Misplaced Pages

#772227

67-442: The London Journal; and Weekly Record of Literature, Science and Art (published from 1845 to 1928) was a British penny fiction weekly, one of the best-selling magazines of the nineteenth century. It was established by George Stiff , published by George Vickers and initially written and edited by George W. M. Reynolds . After Reynolds left to found his own Reynolds's Miscellany in 1846, John Wilson Ross became editor. In

134-439: A cord of wood . Wood chipping is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp, but also for other processed wood products and mulch . Only the heartwood and sapwood are useful for making pulp. Bark contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips. There are

201-428: A combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibres. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping, also known as TMP, and chemithermomechanical pulping, also known as CTMP. The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce

268-498: A factor in the development of printing . By the 1800s, production demands on the newly industrialized papermaking and printing industries led to a shift in raw materials, most notably the use of pulpwood and other tree products which today make up more than 95% of global pulp production. The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic paper machines in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times. While some of

335-483: A large scale. The first penny serials were published in 1836 to meet this demand. Between 1830 and 1850 there were up to 100 publishers of penny-fiction, in addition to many magazines which embraced the genre. The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers and were considerably cheaper than the serialised novels of authors such as Charles Dickens , which cost a shilling [twelve pennies] per part. The stories were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of

402-585: A mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH ) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP). Chemical pulp is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels called digesters. There, heat and chemicals break down lignin, which binds cellulose fibres together, without seriously degrading

469-539: A mixture of softwoods and hardwoods 12 metres (40 ft) tall and 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the kraft process (chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees, since almost all of the wood is used to make fibre, therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or newsprint . There are roughly two short tons in

536-410: A more sustainable means of production. There is enough straw to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs. Agricultural-based paper does not come from tree farms . Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half

603-442: A number of different processes which can be used to separate the wood fiber: Manufactured grindstones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make stone pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as pressure ground wood pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If

670-506: A source of frightened fascination for several decades. At the height of Spring-Heeled Jack hysteria, several women reported being attacked by a clawed monster of a man breathing blue flames. The last 'sighting' was in Liverpool in 1904. In 1838, Robin Hood featured in a series of penny dreadfuls titled Robin Hood and Little John: or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest , which sparked the beginning of

737-431: A title, The Guide , which he had started in the interim) and installed Percy B. St. John and then Pierce Egan as editor. After Stiff's bankruptcy in 1862, W. S. Johnson became proprietor. By 1883 it had transformed itself from being a 'penny family weekly' into what was recognizably a 'woman’s magazine'. Herbert Allingham became editor in 1889, publishing his own story "A Devil of a Woman" in 1893. Contributors to

SECTION 10

#1732855023773

804-461: A variety of publications that featured cheap sensational fiction, such as story papers and booklet "libraries". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap wood pulp paper and were aimed at young working class men. The popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature, especially the half-penny periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth . Crime broadsides were commonly sold at public executions in

871-536: A variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. In China, as of 2009, a higher proportion of non-wood pulp processing increased use of water and energy. Nonwovens are in some applications alternatives to paper made from wood pulp, like filter paper or tea bags . Market pulp is any variety of pulp that is produced in one location, dried and shipped to another location for further processing. Important quality parameters for pulp not directly related to

938-578: Is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fiberboard which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements. Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds

1005-471: Is distinguished by the maceration process which produces a finer, more regular slurry of cellulose fibers which are pulled out of solution by a screen and dried to form sheets or rolls. The earliest paper produced in China consisted of bast fibers from the paper mulberry (kozo) plant along with hemp rag and net scraps. By the 6th century, the mulberry tree was domesticated by farmers in China specifically for

1072-408: Is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the lignin more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are methanol , ethanol , formic acid and acetic acid often in combination with water . Research is under way to develop biopulping (biological pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break down

