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88-595: The National Map is a collaborative effort of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other federal, state, and local agencies to improve and deliver topographic information for the United States . The purpose of the effort is to provide "...a seamless, continuously maintained set of public domain geographic base information that will serve as a foundation for integrating, sharing, and using other data easily and consistently". The National Map

176-667: A comparative advantage in the production of tradable goods. The Roman Empire used collaboration through ruling with visible control, which lasted from 31BC until (in the east ) 1453CE, across around fifty countries. The growth of trade was supported by the stable administration of the Romans. Evidence shows that the Roman Empire and Julius Caesar were influenced by the Greek writer Xenophon 's The Education of Cyrus on leadership. This says that 'social bonds, not command and control, were to be

264-404: A close and symbiotic relationship among a nation's armed forces , its private industry , and associated political interests. In such a system, the military is dependent on industry to supply material and other support, while the defence industry depends on government for revenue. Skunk Works is a term used in engineering and technical fields to describe a group within an organization given

352-404: A common social , political or spiritual vision. They share responsibilities and resources. Intentional communities include cohousing , residential land trusts , ecovillages , communes , kibbutzim , ashrams , and housing cooperatives . Typically, new members of an intentional community are selected by the community's existing membership, rather than by real estate agents or land owners (if

440-607: A constant feature of electroacoustic music , due to the technology's complexity. Embedding technological tools into the process stimulated the emergence of new agents with new expertise: the musical assistant, the technician, the computer music designer, the music mediator (a profession that has been described and defined in different ways over the years) – aiding with writing, creating new instruments, recording and/or performance. The musical assistant explains developments in musical research and translates artistic ideas into programming languages. Finally, he or she transforms those ideas into

528-480: A development that proved essential to the development of psychology as a modern, peer-reviewed scientific discipline. Such exact purism was typical of Wundt and he instructed all introspection observations be performed under these same instructions: "1) the Observer must, if possible, be in a position to determine beforehand the entrance of the process to be observed. 2) the introspectionist must, as far as possible, grasp

616-797: A few selected firms has been shown to positively impact firm performance and innovation outcomes. Technology has provided the internet, wireless connectivity and collaboration tools such as blogs and wikis, and has as such created the possibility of " mass collaboration ". People are able to rapidly communicate and share ideas, crossing longstanding geographical and cultural boundaries. Social networks permeate business culture where collaborative uses include file sharing and knowledge transfer . According to author Evan Rosen command-and-control organizational structures inhibit collaboration and replacing such structures allows collaboration to flourish. Studies have found that collaboration can increase achievement and productivity. However, Bill Huber, former chair of

704-456: A high degree of autonomy unhampered by bureaucracy, tasked with advanced or secret projects. One such group was created at Lockheed in 1943. The team developed highly innovative aircraft in short time frames, notably beating its first deadline by 37 days. As a discipline, project management developed from different fields including construction, engineering and defense. In the United States,

792-426: A market economy, leading to trading within the Roman Empire and taxes. In Hutterite communities housing units are built and assigned to individual families, but belong to the colony with little personal property. Meals are taken by the entire colony in a common long room. The Oneida Community practiced Communalism (in the sense of communal property and possessions) and Mutual Criticism , where every member of

880-421: A means of achieving financial savings and operational efficiency in the acquisition of common goods and services in the public sector, and producing mutually beneficial results in the private sector. Collaboration allows for better communication within organizations and along supply chains . It is a way of coordinating different ideas from numerous people to generate a wide variety of knowledge. Collaboration with

968-477: A means to quantitatively measure the whole of conscious experience. Titchener was exclusively interested in the individual components that comprise conscious experience, while Wundt, seeing little purpose in the analysis of individual components, focused on synthesis of these components. Ultimately, Titchener's ideas would form the basis of the short-lived psychological theory of structuralism . American historiography of introspection, according to some authors,

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1056-473: A one-time or long-term basis. It can be as simple as dual-authorship or as complex as commons-based peer production . Tools include Usenet , e-mail lists , blogs and Wikis while ' brick and mortar ' examples include monographs (books) and periodicals such as newspapers, journals and magazines. One approach is for an author to publish early drafts/chapters of a work on the Internet and solicit suggestions from

1144-434: A perception that the buyer was in a win-win situation, it soon became apparent that it was either close to a lose-win or at best a partial win-win situation favouring the supplier. A four-year study of interorganizational collaboration in a mental health setting found that successful collaboration can be rapidly derailed through external policy steering, particularly where it undermines relations built on trust. Collaboration

