Colonel H. L. Ross is a fictional character from the series of novels by Len Deighton variously described as the "Secret File" or "Unnamed hero" novels. His first names are not revealed.
65-530: The IPCRESS File is Len Deighton 's first spy novel , published in 1962. The story involves Cold War brainwashing and includes scenes in Lebanon and on an atoll for a United States atomic weapon test , as well as information about Joe One , the Soviet Union 's first atomic bomb. The story was made into a film in 1965 produced by Harry Saltzman , directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Michael Caine ; and
130-527: A 2022 TV series , starring Joe Cole , Lucy Boynton and Tom Hollander . The novel takes the form of the unnamed protagonist's personal report to the Minister of Defence , thus becoming the 'IPCRESS File' of the title. Events begin soon after the protagonist's transfer from military intelligence to WOOC(P), a small civilian intelligence agency reporting directly to the British Cabinet , where he works under
195-555: A real time dramatisation of his 1970 novel Bomber . Leonard Cyril Deighton was born in Marylebone , London, on 18 February 1929. His birth was in the infirmary of a workhouse as the local hospital was full. His father was the chauffeur and mechanic for Campbell Dodgson , the Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum ; Deighton's mother was a part-time cook. At the time
260-425: A "feature". In The IPCRESS File these take the form of each chapter being headed with a quote from a horoscope, which relates to the action in the chapter, though vaguely, as in most horoscopes. The front cover, by Deighton's friend Raymond Hawkey , has been described as "the template for the covers of all subsequent airport novels ". A film adaptation starring Michael Caine was released in 1965 and produced by
325-571: A back room but is unsuccessful in trying to rescue him. WOOC(P) learns that Raven is to be transferred to the Soviets in Beirut , and a rescue mission is organised. The protagonist is assigned as a lookout and kills the occupants of a car which suddenly arrives on the scene, believing them to be operatives working for Jay; they instead turn out to be members of the US Office of Naval Intelligence . The operation
390-593: A companion novel dealing with the lives of a German family from 1899 to 1945, which also provides an historical background to several of the characters from the trilogies, was published in 1987. The trilogies are centred on Bernard Samson , a tough, cynical and disrespectful MI6 intelligence officer. Deighton married the illustrator Shirley Thompson in 1960; the couple were divorced in 1976, having not lived together for over five years. He left Britain in 1969, and has lived abroad since, including in Ireland, Austria, France,
455-417: A false passport and other documents circulating in the mail; he picks up the package from an accommodation address at a seedy London shop, and re-mails it to that address in a fresh envelope. He is also a gourmet who enjoys good food. Cooking features frequently in both the film and the novel; Deighton himself is an accomplished cook. In common with several of his other early novels, the chapter headings have
520-872: A kind of poet of the spy story". Grella considers Deighton to be "the angry young man of the espionage novel", with the central characters of his main novels—the unnamed protagonist from the IPCRESS series and Bernard Samson from the nine novels in which he appears—both working-class, cynical and streetwise, in contrast to the upper-class and ineffective senior members of the intelligence service in their respective novels. His working-class heroes also stand in contrast to Fleming's Eton and Fettes -educated smooth, upper-class character James Bond . Several of Deighton's novels have been adapted as films, which include The Ipcress File (1965), Funeral in Berlin (1966), Billion Dollar Brain (1967) and Spy Story (1976). All feature
585-503: A military police officer. The protagonist is arrested by the Americans and interrogated, before apparently being transferred to Hungary on suspicion of being a Soviet agent. There he is drugged and subjected to psychological and physical torture, and nearly cracks before eventually managing to escape—only to discover that he is in fact in London. The protagonist takes refuge with Charlie Cavendish,
650-408: A name for the character and later explained "Some people felt that a contrivance, but I kept putting off inventing a name for him until I got to the end of the book and realised I could finish the book without giving him a name". In 2017 Deighton described how he did not consider the character an anti-hero , but "a romantic, incorruptible figure in the mould of Philip Marlowe ". Deighton described
715-430: A short sequence in the book where the unnamed protagonist is greeted by someone saying "Hello, Harry." This causes him to think, "Now my name isn't Harry, but in this business it's hard to remember whether it ever had been." In December 2020, it was announced ITV would adapt The Ipcress File as a six-part TV serial . Len Deighton Leonard Cyril Deighton ( / ˈ d eɪ t ən / ; born 18 February 1929)
