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49-489: The Eighth Day may refer to: Observances [ edit ] Octave (liturgy) Shemini Atzeret , the eighth day of the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles The eighth day (Christian) Film [ edit ] Gattaca , a 1997 film with working title The Eighth Day On the 8th Day (1984 film) , a documentary about nuclear winter The Eighth Day (1996 film) ,

98-433: A Belgian film, directed by Jaco Van Dormael Literature [ edit ] The Eighth Day (Wilder novel) , a 1967 novel by Thornton Wilder The Eighth Day (Westphal book) , by Euler Renato Westphal The Eighth Day (Kakuta novel) , 2007, by Mitsuyo Kakuta Music [ edit ] 8th Day (Jewish band) , an American Hasidic pop rock band 8th Day (R&B group) , an American R&B group active in

147-674: A Dedication Festival or Patronal Festival may be celebrated on the Second Sunday of Easter. Among the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches , what in the West would be called an Octave is referred to as an Afterfeast . The celebration of the Great Feasts of the church year are extended for a number days, depending upon the particular Feast. Each day of an Afterfeast will have particular hymns assigned to it, continuing

196-547: A bookstore in Wichita, Kansas Octava Dies Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Eighth Day . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Eighth_Day&oldid=1231882309 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

245-571: A certain period, rest from work for the ruling class ( patricians ). The nundinal cycle , market week , or 8-day week ( Latin : nundinum or internundinum ) was the cycle of days preceding and including each nundinae. These were marked on fasti using nundinal letters from A to H. The earliest form of the Roman calendar is sometimes said to have included exactly 38 such cycles, running for 304 days from March to December before an unorganized expanse of about 50 winter days. The lengths of

294-586: A right seems to have been universally granted to the capitals of Italy's prefectures ( praefecturae ) but also extended to some smaller localities where markets were necessary for local trade. These local fairs used the same calendrical system as Rome's, marking out the days of the year into cycles from A to H, but each town or village in an area typically used a separate day, permitting itinerant traders ( circumforanei ) to attend each in turn. A pre-existing system of rural markets in North Africa's Maghreb

343-461: A time to settle disputes among themselves and to convene their own institutions. This was emended somewhat by the Hortensian Law in the early 3rd century BC , which made plebiscites binding on the whole population. If plebeian assemblies had previously been permitted on market days, any public assemblies —including their informal sessions ( contiones ) —were now positively banned. At

392-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Octave (liturgy) Octaves, not being successive, are quite distinct from eight-day weeks and simply refer to the return of the same day of a seven-day week in the inclusive counting system used in Latin (just as the ninth day was a return to the same day of a nundinal cycle , the eight-day week of

441-472: The Oktav in honour of Our Lady of Luxembourg , patroness of the city. Despite its name, the occasion is held from the 3rd to the 5th Sunday after Easter , making it 15 instead of 8 days. Nundinal cycle The nundinae ( / n ə n ˈ d ɪ n aɪ / , /- n iː / ), sometimes anglicized to nundines , were the market days of the ancient Roman calendar , forming a kind of weekend including, for

490-611: The Anglican Communion traditionally observed octaves associated with the feasts of Christmas , Corpus Christi , Epiphany , Michaelmas , Easter , and All Saints' Day . Many provinces have followed the Catholic Church and altered the practice of observing octaves. In the Church of England , the only octave that remains in some form is that of Easter: no other feasts may be celebrated in the six days following Easter Sunday, and only

539-515: The Epiphany as in the East, and the feast of the dedication of a church . From the 7th century, saints’ feasts also began to have octaves (as an eighth-day feast, not eight days of feasting), among the oldest being those of Saints Peter and Paul , Saint Lawrence and Saint Agnes . From the 12th century, the custom arose of liturgical observance of the days between the first and the eighth day, as well as

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588-579: The Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed as * dyew- ("to shine"). It is now glossed as an adjective modifying an understood feriae ("festival; holiday"), but not all Romans considered it to be one: a writer named Titius listed the nundinae as a "customary occasion" ( sollemnes ) and the Roman pontiffs themselves told the augur Messala that they did not consider the nones or nundinae to be religious occasions. Like feriae and

637-429: The expulsion of Tarquin to offer sacrifices to Servius Tullius. Macrobius relates that the prohibition against the nundinae occurring on months' nones arose out of concern that these plebeians visiting the city would cause trouble out of remembrance of the popular Servius Tullius , since it was supposedly generally known that his birthday fell on one of the nones but it was uncertain which. All patrician business

686-495: The liturgy was the same as on the feast day itself, with the exact same prayers and Scripture readings. Octaves were classified into several types. Easter and Pentecost had “specially privileged” octaves, during which no other feast whatsoever could be celebrated. Christmas, Epiphany, and Corpus Christi had “privileged” octaves, during which certain highly ranked feasts might be celebrated. The octaves of other feasts allowed even more feasts to be celebrated therein. To reduce

735-582: The patron saint of a particular nation, diocese, or church was celebrated therein with an octave, on each day of which the Mass and Office of the feast was repeated, unless impeded by a higher-ranked celebration. Although the feasts of St. Lawrence and the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary officially still had simple octaves, by the 20th century they had all but vanished as higher-ranking feasts were added to