1232-485: A plan partly by eliminating certain stimuli and partly by grading their strength and quality". Edward Titchener was an early pioneer in experimental psychology and student of Wilhelm Wundt. After earning his doctorate under the tutelage of Wundt at the University of Leipzig, he made his way to Cornell University , where he established his own laboratory and research. When Titchener arrived at Cornell in 1894, psychology

1320-435: A process of repentance of wrongdoings during their daily life, and remind themselves to refrain from doing so again. Devout Jains often do Pratikraman at least twice a day. Many practice Pratikraman on holy days such as Samvatsari , or Forgiveness Day. Introspection is encouraged in schools such as Advaita Vedanta ; in order for one to know their own true nature, they need to reflect and introspect on their true nature—which

1408-446: A relatively isolated rural location with little budget, Black Mountain fostered an informal and collaborative spirit. Innovations, relationships and unexpected connections formed at Black Mountain had a lasting influence on the postwar American art scene, high culture and eventually pop culture . Buckminster Fuller met student Kenneth Snelson at Black Mountain, and the result was the first geodesic dome (improvised out of slats in

1496-403: A score or a computer program and often performs the musical piece during the concerts. Examples of collaboration include Pierre Boulez and Andrew Gerzso, Alvise Vidolin and Luigi Nono , Jonathan Harvey and Gilbert Nouno. Although relatively rare compared with collaboration in popular music, there have been some notable examples of music written collaboratively by classical composers. Perhaps

1584-460: A study of Mayan fathers and children with traditional Indigenous ways of learning worked together in collaboration more frequently when building a 3D model puzzle than Mayan fathers with western schooling. Also, Chillihuani people of the Andes value work and create work parties in which members of each household in the community participate. Children from indigenous-heritage communities want to help around

1672-475: A trust that allows one to know when to give the benefit of the doubt. That is to say, that words are only meaningful if validated by one's actions; When people report strategies, feelings or beliefs, their behaviors must correspond with these statements if they are to be believed. Even when their introspections are uninformative, people still give confident descriptions of their mental processes, being "unaware of their unawareness". This phenomenon has been termed

1760-528: A venue, lighting, etc. Hypothetically, one person could control all of this, but most often every work of ballet is the by-product of collaboration. From the earliest formal works of ballet, to the great 19th century masterpieces of Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Marius Petipa , to the 20th century masterworks of George Balanchine and Igor Stravinsky , to today's ballet companies, feature strong collaborative connections between choreographers, composers and costume designers are essential. Within dance as an art form, there

1848-435: Is a form of collaboration between two societies which produce and exchange different portfolios of goods. Trade began in prehistoric times and continues because it benefits all of its participants. Prehistoric peoples bartered goods and services with each other without a modern currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. Trade exists because different communities have

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1936-556: Is a significant contribution to the U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) from the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and currently is being transformed to better serve the geospatial community by providing high quality, integrated geospatial data and improved products and services including new generation digital topographic maps . In addition, the National Map is foundational to implementation of

2024-492: Is also a sense in which subjects simply cannot be wrong about their own experiential states.' Presumably they arrived at this conclusion by drawing on the seemingly self-evident quality of their own introspections, and assumed that it must equally apply to others. However, when we consider research on the topic, this conclusion seems less self-evident. If, for example, extensive introspection can cause people to make decisions that they later regret, then one very reasonable possibility

2112-538: Is also the collaboration between choreographer and dancer. The choreographer creates a movement in her/his head and then physically demonstrates the movement to the dancer, which the dancer sees and attempts to either mimic or interpret. Musical collaboration occurs when musicians in different places or groups work on the piece. Typically, multiple parties are involved (singers, songwriters, lyricists, composers, and producers) and come together to create one work. For example, one specific collaboration from recent times (2015)

2200-827: Is also threatened by opportunism from the business partners and the possibility of coordination failures that can derail the efforts of even well-intentioned parties. Margarita Leib, a professor at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, wrote about how individuals working together sometimes promote dishonest behavior that prioritizes profit, like what Volkswagen did to fake vehicle emission levels . This often begins with one person lying, which incentivizes or pressures everyone else to escalate in response. In recent years, co-teaching has become more common, found in US classrooms across all grade levels and content areas. Once regarded as connecting special education and general education teachers, it