1139-1212: Is one of the most controversial issues. The process effluents are treated in a biological effluent treatment plant , which guarantees that the effluents are not toxic in the recipient. Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used ( hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite ) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively). Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals. Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Many mills have adopted alternatives to chlorinated bleaching agents thereby reducing emissions of organochlorine pollution. The kraft pulping reaction in particular releases foul-smelling compounds. The sulfide reagent that degrades lignin structure also causes some demethylation, yielding methanethiol , dimethyl sulfide , and dimethyl disulfide . These same compounds are released during many forms of microbial decay, including

1206-430: Is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat (thus " thermo- ") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their bark and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent. A mechanical force is applied to the wood chips in a crushing or grinding action which generates heat and water vapour and softens

1273-413: Is used in making regenerated cellulose that is used textile and cellophane production. It is also used to make cellulose derivatives. Fluff pulp is used in diapers , feminine hygiene products and nonwovens . The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking , and it has been used in some variation since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform pulp into

1340-881: The British comics that began to emerge in the 1870s. Describing penny dreadfuls as "a 19th-century British publishing phenomenon", the BBC adds, their "very disposability (the booklets' bargain cover price meant they were printed on exceptionally flimsy paper) has made surviving examples a rarity, despite their immense popularity at the time." Pulp (paper) Before the widely acknowledged invention of papermaking by Cai Lun in China around AD 105, paper-like writing materials such as papyrus and amate were produced by ancient civilizations using plant materials which were largely unprocessed. Strips of bark or bast material were woven together, beaten into rough sheets, dried, and polished by hand. Pulp used in modern and traditional papermaking

1407-523: The cellulose fibres . Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The kraft process is the dominant chemical pulping method, with the sulfite process second. Historically soda pulping was the first successful chemical pulping method. Recycled pulp is also called deinked pulp (DIP). DIP is recycled paper which has been processed by chemicals, thus removing printing inks and other unwanted elements and freed

SECTION 20

#1732855023773

1474-436: The lignin thus separating the individual fibres. The pulp is then screened and cleaned, any clumps of fibre are reprocessed. This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres are hard and rigid. Wood chips can be pre-treated with sodium carbonate , sodium hydroxide , sodium sulfate and other chemicals prior to refining with equipment similar to

1541-624: The 'ha'penny dreadfuller'". The quality of the Harmsworth/ Amalgamated Press papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century, however. By the time of the First World War , papers such as Union Jack dominated the market in the UK. The penny dreadfuls were also challenged by book series such as The Penny Library of Famous Books launched in 1896 by George Newnes which he characterized as "penny delightfuls" intended to counter

1608-460: The 1860s and 1870s more than a million boys' periodicals were sold per week. The Guardian described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games". While the term "penny dreadful" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid- Victorian Britain , it came to encompass

1675-694: The French serial The Mysteries of Paris ), and Varney the Vampire (1845–47). Varney is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney and introduced many of the tropes present in vampire fiction recognizable to modern audiences—it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire. Highwaymen were popular heroes; Black Bess or the Knight of the Road , outlining the largely imaginary exploits of real-life English highwayman Dick Turpin , continued for 254 episodes and

1742-534: The Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain. The popularity of penny dreadfuls among British children was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature. Leading the challenge were popular periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth. Priced at one half-penny , Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than

1809-603: The London Picture Archive: https://m.londonpicturearchive.org.uk/collection?i=322336 Penny dreadful Penny dreadfuls were cheap popular serial literature produced during the 19th century in the United Kingdom. The pejorative term is roughly interchangeable with penny horrible , penny awful , and penny blood . The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts of 8 to 16 pages, each costing one penny . The subject matter of these stories

1876-413: The United Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were often produced by printers who specialised in them. They were typically illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic woodcut of a hanging taking place. There would be a written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A doggerel verse warning others to not follow