784-476: The 1970s "8th Day" (song) , by Canadian country music artist Dean Brody "The Eighth Day" (The Damned song) , a song by The Damned on their 1985 album Phantasmagoria " Eighth Day (Hazel O'Connor song) ", a song by Hazel O'Connor from the album Breaking Glass The 8th Day (album) , by American underground nerdcore rapper Raheem Jarbo "The Eighth Day", a song recorded by Screamin' Jay Hawkins See also [ edit ] Eighth Day Books ,

833-477: The 46   BC Julian reform of the calendar, the inalterable nature of its leap day intercalation meant that the nundinae began to fall upon the supposedly unlucky days of 1 January and the nones of each month. Early on in the Julian calendar, though, the strength of this superstition caused the priests to insert an extra day as under the former system; it was accommodated by removing another day sometime later in

882-676: The Lord, with proper readings and prayers. The Second Sunday of Easter , which ends the Easter Octave, has also been called “White Sunday” (Dominica in albis), among other traditional names . The Christmas Octave is presently arranged as follows: The liturgical calendar of the Lutheran Churches may have octaves for the following feasts: "The Nativity of Our Lord, The Epiphany of Our Lord, The Resurrection of Our Lord, All Saints, Ascension Day, Pentecost and Trinity Sunday ." Churches within

931-492: The Republican and Julian calendars , however, were not evenly divisible by 8; under these systems, the nundinae fell on a different letter each year. These letters formed the basis of the later Christian dominical letters . The name nūndinae ( Latin: [ˈnuːn.dɪ.nae̯] ) was apparently formed from an early form of nōnus ("ninth") and -din- ("day"), a root related to diēs and ultimately

980-431: The buying and selling of things that should not be sold such as virginity and love , medical treatment , education , government and church offices and favors , and judicial decisions . This bias endured into medieval Latin , where nundinatio ("marketing") without other qualification meant corruption, especially the purchase of judicial verdicts. Although nundinae are known to have been manipulated during

1029-533: The calendar. The octave day alone of St. Lawrence was still commemorated during the Mass of St. Hyacinth . The entire octave of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was impeded, but The Most Holy Name of Mary was celebrated during the octave, and The Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary was celebrated on the former octave day. Pope Pius XII further simplified the Calendar with a decree dated 23 March 1955: only

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1078-508: The country plebeians and used as an occasion for the king to settle disputes among them. Supposedly, retail trading was long restricted to foreigners or slaves out of concern for its spiritual effects. Under the Republic , the gatherings on the nundinae were overseen by the aediles . The days were originally diēs nefāstī upon which no patrician business could be conducted. Plebeians, however, seem to have continued to use them as

1127-732: The early imperial period. For a time, both systems were used together, but the nundinae are seldom mentioned in extant sources after the Julio-Claudian period . The nundinal cycle had probably fallen out of use by the time Constantine adopted the Hebrew weeks for official use in AD   321, altering the day of rest by declaring the Lord's day the Day of the Sun ( dies Solis ) a legal holiday. Different scholars have placed

1176-464: The eighth day. During the Middle Ages , octaves for various other feasts and saints were celebrated, depending upon the diocese or religious order . While Pope Pius V reduced the amount of octaves in 1568, these were still numerous. Not only on the eighth day from the feast but, with the exception of the octaves of Easter, Pentecost, and, to a lesser extent, Christmas, on all the intervening days

1225-486: The end of 8-day markets at various dates from the late 1st to early 5th centuries. The nundinal cycle formed a rhythm within quotidian Roman life. Farmers and craftsmen from Rome's hinterland would rest from work on the nundinae to visit the city, selling groceries and supplies which the Romans or their slaves would purchase for the next eight days. Auctions were held. Children and adolescents were exempted from school . It

1274-412: The first day was included in the count. The Etruscans also celebrated an 8-day week which may have been the basis of the Roman system. They supposedly used each day for royal audiences and councils with their various kings. According to Macrobius , the people of the Roman countryside were first obliged to gather in the city on the nones of each month, about a week after the new moon , to hear from

1323-685: The hymns that were chanted on the first day of the Feast are repeated. On the Apodoses of Feasts of the Theotokos , the Epistle and Gospel of the Feast are repeated again at the Divine Liturgy . The term "octave" is applied to some church observances that are not strictly liturgical. For example, many churches observe an annual "Octave of Prayer for Christian Unity ", which runs from 18 January to 25 January. The octave

1372-418: The king or his equivalent what the holy days would be and what they were to do over the course of the coming month. The regular nundinae were credited by Roman legend variously to Romulus when he ruled jointly with Titus Tatius and first established Rome's religious observances, to Servius Tullius when he aimed to improve commerce in the town, or to the plebeians when they began to gather after

1421-435: The names of most other recurring days of the Roman calendar, nundinae always appeared as a plural in classical Latin , even in references to a single day. The English form "nundine", following French nundines , similarly appeared only as a plural at first, although it is now used in the singular number for individual days. In Roman inscriptions , the word was abbreviated NVN . The form nundinum for