2288-405: Is applicable to many facets of philosophical thought it is perhaps best known for its role in epistemology ; in this context introspection is often compared with perception , reason , memory , and testimony as a source of knowledge . It has often been claimed that Wilhelm Wundt , the father of experimental psychology, was the first to adopt introspection to experimental psychology though

2376-613: Is contrasted with external observation . It generally provides a privileged access to one's own mental states, not mediated by other sources of knowledge, so that individual experience of the mind is unique. Introspection can determine any number of mental states including: sensory, bodily, cognitive, emotional and so forth. Introspection has been a subject of philosophical discussion for thousands of years. The philosopher Plato asked, "…why should we not calmly and patiently review our own thoughts, and thoroughly examine and see what these appearances in us really are?" While introspection

2464-430: Is dominated by three misconceptions. In particular, historians of psychology tend to argue 1) that introspection once was the dominant method of psychological inquiry, 2) that behaviorism, and in particular John B. Watson , is responsible for discrediting introspection as a valid method, and 3) that scientific psychology completely abandoned introspection as a result of those critiques. However, introspection has not been

2552-670: Is in a letter written by James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave in 1713. Antoine Augustin Cournot 's Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth in 1838 provided the first general theory. In 1928 it became a recognized field when John von Neumann published a series of papers. Von Neumann's work in game theory culminated in the 1944 book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern . The term military-industrial complex refers to

2640-427: Is not primarily rooted in behaviorist epistemology. Introspection is still widely used in psychology, but now implicitly, as self-report surveys, interviews and some fMRI studies are based on introspection. It is not the method but rather its name that has been dropped from the dominant psychological vocabulary. Partly as a result of Titchener's misrepresentation, the use of introspection diminished after his death and

2728-502: Is now more generally defined as "…two professionals delivering substantive instruction to a diverse group of students in a single physical space." As American classrooms have become increasingly diverse, so have the challenges for educators. Due to the diverse needs of students with designated special needs, English language learners (ELL), and students of varied academic levels, teachers have developed new approaches that provide additional student support. In practice, students remain in

The National Map - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-555: Is part of the USGS National Geospatial Program . The geographic information available includes orthoimagery ( aerial photographs ), elevation , geographic names , hydrography , boundaries, transportation, structures and land cover. The National Map is accessible via the Web , as products and services, and as downloadable data. Its uses range from recreation to scientific analysis to emergency response. The National Map

2904-549: Is prominent in eastern Christianity . In Eastern Christianity some concepts addressing human needs, such as sober introspection ( nepsis ), require watchfulness of the human heart and the conflicts of the human nous , heart or mind. Noetic understanding can not be achieved by rational or discursive thought (i.e. systemization). Rationalists view prayer as to help train a person to focus on divinity through philosophy and intellectual contemplation ( meditation ). Jains practise pratikraman ( Sanskrit "introspection"),

2992-488: Is that people generally see themselves as less biased than everyone else , because they are not likely to introspect any biased thought processes. One experiment tried to give their subjects access to others' introspections. They made audio recordings of subjects who had been told to say whatever came into their heads as they answered a question about their own bias. Although subjects persuaded themselves they were unlikely to be biased, their introspective reports did not sway

3080-575: Is that the introspection caused them to 'lose touch with their feelings'. In short, empirical studies suggest that people can fail to appraise adequately (i.e. are wrong about) their own experiential states. Another question in regards to the veracious accountability of introspection is if researchers lack the confidence in their own introspections and those of their participants, then how can it gain legitimacy? Three strategies are accountable: identifying behaviors that establish credibility, finding common ground that enables mutual understanding, and developing

3168-424: Is the fiction-writing mode used to convey a character's thoughts. As explained by Renni Browne and Dave King, "One of the great gifts of literature is that it allows for the expression of unexpressed thoughts…" According to Nancy Kress, a character's thoughts can greatly enhance a story: deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story. As outlined by Jack M. Bickham, thought plays

3256-523: Is what meditation is. Especially, Swami Chinmayananda emphasised the role of introspection in five stages, outlined in his book "Self Unfoldment." In Islam , greater jihad is the extertion of effort to internally struggle against one's evil inclinations. In Sufism , ‘’ nafs ’’ is in its unrefined state "the ego", which is considered to be the lowest dimension of a person's inward existence—his animal and satanic nature. Introspection (also referred to as Rufus dialogue, interior monologue, self-talk)