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#1732859134050780-474: A statistical link between the disappearances of the scientists and to help with the administration of the department, the protagonist is assigned an assistant, Jean Tonnesen, a beautiful young woman towards whom he begins to develop romantic feelings. Dalby reveals intelligence suggesting that Jay's operations will interfere with an American neutron bomb test in the Pacific. He, Jean and the protagonist are sent to
845-416: A travel correspondent, and he provided a piece on the boom in spy fiction ; An Expensive Place to Die was serialised in the magazine in 1967. In 1968 Deighton was the producer of the film Only When I Larf , which was based on his novel of the same name . He was the writer and co-producer of Oh! What a Lovely War in 1969, but did not enjoy the process of making films, and had his name removed from
910-449: A weekly series for its own magazine, which he did between March 1962 and August 1966. He later explained: I was buying expensive cookbooks. I'm very messy, and didn't want to take them into the kitchen. So I wrote out the recipes on paper, and it was easier for me to draw three eggs than write 'three eggs'. So I drew three eggs, then put in an arrow. For me it was a natural way to work. In 1962 Deighton's first novel, The IPCRESS File ,
975-617: A work that described itself as "a real London guidebook". The book suggested the Rowton Houses owned by Rowton Hotels Ltd were doss-houses for the homeless. He and the publishers Jonathan Cape were sued for libel ; they apologised, withdrew the suggestions made in the book by amending the claim in unsold editions and paid substantial damages . In September 1967 he wrote an article in The Sunday Times Magazine about Operation Snowdrop , an SAS attack on Benghazi during
1040-578: Is a British author. His publications have included cookery books and works on history, but he is best known for his spy novels . After completing his national service in the Royal Air Force , Deighton attended the Saint Martin's School of Art and the Royal College of Art in London; he graduated from the latter in 1955. He had several jobs before becoming a book and magazine illustrator and designed
1105-413: Is being at a party and telling some pretty girl you write books, the worst thing is sitting at a typewriter and actually writing the book." After completing Faith , Hope and Charity in 1996, he decided to take a year off writing; at the end of the period, he decided that writing was "a mug's game " that he did not miss and did not have to do. By 2016 Deighton had retired from writing. According to
1170-464: Is discovered by Murray, who turns out to be an undercover operative from military intelligence also investigating Dalby. The protagonist escapes, but is captured and taken to meet Jay—he has, however, allowed military intelligence to follow them, and Jay and Dalby are arrested by Colonel Ross . The protagonist reveals to Jean that Jay and Dalby were using a process called "Induction of Psycho-neuroses by Conditioned REflex with StresS" (IPCRESS) to brainwash
1235-529: Is introduced in The IPCRESS File , leading efforts to recover a missing scientists and ultimately expose a traitor in British intelligence . Ross is portrayed by Guy Doleman in the 1960s " Harry Palmer " films The Ipcress File , Funeral in Berlin and Billion Dollar Brain . Ross is an old-school, establishment, British Army colonel . The novel's unnamed hero describes him as a "regular officer; that
1300-443: Is marked by a complex narrative structure, extensive research and an air of verisimilitude. Several of Deighton's works have been adapted for film and radio. Films include The Ipcress File (1965), Funeral in Berlin (1966), Billion Dollar Brain (1967) and Spy Story (1976). In 1988 Granada Television produced the miniseries Game, Set and Match based on his trilogy of the same name, and in 1995 BBC Radio 4 broadcast
1365-601: Is otherwise a success and Raven is recovered, but investigation into Jay continues. A break appears when Housemartin, one of Jay's high-ranking operatives, is arrested in Shoreditch , but the protagonist and another operative arrive at the police station only to discover that Housemartin has been murdered in his cell. Information from the arrest enables WOOC(P) and the police to storm one of Jay's safe-houses, but it has been abandoned. A military statistician, Carswell, and his assistant Murray, are assigned to WOOC(P) to attempt to find
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#17328591340501430-482: Is seen feeding ducks in St James's Park . Ross claims to possess a "sense of humour". He tells Palmer that his B-107 personnel file "makes awful reading" and concludes that "you just love the army, don't you?" In Funeral in Berlin (1966), Ross is shown to be a keen gardener , briefing Palmer while tackling a large thistle patch in his sprawling garden. "I like weeds," he tells Palmer rather pointedly. "You have to keep