1943-441: The acidification and eventual breakdown of paper products, often characterized by the browning and embrittling of paper with a high lignin content such as newsprint . 100% cotton or a combination of cotton and linen pulp is widely used to produce documents intended for long-term use, such as certificates, currency, and passports. Today, some groups advocate using field crop fibre or agricultural residues instead of wood fibre as

2010-490: The amount of strength loss suffered by the fibres. Most pulp mills use good forest management practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials . One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the biodiversity of the harvested forest. Pulp tree plantations account for 16 percent of world pulp production, old-growth forests 9 percent, and second- and third- and more generation forests account for

2077-544: The cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, and therefore make stronger paper. Some of the most commonly used trees for paper making include softwoods such as spruce , pine , fir , larch and hemlock , and hardwoods such as eucalyptus , aspen and birch . There is also increasing interest in genetically modified tree species (such as GM eucalyptus and GM poplar ) because of several major benefits these can provide, such as increased ease of breaking down lignin and increased growth rate. A pulp mill

The London Journal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-404: The cellulose fibres (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibres). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical pulping (RMP), physically tear the cellulose fibres one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of related hybrid pulping methods that use

2211-429: The cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers ). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres. Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which can be washed away from the cellulose fibres without depolymerizing

2278-446: The chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibres. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and paperboards . Thermomechanical pulp

2345-421: The competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge the pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. According to an editorial in the first number of The Half-penny Marvel in 1893: It is almost a daily occurrence with magistrates to have before them boys who, having read a number of 'dreadfuls', followed the examples set forth in such publications, robbed their employers, bought revolvers with

2412-509: The cost, passing the flimsy booklets from reader to reader. Other enterprising youngsters would collect several consecutive parts then rent the volume out to friends. In 1866, Boys of England was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest. Numerous competitors quickly followed, including Boys' Leisure Hour , Boys' Standard , Young Men of Great Britain (a short lived companion to Boys of England ). As

2479-403: The dreadfuls' appeal, often acting as a teaser for future installments. As one reader said, "You see's an engraving of a man hung up, burning over a fire, and some [would] go mad if they couldn't learn… all about him." One publisher's rallying cry to his illustrators was "more blood – much more blood!" Working class boys who could not afford a penny each week often formed clubs that would share

2546-432: The dyes formed from the tannins of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by sulfides present in it. Steam exploded fibre is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material. The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a white paper product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently

2613-692: The earliest Gothic thrillers such as The Castle of Otranto or The Monk , as well as new stories about famous criminals. The first ever penny blood, published in 1836, was called Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, &c . The story continued over 60 issues, each eight pages of tightly-packed text with one half-page illustration. Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were The String of Pearls: A Domestic Romance (introducing Sweeney Todd , "the Demon Barber of Fleet Street "), The Mysteries of London (inspired by

2680-649: The earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1765 and Matthias Koops in 1800, large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Germany and by Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia . Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth 's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, then by Benjamin Tilghman 's U.S. patent on

2747-431: The ecological footprint of pulp made from forests. Hemp paper is a possible replacement, but processing infrastructure, storage costs and the low usability percentage of the plant means it is not a ready substitute. However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for

The London Journal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-502: The executed person's example, to avoid their fate, was another common feature. Victorian-era Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased literacy rates. With the rise of capitalism and industrialisation , people began to spend more money on entertainment, contributing to the popularisation of the novel . Improvements in printing resulted in newspapers such as Joseph Addison 's The Spectator and Richard Steele 's Tatler , and England's more fully recognizing

2881-443: The fibres are brightness , dirt levels, viscosity and ash content. In 2004 it accounted for about 55 million metric tons of market pulp. Air dry pulp is the most common form to sell pulp. This is pulp dried to about 10 percent moisture content. It is normally delivered as sheeted bales of 250 kg. The reason to leave 10 percent moisture in the pulp is that this minimizes the fibre to fibre bonding and makes it easier to disperse