3344-614: The ITER nuclear fusion experiment, and the European Union's Human Brain Project . Introspection Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings . In psychology , the process of introspection relies on the observation of one's mental state , while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul . Introspection is closely related to human self-reflection and self-discovery and

3432-985: The Internet . Screenwriter organizations bring together professional and amateur writers and filmmakers. Collaboration in business can be found both within and across organizations, and examples range from formalised partnerships , use of coworking spaces where freelancers can work with others in a collaborative environment and crowd funding , to the complexity of a multinational corporation . Inter-organizational collaboration brings participating parties to invest resources, mutually achieve goals, share information, resources, rewards and responsibilities, as well as make joint decisions and solve problems. Collaboration between public, private and voluntary sectors can be effective in tackling complex policy problems, but may be handled more effectively by boundary-spanning teams and networks than by formal organizational structures. In turn, business and management scholars have paid much attention to

3520-536: The Lockheed Corporation ) Polaris missile submarine program; and (2) the " Critical Path Method " (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises. In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed to serve the interest of

3608-563: The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Geospatial Modernization Blueprint. The USGS also utilizes data from The National Map Corps , which consists of volunteers who devote some of their time to provide cartographic information on structures. The National Map is the official replacement for the USGS topographic map program . The National Map Corps consists of volunteers who devote some of their time to provide cartographic information to

The National Map - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-479: The U.S. Geological Survey . The only requirements to participate are having access to the Internet and a current familiarity with the area being mapped. This data is used to update The National Map . The program originally allowed volunteers to collect geographic coordinates ( latitude and longitude ) via GPS receivers. The data was entered in spreadsheet format or in ESRI shapefiles and submitted via e-mail to

3784-562: The University of Victoria assert that until the early 1990s the individual was the 'unit of instruction' and the focus of research. The two observed that researchers and practitioners switched to the idea that "knowing" is better thought of as a cultural practice. Roth and Lee also claim that this led to changes in learning and teaching design in which students were encouraged to share their ways of doing mathematics, history, science, with each other. In other words, that children take part in

3872-520: The adaptive unconscious suggests that a very large proportion of mental processes, even "high-level" processes like goal-setting and decision-making, are inaccessible to introspection. Indeed, it is questionable how confident researchers can be in their own introspections. One of the central implications of dissociations between consciousness and meta-consciousness is that individuals, presumably including researchers, can misrepresent their experiences to themselves. Jack and Roepstorff assert, '...there

3960-501: The introspection illusion and has been used to explain some cognitive biases and belief in some paranormal phenomena. When making judgements about themselves, subjects treat their own introspections as reliable, whereas they judge other people based on their behavior. This can lead to illusions of superiority . For example, people generally see themselves as less conformist than others, and this seems to be because they do not introspect any urge to conform. Another reliable finding

4048-528: The International Association for Contract and Commercial Management (IACCM, now World Commerce & Contracting ), notes that not all companies have what he calls "collaborative DNA". Huber argues that often when companies fail to implement or sustain successful collaborative relationships, the causes can be traced to insufficient leadership support or to underdeveloped collaboration skills. Andrew Cox, formerly of Birmingham Business School and

4136-456: The US demonstrates that these advances have not been able to overcome the challenges of such projects. Founded in 1933 by John Andrew Rice , Theodore Dreier and other former faculty of Rollins College , Black Mountain College was experimental by nature and committed to an interdisciplinary approach, attracting a faculty which included leading visual artists, poets and designers. Operating in

4224-559: The USGS National Geospatial Technical Operations Center(s) in Denver, Colorado , and Rolla, Missouri . During the registration process, prospective volunteers submitted a list of the 7.5 minute quadrangle maps on which they wished to work. Once accepted into the project, volunteers received their assignment and 1:24,000 scale topographic map of their quad. While there was no deadline for completing maps,

4312-500: The assessments of observers. When subjects were explicitly told to avoid relying on introspection, their assessments of their own bias became more realistic. In Buddhism , Sampajañña refers to "the mental process by which one continuously monitors one's own body and mind. In the practice of śamatha, its principal function is to note the occurrence of laxity and excitation." It is of central importance for meditative practice in all Buddhist traditions . In Judaism , particularly in

4400-470: The beginning of the modern project management era. Again, in the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt charts , and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project scheduling models were developed: (1) the " Program Evaluation and Review Technique " or PERT, developed as part of the United States Navy 's (in conjunction with