1495-416: Is the garlic), a collection of French recipes . Two further novels in the spy series followed— Billion-Dollar Brain (1966) and An Expensive Place to Die (1967)—after which he published his first historical non-fiction work, The Assassination of President Kennedy (1967), co-written with Michael Rand and Howard Loxton . During 1967 he also edited and contributed to Len Deighton's London Dossier ,
1560-510: Is to say he didn’t drink gin after 7.30 P.M. or hit ladies without first removing his hat," with "the complexion of a Hovis loaf." A straight talker who deploys understatement, subterfuge and blackmail to achieve his goals, he is not above resorting to threats. "He was a quiet intellect happy to work within the strict departmental limitations imposed upon him" and according to some "Ross was Military Intelligence". The unnamed hero suggests that "hitting platform five at Waterloo with rose-bud in
1625-568: The Gale Contemporary Novelists monographs , Deighton and fellow author John le Carré follow in the same literary tradition of British espionage writers as W. Somerset Maugham , Eric Ambler and Graham Greene . Deighton provides an "energetic style" and his fictional work is marked by a complex narrative structure, according to Gale. Deighton extensively researched the background and technical aspects of his storylines, and enjoyed this side of producing work; in 1976 he said "I like
1690-521: The James Bond co-producer Harry Saltzman , assisted by several prominent members of the Bond production family. The film medium made it difficult to maintain the anonymity of Deighton's hero, who acquired the name Harry Palmer . The character's name was chosen by Caine, who was having lunch with Harry Saltzman. They were trying to think of a name for the protagonist, and agreed that a boring name would best suit
1755-601: The Royal College of Art ; he graduated from the college in 1955. While studying he held a temporary job in 1951 as a pastry chef at the Royal Festival Hall . He worked as a flight attendant for British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) between 1956 and 1957 before becoming a professional illustrator. Much of his work as an illustrator was in advertising—he worked for agencies in New York and London—but he also illustrated magazines and over 200 book covers, including for
1820-563: The Second World War . Deighton wrote that the raid "suffered a lack of security" because David Stirling , the leader of the raid, "had insisted upon talking about the raid during two social gatherings at the British Embassy in Cairo although warned not to do so". Stirling sued Deighton and Times Newspapers for libel the following year as the implication was that his indiscretion had endangered
1885-567: The film's credits . In 1970 Deighton wrote Bomber , a fictional account of an RAF Bomber Command raid that goes wrong. To produce the novel he used an IBM MT/ST , and it is possible that this was the first novel to be written using a word processor . Deighton was interviewed on Desert Island Discs in June 1976 by Roy Plomley . Deighton wrote Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain , published in 1977, after being advised to do so by
1950-497: The BBC adapted Deighton's novel SS-GB for a five-part miniseries , broadcast in one-hour episodes; Sam Riley played the lead role of Detective Superintendent Douglas Archer. In 1995 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a real-time dramatisation of Bomber . The drama was in four broadcasts, each of two hours, from 2:30 pm to midnight, threaded through the station's schedule of news and current affairs. Deighton's work has been acknowledged by
2015-610: The British, while Dalby has ostensibly died in a car accident. In 1992 Deighton said that the inspiration to write the novel came from his real-life neighbour Anna Wolkoff , a White Russian émigrée who collaborated with a cipher clerk from the American embassy to spy for Germany in World War II . Deighton's mother cooked for Wolkoff's dinner parties and he said that he "vividly" remembered when MI5 officers came to arrest her: "The experience
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2080-492: The Intelligence Units". It is never stated exactly what the initials stand for, although his previous boss refers to it as "Provisional". We also learn in passing that he is from Burnley , Lancashire, and that he was born in 1922 or 1923. WOOC(P) is a small department and the unnamed protagonist has a great deal of autonomy. He is resourceful and prepared for any eventuality, keeping an "escape package" containing money,
2145-565: The RAF he was trained as a photographer, often recording crime scenes with the Special Investigation Branch (SIB) as part of his duties. During his work with the SIB he learned to fly and became an experienced scuba diver . After two and a half years with the RAF, Deighton received a demobilisation grant , enabling him to study at Saint Martin's School of Art where he won a scholarship to