2948-652: The internal microbial action in Camembert cheese , although the kraft process is a chemical one and does not involve any microbial degradation. These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and disagreeable smells. The main applications for pulp are paper and board production. The furnish of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Important quality parameters are wood furnish , brightness , viscosity, extractives, dirt count and strength. Chemical pulps are used for making nanocellulose . Speciality pulp grades have many other applications. Dissolving pulp

3015-819: The kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s. Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes). In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed by the United States at 16 percent. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are "45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper" (Canada, 2014). Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp. The timber resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as pulpwood . While in theory any tree can be used for pulp-making, coniferous trees are preferred because

3082-684: The magazine included leading authors of the day, such as Mary Elizabeth Braddon ( Lady Audley's Secret and The Outcast ), E. D. E. N. Southworth ( The Gypsy’s Prophecy ), and Pierce Egan ( The Poor Girl ). However, it was "Minnigrey" by the less well-known John Frederick Smith that made this weekly achieve hitherto unprecedented sales of 500,000 a week. Artists George Frederick Sargent, John Proctor and (even more significantly) John Gilbert contributed to engravings in The London Journal . Works of George Frederick Sargent (although not those that appeared in The London Journal ) can be found on

3149-405: The mass circulation of Robin Hood stories. Other serials were thinly-disguised plagiarisms of popular contemporary literature. The publisher Edward Lloyd , for instance, published numerous hugely successful penny serials derived from the works of Charles Dickens, such as Oliver Twiss and Nickelas Nicklebery . The illustration which featured at the start of each issue was an integral part of

3216-420: The mid-1850s the magazine's circulation was over 500,000. Herbert Ingram , in secret partnership with Punch ' s owners Bradbury and Evans , bought the magazine in 1857, and Punch ' s editor Mark Lemon was placed in editorial charge. Lemon's attempt to rebrand the magazine, serializing novels by Walter Scott , was a commercial failure. George Stiff bought back the paper in 1859 (combining it with

3283-535: The paper fibres. The process is called deinking . DIP is used as raw material in papermaking . Many newsprint , toilet paper and facial tissue grades commonly contain 100 percent deinked pulp and in many other grades, such as lightweight coated for offset and printing and writing papers for office and home use, DIP makes up a substantial proportion of the furnish. Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor

3350-528: The paper's demise in 1933. In total, Blake appeared in roughly 4,000 adventures, right up into the 1970s. Harkaway was also popular in America and had many imitators. The fictional Sweeney Todd , the subject of both a successful musical by Stephen Sondheim and a feature film by Tim Burton , first appeared in an 1846/1847 penny dreadful titled The String of Pearls: A Romance by James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest . The penny dreadfuls inspired

3417-648: The pernicious effects of the penny dreadfuls, and such as the Penny Popular Novels launched in 1896 by W. T. Stead . Two popular characters to come out of the penny dreadfuls were Jack Harkaway, introduced in the Boys of England in 1871, and Sexton Blake , who began in the Half-penny Marvel in 1893. In 1904, the Union Jack became "Sexton Blake's own paper", and he appeared in every issue thereafter, up until

SECTION 50

#1732855023773

3484-520: The price and quality of other types of fiction works were the same, these also fell under the general definition of penny dreadfuls. Appearing in the 1860s, American dime novels were edited and rewritten for a British audience. These appeared in booklet form, such as the Boy's First Rate Pocket Library . Frank Reade , Buffalo Bill , and Deadwood Dick were all popular with the penny dreadful audience. The penny dreadfuls were influential since they were, in

3551-467: The proceeds, and finished by running away from home, and installing themselves in the back streets as 'highwaymen'. This and many other evils the 'penny dreadful' is responsible for. It makes thieves of the coming generation, and so helps fill our gaols. The Half-penny Marvel was soon followed by other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as The Union Jack . At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it

3618-403: The pulp in water for further processing to paper . Roll pulp or reel pulp is the most common delivery form of pulp to non traditional pulp markets. Fluff pulp is normally shipped on rolls (reels). This pulp is dried to 5–6 percent moisture content. At the customer this is going to a comminution process to prepare for further processing. Some pulps are flash dried. This is done by pressing