4488-486: The best-known examples are: Collaboration in entertainment dates from the origin of theatrical productions, millennia ago. It takes the form of writers, directors, actors, producers and other individuals or groups working on the same production. In the twenty-first century, new technology has enhanced collaboration. A system developed by Will Wright for the TV series title Bar Karma on CurrentTV facilitates plot collaboration over

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4576-609: The classroom and receive instruction by both their general teacher and special education teachers. In the 1996 report "What Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future" economic success could be enhanced if students developed the capacity to learn how to "manage teams… and…work together successfully in teams". Teachers increasingly use collaborative software to establish virtual learning environments (VLEs). This allows them to share learning materials and feedback with both students and in some cases, parents. Approaches include: Writers, both in fiction and non-fiction, may cooperate on

4664-546: The college established The Washington Center for Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Education, which focuses on collaborative education approaches, including learning communities as one of its centerpieces. The school later became notorious for less-successful collaborations. The romanticized notion of a lone, genius artist has existed since the time of Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists , published in 1568. Vasari promulgated

4752-568: The community was subject to criticism by committee or the community as a whole, during a general meeting. The goal was to remove bad character traits. A kibbutz is an Israeli collective community. The movement combines socialism and Zionism seeking a form of practical Labor Zionism . Choosing communal life, and inspired by their own ideology, kibbutz members developed a communal mode of living. The kibbutzim lasted for several generations as utopian communities, although most became capitalist enterprises and regular towns. The Manhattan Project

4840-405: The companies they work for, resulting in technical documents that are more comprehensive and accurate than documents produced by individuals. Technical communication collaboration typically occurs on shared document work-spaces (such as Google Docs), through social media sites, videoconferencing, SMS and IM, and on cloud-based authoring platforms. Scientific collaboration rapidly advanced throughout

4928-455: The construction of consensual domains, and 'participate in the negotiation and institutionalization of ... meaning'. In effect, they are participating in learning communities . This analysis does not consider the appearance of Learning communities in the United States in the early 1980s. For example, The Evergreen State College , which is widely considered a pioneer in this area, established an intercollegiate learning community in 1984. In 1985,

5016-460: The dominant method. It is believed to be so because Edward Titchener 's student Edwin G. Boring , in his influential historical accounts of experimental psychology, privileged Titchener's views while giving little credit to original sources. Introspection has been critiqued by many other psychologists, including Wilhelm Wundt , and Knight Dunlap who in his article " The Case Against Introspection ", presents an argument against self-observation that

5104-439: The forefather of project management is Henry Gantt , who is known for his use of the "bar" chart as a project management tool, for being an associate of Frederick Winslow Taylor 's theories of scientific management , and for his study of the management of Navy ship building. His work is the forerunner to many modern project management tools including the work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation. The 1950s marked

5192-697: The founder of the International Institute for Advanced Purchasing and Supply (IIAPS), has highlighted the dangers in thinking that collaborative relationships always produce mutually advantageous " win-win " outcomes for both buyers and sellers in commercial relationships. Cox uses case studies which show where competent buyers have used collaboration successful to secure value for money , and other examples where "incompetent buyers" utilizing "what initially appear to be win-win outcomes" subsequently lose out to "more commercially competent suppliers". In relation to one of his examples, Cox concludes that From

5280-472: The house voluntarily. In the Mazahua Indigenous community of Mexico, school children show initiative and autonomy by contributing in their classroom, completing activities as a whole, assisting and correcting their teacher during lectures when a mistake is made. Fifth and sixth graders in the community work with the teacher installing a classroom window; the installation becomes a class project in which

5368-446: The idea that artistic skill was endowed upon chosen individuals by gods, which created an enduring and largely false popular misunderstanding of many artistic processes. Artists have used collaboration to complete large scale works for centuries, but the myth of the lone artist was not widely questioned until the 1960s and 1970s. Collaborative art groups include: Ballet is a collaborative art form. It entails music, dancers, costumes,

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5456-402: The idea that those verbal reports are based on direct introspective access to mental content. Instead, judgements about one's own mind seem to be inferences from overt behavior, similar to judgements made about another person. However, it is hard to assess whether these results only apply to unusual experimental situations, or if they reveal something about everyday introspection. The theory of

5544-464: The importance of both formal and informal mechanisms to support inter-organizational collaboration. They especially point to the role of contractual and relational mechanisms and the inherent tensions between the two. Global manufacturer Unilever offers to collaborate with innovating start-up businesses, and its "Unilever Foundry" refers to over 400 examples of "strategic collaboration" in this field. Collaborative procurement has been commended as