2210-585: The US and Portugal. He lived for a while in Blackrock , County Louth , where he married Ysabele née de Ranitz in February 1980, the daughter of a Dutch diplomat. The couple have two sons. Deighton does not like giving interviews, and these have been rare throughout his life; he also avoids appearing at literary festivals . He says that he does not enjoy being a writer and that "The best thing about writing books
2275-591: The VIPs into loyalty to the Soviet Union. The links that Carswell had discovered were in fact indicators of the personality traits that Jay had used to determine which VIPs would easily succumb to the process. Colonel Ross’ earlier attempt to sell information to the protagonist had been a test of his loyalty. The novel ends with the protagonist concluding his report to the Minister, revealing that Jay has turned and begun working for
2340-469: The books' unnamed character, but they were given the full name " Harry Palmer " for the films; either the actor Michael Caine —who played Palmer in the films—or the producer for two of the three films, Harry Saltzman , came up with the name. Two television films also featured Palmer: Bullet to Beijing (1995) and Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996); they were not based on Deighton's stories. All
2405-463: The buttonhole and umbrella at the high port was Ross’s beginning to a day of rubber stamp and carbon paper action." He is happily married with one son, and lives in a large house and grounds in the London suburbs. The Ipcress File (1965) shows Ross to be fond of his London Club and to enjoy feeding the birds. He keeps a packet of bird seed in a jar on his desk to feed pigeons from the window of his office overlooking Trafalgar Square . Later he
2470-428: The command of a man named Dalby. An intelligence broker code-named "Jay" is suspected to be behind a series of kidnappings of British VIPs with the intention of selling them to the Soviets, and the protagonist is assigned to meet Jay to secure the release of "Raven", a high-ranking scientist. While trying to meet Jay at a Soho strip club to negotiate Raven's release, the protagonist discovers Raven's unconscious body in
2535-552: The cover for the first UK edition of Jack Kerouac 's 1957 work On the Road . He also worked for a period in an advertising agency. During an extended holiday in France he wrote his first novel, The IPCRESS File , which was published in 1962 and was a critical and commercial success. He wrote several spy novels featuring the same central character, an unnamed working-class intelligence officer, cynical and tough. Between 1962 and 1966 Deighton
2600-480: The family lived in Gloucester Place Mews near Baker Street . In 1940, during the Second World War , the eleven-year-old Deighton witnessed the arrest of Anna Wolkoff , a British subject of Russian descent for whom his mother cooked; Wolkoff was detained as a Nazi spy and charged with stealing correspondence between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Deighton said that observing her arrest
2665-404: The father of a friend killed during the Second World War , and attempts to re-establish contact with WOOC(P) without being arrested. Charlie is killed by Jay's operatives, forcing the protagonist on the run; he approaches Dalby at his home, but discovers Dalby with Jay, Murray and another of Jay's operatives—confirming the protagonist's suspicions that Dalby is in fact the traitor. The protagonist
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2730-557: The films except Spy Story feature Caine as Palmer. Deighton's hands were used in The Ipcress File in place of Caine's for a scene in which Palmer breaks eggs into a bowl and whisks them. In March 2022 The Ipcress File , a television adaptation of Deighton's novel, was broadcast on UK television. Joe Cole was Palmer; Lucy Boynton and Tom Hollander also appeared in major roles. Berlin Game , Mexico Set and London Match ,
2795-573: The first UK edition of Jack Kerouac 's 1957 work On the Road . While he was working at the Royal Festival Hall, Deighton would make sketches to remember some of the steps he took preparing dishes. He developed the idea into the concept of the " cookstrip ", a full recipe within a cartoon-style illustration. Following the publication of one of Deighton's cookstrips in the Daily Express in 1961, The Observer commissioned him to provide
2860-451: The first trilogy of his Bernard Samson novel series, were made into Game, Set and Match , a thirteen-part television series by Granada Television in 1988. Although Quentin Tarantino expressed interest in adapting the trilogy, the project did not materialise. The nine Samson novels were in pre-production with Clerkenwell Films in 2013, with a script by Simon Beaufoy . In 2017