3685-543: The pulp industry has been using alternatives to chlorine , such as chlorine dioxide , oxygen , ozone and hydrogen peroxide . Pulp made from non-wood plant sources or recycled textiles is manufactured today largely as a speciality product for fine-printing and art purposes. Modern machine- and hand-made art papers made with cotton, linen, hemp, abaca , kozo , and other fibers are often valued for their longer, stronger fibers and their lower lignin content. Lignin , present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to

3752-593: The pulp to about 50 percent moisture content and then let it fall through silos that are 15–17 m high. Gas fired hot air is the normal heat source. The temperature is well above the char point of cellulose , but large amount of moisture in the fibre wall and lumen prevents the fibres from being incinerated. It is often not dried down to 10 percent moisture (air dry). The bales are not as densely packed as air dry pulp. The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products. The impact of logging to provide

3819-438: The purpose of producing pulp to be used in the papermaking process. In addition to mulberry, pulp was also made from bamboo , hibiscus bark, blue sandalwood , straw , and cotton . Papermaking using pulp made from hemp and linen fibers from tattered clothing, fishing nets and fabric bags spread to Europe in the 13th century, with an ever-increasing use of rags being central to the manufacture and affordability of rag paper ,

3886-558: The raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern logging practices, using forest management seek to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for pulp mills . The practice of clear cutting is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of logging . Reforestation , the planting of tree seedlings on logged areas, has also been criticized for decreasing biodiversity because reforested areas are monocultures . Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10 percent of wood pulp, but

3953-552: The rest. Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource . The FSC ( Forest Stewardship Council ), SFI ( Sustainable Forestry Initiative ), PEFC ( Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification ), and other bodies certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices. The number of trees consumed depends on whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on

4020-426: The singular concept of reading as a form of leisure; it was, of itself, a new industry. Other significant changes included an increased capacity for travel via the invention of tracks, engines, and the corresponding railway distribution (the first public railway, Stockton and Darlington Railway , opened in 1825). These changes created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for it to be circulated on

4087-456: The sulfate, or kraft , process, was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890. The invention of the recovery boiler , by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s, allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres, made

SECTION 60

#1732855023773

4154-453: The unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. This could have major environmental benefits in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping. The pulp is bleached using chlorine dioxide stage followed by neutralization and calcium hypochlorite . The oxidizing agent in either case oxidizes and destroys

4221-404: The use of calcium bisulfite , Ca(HSO 3 ) 2 , to pulp wood in 1867. Almost a decade later, the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built, in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman . By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process,

4288-481: The words of one commentator, "the most alluring and low-priced form of escapist reading available to ordinary youth, until the advent in the early 1890s of future newspaper magnate Alfred Harmsworth 's price-cutting 'halfpenny dreadfuller'". In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in

4355-430: Was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against. From 1896, the cover of Illustrated Chips featured the long-running comic strip of the tramps Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with a young Charlie Chaplin among its readers. A. A. Milne , the author of Winnie-the-Pooh , once said, "Harmsworth killed the penny dreadful by the simple process of producing

4422-416: Was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls featured characters such as Sweeney Todd , Dick Turpin , Varney the Vampire , and Spring-heeled Jack . The BBC called penny dreadfuls "a 19th-century British publishing phenomenon". By the 1850s, there were up to a hundred publishers of penny-fiction, and in

4489-518: Was well over 2,000 pages long. Turpin was not executed until page 2,207. Some lurid stories purported to be based on fact: Spring-Heeled Jack was what would now be called an urban myth . The first 'sighting' of him was in 1837, and he was described as having a terrifying and frightful appearance, with diabolical physiognomy, clawed hands and eyes that 'resembled red balls of fire'. He was mainly sighted in London but popped up elsewhere and seems to have been

#772227