5632-569: The land is not owned by the community). Collaboration in indigenous communities, particularly in the Americas, often involves the entire community working toward a common goal in a horizontal structure with flexible leadership . Children in some indigenous American communities collaborate with the adults. Children can be contributors in the process of meeting objectives by taking on tasks that suit their skills. Indigenous learning techniques comprise Learning by Observing and Pitching In . For example,

5720-428: The methodological idea had been presented long before, as by 18th century German philosopher-psychologists such as Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten or Johann Nicolaus Tetens . Also, Wundt's views on introspection must be approached with great care. Wundt was influenced by notable physiologists , such as Gustav Fechner , who used a kind of controlled introspection as a means to study human sensory organs. Building upon

5808-525: The mind; it does not suffice to justify knowledge claims about the mind. Similarly, the idea continued to be discussed between John Stuart Mill and Auguste Comte . Recent psychological research on cognition and attribution has asked people to report on their mental processes, for instance to say why they made a particular choice or how they arrived at a judgment. In some situations, these reports are clearly confabulated . For example, people justify choices they have not in fact made. Such results undermine

5896-403: The other watches intently and all are allowed to attempt tasks with the more experienced stepping in to complete more complex parts, while others pay close attention. Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics, computer science, and economics that looks at situations where multiple players make decisions in an attempt to maximize their returns. The first documented discussion of game theory

5984-450: The penitent season in the month of Elul in order to correct the year's sins through repentance, which in Judaism begins with recalling and recognizing them. In Christianity , perfection is not just the possession and preservation of sanctifying grace , since perfection is determined by one's action, although Christian mysticism has gained a renewed interest in western Christianity and

6072-399: The phenomenon in a state of strained attention and follow its course. 3) Every observation must, in order to make certain, be capable of being repeated several times under the same conditions and 4) the conditions under which the phenomenon appears must be found out by the variation of the attendant circumstances and when this was done the various coherent experiments must be varied according to

6160-442: The pre-existing use of introspection in physiology, Wundt believed the method of introspection was the ability to observe an experience, not just the logical reflection or speculations which some others interpreted his meaning to be. Wundt imposed exacting control over the use of introspection in his experimental laboratory at the University of Leipzig , making it possible for other scientists to replicate his experiments elsewhere,

6248-413: The primary mechanisms of governance'. Classics professor Emma Dench notes that the Roman Empire extended its citizenship "to enemies, former enemies of state, to people who'd helped them. The Romans were incredibly good at co-opting people and ideas." The Romans created a stable empire that benefitted both ruled and allied countries. Gold and silver were currencies created by the Romans which supported

6336-536: The profession. The International Project Management Association (IPMA), founded in Europe in 1967, has undergone a similar development and instituted the IPMA Project Baseline. Both organizations are now participating in the development of a global project management standard. However, the exorbitant cost overruns and missed deadlines of large-scale infrastructure, military R&D/procurement and utility projects in

6424-556: The program stopped accepting structure data collected via GPS, but continued to use the web-based collection site. The following is a list of structures that can be entered on the web site. The focus is significant man-made structures. The "other" category is for man-made structures not on this list and should not include locations such as homes, restaurants or other commercial establishments. Collaboration Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication. Such methods aim to increase

6512-560: The project management industry. The premise of PMI is that the tools and techniques of project management are common even among the widespread application of projects from the software industry to the construction industry. In 1981, the PMI Board of Directors authorized the development of what has become A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), standards and guidelines of practice that are widely used throughout

6600-440: The project's administrators preferred volunteers to submit coordinates for all structures in the quad no more than one year after beginning work. In December 2006, a new Internet-based method for submitting information on structures was introduced. Using a web browser , volunteers are able to navigate maps and aerial photography, placing a point on the map and subsequently entering the name and type of structure. From August 2008,

6688-501: The school's back yard); Merce Cunningham formed his dance company; and John Cage staged his first happening . Black Mountain College was a consciously directed liberal arts school that grew out of the progressive education movement . In its day it was a unique educational experiment for the artists and writers who conducted it, and as such an important incubator for the American avant garde . Dr. Wolff-Michael Roth and Stuart Lee of