2925-557: The flowers out, defend the strong against the weak. A garden should be like a country lane, a place you can walk in. Not with flower beds laid out like a cemetery." In Billion Dollar Brain (1967), Ross tells Palmer “I want you back in MI5”. This is inconsistent with the two previous films, and the books, where it is mentioned that Ross’ department is under in the War Office and part of the Army, not
2990-409: The historian A. J. P. Taylor . The book was well received by readers and reviewers, although the inclusion of interviews with German participants led to criticism from some. Taylor wrote the introduction for the book, describing it as a "brilliant analysis"; Albert Speer , once the Minister of Armaments for Adolf Hitler , thought it "an excellent, most thorough examination". Fighter
3055-958: The inspiration of using a working-class spy among the Oxbridge -educated members of the Establishment as coming from his time at the advertising agency, when he was the only member of the company's board not to have been educated at Eton . He said " The IPCRESS File is about spies on the surface, but it's also really about a grammar school boy among public school boys and the difficulties he faces." Deighton published two further novels with his unnamed protagonist— Horse Under Water (1963) and Funeral in Berlin (1964). Funeral in Berlin stayed on The New York Times best-seller list for twenty weeks and sold over forty thousand copies in hardback in 1965. He published two cookbooks in 1965, Len Deighton's Action Cook Book (a collection of his cookstrips from The Observer ) and Où est le garlic (Where
3120-444: The lives of his men. Stirling explained in court that one of the social gatherings was a dinner with Winston Churchill , Field Marshal Jan Smuts , General Sir Alan Brooke , General Sir Claude Auchinleck and General Harold Alexander ; the second occasion was a private conversation with Churchill. Deighton and Times Newspapers apologised, published a correction and paid damages. During the mid-1960s Deighton wrote for Playboy as
3185-516: The protagonist's persona. Saltzman asked what would be the most boring name they could think of and Caine suggested the name Harry, then immediately apologised to Saltzman. However, Saltzman saw the funny side and pointed out that his real first name was actually Herschel, not Harry, so Saltzman was satisfied with it. The inspiration for the surname came from a boy called Palmer whom Caine knew at school. Caine described Palmer as: "the most boring boy I'd ever met". The given name "Harry" actually occurs in
3250-488: The research better than I like writing books". The literary analyst Gina Macdonald observes that the technical aspect of Deighton's work can overshadow the plots and characterisation in the novel when Deighton provides too much detail in a short passage, leading to what she calls "banal conversations, stilted and unconvincing". Deighton was elected to the Detection Club in 1969 and their work Howdunit , published in 2020,
3315-459: The rise of the Nazis and the fall of France , has a foreword written by General Walther Nehring , Chief of Staff to General Heinz Guderian . As at 2023 his last history book is Blood, Tears and Folly: An Objective Look at World War II (1993), which examined the events of the war up until 1942. Reviewing for The Times , Henry Stanhope considers the work "extremely readable", although he questions
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#17328591340503380-695: The structure of the book which focuses on different theatres of war, rather than using a purely chronological history. This approach, Stanhope considers, "presents a less complete picture to the reader". The historian Allan R. Millett considers that the book would have been improved by wider research into the Russian, Japanese and American aspects of the war. Beginning in 1983 Deighton wrote three connected trilogies: Berlin Game (1983), Mexico Set (1984) and London Match (1985); Spy Hook (1988), Spy Line (1989) and Spy Sinker (1990); and Faith (1994), Hope (1995) and Charity (1996). Winter ,
3445-463: The test site as British observers and while there the protagonist learns from an old friend in the CIA that the Americans suspect him of being a double-agent due to the deaths of the US operatives. Jean reveals that Dalby has been visiting an abandoned Japanese bunker on the island and while following Dalby to the scene the protagonist is present when the site is sabotaged, setting back the bomb test and killing
3510-431: The thriller writer Jeremy Duns as being an influence on his own work. In Letters from Burma , the politician Aung San Suu Kyi mentions reading Deighton's books, while under house arrest . Suu Kyi wrote that she was passionate about Arthur Conan Doyle 's tales of Sherlock Holmes and the spy novels of le Carré and Deighton. When asked by Christie's about his love for Indian art and how he started his collection,
