: Was frequent with gentlemen in the service of a noble or the king. Poetry was the chief form of 17th century theater: the vast majority of scripted plays were written in verse (see "Theater" below). Poetry was used in satires ( Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux is famous for his "Satires" (1666)) and in epics (inspired by the Renaissance epic tradition and by Tasso ) like Jean Chapelain 's La Pucelle . Although French poetry during

6640-404: Was just the visible face of a more profound crises: that of defining modern French art, and the dwindling of an artistic system crystallized around the heritage of Impressionism centered in Paris. Burgeoning was a new avant-garde system, the international logic of which— mercantile and médiatique —put into question the modern ideology elaborated upon since the late 19th century. What had begun as

6723-523: Was little used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor, and the sonnet would subsequently find its most significant practitioner in Charles Baudelaire . The traditional French sonnet form was however significantly modified by Baudelaire, who used 32 different forms of sonnet with non-traditional rhyme patterns to great effect in his Les Fleurs du mal . Guillaume Apollinaire radicalized

6806-726: Was not only the first Cubist portrait, according to Apollinaire, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public, prior to others by Louis Marcoussis , Amedeo Modigliani , Mikhail Larionov and Picasso. In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the Section d'Or . The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire. On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting

6889-460: Was the outstanding genius of the Romantic School and its recognized leader. He was prolific alike in poetry, drama, and fiction. Other writers associated with the movement were the austere and pessimistic Alfred de Vigny , Théophile Gautier a devotee of beauty and creator of the " Art for art's sake " movement, and Alfred de Musset , who best exemplifies romantic melancholy. By the middle of

#91908