6776-546: The scientific power of the United States for greater success. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation of a plutonium implosion bomb on July 16 (the Trinity test ) near Alamogordo, New Mexico ; an enriched uranium bomb code-named " Little Boy " on August 6 over Hiroshima , Japan; and a second plutonium bomb, code-named " Fat Man " on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. The members of an intentional community typically hold

6864-452: The students participate in the process alongside the teacher. They all work together without needing leadership, and their movements are all in sync and flowing. It is not a process of instruction, but rather a hands-on experience in which students work together as a synchronous group with the teacher, switching roles and sharing tasks. In these communities, collaboration is emphasized, and learners are trusted to take initiative. While one works,

6952-415: The study of psychological phenomena, though generally only in experiments pertaining to internal thought conducted under experimental conditions. For example, in the " think aloud protocol ", investigators cue participants to speak their thoughts aloud in order to study an active thought process without forcing an individual to comment on the process itself. Already in the 18th century authors had criticized

7040-699: The subsequent decline of structuralism. Later psychological movements, such as functionalism and behaviorism , rejected introspection for its lack of scientific reliability among other factors. Functionalism originally arose in direct opposition to structuralism, opposing its narrow focus on the elements of consciousness and emphasizing the purpose of consciousness and other psychological behavior. Behaviorism's objection to introspection focused much more on its unreliability and subjectivity which conflicted with behaviorism's focus on measurable behavior. The more recently established cognitive psychology movement has to some extent accepted introspection's usefulness in

7128-403: The success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem-solving . Collaboration is present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration , though this is not a common use of the term. In its applied sense, "[a] collaboration is a purposeful relationship in which all parties strategically choose to cooperate in order to accomplish a shared outcome". Trade between nations

7216-460: The teachings of the practitioners of Mussar a person could achieve progress in perfecting their character traits through a daily "Cheshbon Hanefesh," or Accounting of the Soul. In the practice of Cheshbon Hanefesh, a person introspects about themselves, their day, their faults, progress, and so on, and over time can use the data and process to change behavior and thoughts. Introspection is encouraged during

7304-486: The twentieth century as measured by the increasing numbers of coauthors on published papers. Wagner and Leydesdorff found international collaborations to have doubled from 1990 to 2005. While collaborative authorships within nations has also risen, this has done so at a slower rate and is not cited as frequently. Notable examples of scientific collaboration include CERN , the International Space Station ,

7392-645: The use of introspection, both for knowing one's own mind and as a method for psychology. David Hume pointed out that introspecting a mental state tends to alter the very state itself; a German author, Christian Gottfried Schütz , noted that introspection is often described as mere "inner sensation", but actually requires also attention, that introspection does not get at unconscious mental states, and that it cannot be used naively — one needs to know what to look for. Immanuel Kant added that, if they are understood too narrowly, introspective experiments are impossible. Introspection delivers, at best, hints about what goes on in

7480-765: The world at large. This approach helped ensure that the technical aspects of the novel The Martian were as accurate as possible. The science fiction author Frederik Pohl was noted for his longtime collaborations with Cyril Kornbluth and Jack Williamson . Collaboration in technical communication (also commonly referred to as technical writing) has become increasingly important in the creation and dissemination of technical documents in multiple technical and occupational fields, including: computer hardware and software, medicine, engineering, robotics, aeronautics, biotechnology, information technology, and finance. Collaboration in technical communication allows for greater flexibility, productivity and innovation for technical writers and

7568-739: Was a collaborative project during World War II among the Allies that developed the first atomic bomb . It was a collaborative effort by the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada . The value of this project as an influence on organized collaboration is attributed to Vannevar Bush . In early 1940, Bush lobbied for the creation of the National Defense Research Committee . Frustrated by previous bureaucratic failures in implementing technology in World War I, Bush sought to organize

7656-422: Was still a fledgling discipline, especially in the United States, and Titchener was a key figure in bringing Wundt's ideas to America. However, Titchener misrepresented some of Wundt's ideas to the American psychological establishment, especially in his account of introspection which, Titchener taught, only served a purpose in the qualitative analysis of consciousness into its various parts, while Wundt saw it as

7744-449: Was the song " FourFiveSeconds ". This single represents a type of collaboration because it was developed by pop idol Rihanna , Paul McCartney (former bassist, composer and vocalist for The Beatles ), and rapper/composer Kanye West . Websites and software facilitate musical collaboration over the Internet , resulting in the emergence of online bands . Several awards exist specifically for collaboration in music: Collaboration has been

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