3575-433: The world of espionage while carefully examining the ethics and morality of that world". Deighton has expressed his admiration for the police procedural , which he considers has an authentic feel, and approaches his fiction writing as a "spy procedural". Burton considers The IPCRESS File to be "a marker of a new trend in mature, realistic espionage fiction". The academic Clive Bloom considers that after Funeral in Berlin
3640-423: The writer V. S. Naipaul credited Deighton. "I met Len Deighton, the thriller writer, at dinner many years ago. He demonstrated to me that Indian art could really be approachable. I bought from ... Maggs because of Len Deighton pushing me onto [them] as being a very fair dealer, saying that they do not charge you much more than they should. That's a marvellous thing to be told". Deighton's 1970 novel Bomber
3705-489: Was "a major factor in my decision to write a spy story at my first attempt at fiction". Deighton was educated at St Marylebone Grammar and William Ellis schools, but was moved to an emergency school for part of the Second World War. After leaving school Deighton worked as a railway clerk before being conscripted for national service at the age of 17, which he completed with the Royal Air Force (RAF). While in
3770-425: Was a major factor in my decision to write a spy story at my first attempt at fiction." The plot involves mind control , the acronym IPCRESS of the title standing for " I nduction of P sycho-neuroses by C onditioned Re flex under Stre ss ". The brainwashing is similar to a shock technique called psychic driving pioneered by Donald Ewen Cameron in the 1950s, originally on unwitting mental hospital patients, which
3835-613: Was dedicated to him. According to the film and media historian Alan Burton, The IPCRESS File —along with le Carré's 1963 novel The Spy Who Came in from the Cold —"changed the nature of British spy fiction" as it brought in "a more insolent, disillusioned and cynical style to the espionage story". The novel used appendices and footnotes which, according to Burton, gave verisimilitude to the work. The academic George Grella considers Deighton's novels to be "stylish, witty [and] well-crafted", and that they provide "a convincingly detailed picture of
3900-460: Was followed in 1978 by another novel, SS-GB , the idea for which came from Ray Hawkey , Deighton's friend from art school and the designer of the covers of several of his books. While the two were discussing what would have happened if the Germans had won the Second World War, Hawkey asked Deighton if he thought there could be an alternative history novel. Blitzkrieg , Deighton's 1979 history of
3965-596: Was listed in Anthony Burgess 's 1984 work Ninety-Nine Novels as one of the 99 best novels in English since 1939. Bomber , the third album of the rock group Motörhead , was named after the novel, as the band's singer, Lemmy , was reading it at the time they were recording the album. Colonel Ross Ross is a senior officer in British military intelligence running a War Office security department from his office off Whitehall in central London. The character
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#17328591340504030-536: Was published in 1964, Deighton "established a place for himself ... in the front rank of the spy genre, along with Graham Greene, Ian Fleming and John le Carré". Deighton's later works were less oblique than the earlier ones, and had, according to Bloom, "more subtlety and deeper characterization". Oliver Buckton, the professor of literature, also considers Deighton to be in the forefront of post-war spy writers. The crime writer and poet Julian Symons writes that "[t]he constant crackle of his dialogue makes Deighton
4095-498: Was published; it had been written in 1960 while he was staying in the Dordogne , south west France. The book was soon a commercial success and was a best-seller in the UK, France and the US; the novel sold more than 2.5 million copies in three years. The story—written as a first-person narrative —introduced a working-class protagonist, cynical and tough. Deighton did not want to invent
4160-583: Was the food correspondent for The Observer and drew cookstrips —black and white graphic recipes with a limited number of words. A selection of these was collected and published in 1965 as Len Deighton's Action Cook Book , the first of five cookery books he wrote. Other topics of non-fiction include military history. Many of Deighton's books have been best sellers and he has been favourably compared both with his contemporary John le Carré and his literary antecedents W. Somerset Maugham , Eric Ambler , Ian Fleming and Graham Greene . Deighton's fictional work
4225-523: Was used and funded by the Central Intelligence Agency 's secret MKULTRA program in Canada. Deighton's protagonist is unnamed, and this is maintained through all the sequels. Early in the novel we learn that he worked for Military Intelligence for three years before joining his present agency – WOOC(P) – as a civilian employee. WOOC(P) is described as "one of the smallest and most important of
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