1470-445: The newly converted to take a joyful retreat. The development of octaves occurred slowly. From the 4th century to the 7th century, Christians observed octaves with a celebration on the eighth day, with little development of the liturgies within the intervening days. Christmas was the next feast to receive an octave, and by the 8th century, Rome had developed liturgical octaves not only for Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas, but also for

1519-579: The nundinae were not always observed. The rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78   BC was later remembered as an example of the pernicious effects of having the nundinae occur on the January kalends ; the New Year was allowed to coincide with a market again in 52   BC. Cicero complains in one of his letters about a contio being held in the Circus Flaminius despite the nundinae. Following

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1568-520: The occasion under the title " Week of Prayer for Christian Unity ", but it is still often referred to as an octave, especially within the Roman Catholic , Lutheran and Anglo-Catholic traditions. The Week of Prayer is observed at various times around the world, especially in the Southern Hemisphere where it is commonly observed from Ascension to Pentecost. Each year, Luxembourg celebrates

1617-653: The octaves of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were kept, as these did not repeat the same liturgy daily. All other octaves in the Roman Rite were suppressed, including those of local calendars (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII#Octaves ). In 1969, the Church further revised the Calendar by deleting the Octave of Pentecost. The first eight days of the Easter Season were made the Octave of Easter and celebrated as Solemnities of

1666-479: The plebs were obliged to conduct and conclude all of their business on the nundinae, such that if any motion was not carried by dusk it needed to be proposed and announced anew and discussed only after a further three-week period. This was occasionally exploited as a kind of filibuster by the patricians and their clients . Although their religious nature was never very pronounced, the nundinae were allegedly dedicated to Saturn and Jupiter . The flaminica ,

1715-560: The pre-Christian Roman calendar ). The "eighth day" or octava dies was associated with the weekly Christian celebration of the resurrection of Christ every "eighth day", which became a name for Sunday . As circumcision is performed in Judaism on the “eighth day” after birth, the number 8 became associated in Christianity with Baptism , and baptismal fonts have from an early date often been octagonal . The practice of octaves

1764-447: The repetition of the same liturgy for several days, Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius X made further distinctions, classifying octaves into three primary types: privileged, common, and simple. Privileged octaves were further arranged in a hierarchy of first, second, and third orders. For the first half of the 20th century, octaves were ranked in the following manner, which affected holding other celebrations within them: In addition to these,

1813-551: The same time, these provisions meant that the nundinae now could be used for sessions of the Senate . Trebatius noted that officials could free slaves and render judgments on nundinae. The nundinal cycles were an important pattern in the business of the Centuriate Assembly . All proposed legislation or official appointments were supposed to be publicly announced three weeks ( trinundinum ) in advance. The tribunes of

1862-420: The span between the nundinae seems to have been standard in early Latin, but only appears in compounds ( internundinum , trinundinum , &c.) and phrases ( inter nundinum ) in the classical period. The name of the 8-day cycle is based upon the Latin word for "nine" because the Romans tended to count dates inclusively . Each nundinae was thought to follow the next after a 9-day interval because

1911-556: The theme of the Feast being celebrated. Most of these Great Feasts (except Feasts within the moveable Paschal Cycle) also have a day or more of preparation called a Forefeast . Forefeasts and Afterfeasts will affect the structure of the services during the Canonical Hours . The last day of an Afterfeast is called the Apodosis (lit. "giving-back") of the Feast. On the Apodosis , most of

1960-476: The week and only groom and fully bathe on the nundinae. Pliny describes the superstition, "religiously believed by many", that trimming one's nails silently during the nundinae or doing so beginning with the index finger provoked bad luck for one's finances. The nundinae were not the only markets at Rome, though, as there were both daily markets ( macella ) and periodic fairs ( mercatus ). Under its monarchy , Rome's nundinae were market days for

2009-509: The wife of Rome's high priest of Jupiter , offered a ram to that god at each nundinae. Inscriptions have been discovered from cults to both Jupiter Nundinarius and Mercury Nundinator. Superstitions arose about the ill luck when a nundinae would fall upon January 1st or the nones of any month and the pontiffs who controlled the calendar's intercalation until the Julian reform took steps to avoid such coincidences, usually by making

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2058-414: The year 354 instead of 355 days long by removing a day from February or the intercalary month . Since the nones were definitionally eight days before each ides , this also had the unstated effect of avoiding nundinae on them as well. Macrobius 's account of the origins of these superstitions is unsatisfying, however, and it is more likely that 1 January was avoided because its status as a general holiday

2107-548: The year; this seems to have occurred in 40   BC and AD   44. The nundinae of the late Republic and early Empire were possibly centered on the Circus Flaminius . Augustus supposedly avoided new undertakings on the days after nundinae ( postridie nundinas ), owing either to superstitions concerning homophones of non ("no, not") or analogy with the treatment of the days following kalends , nones , and ides . The 7-day week first came into use in Italy during

2156-579: Was a time of public merrymaking and Roman farming and slave manuals included stern warnings about permitting the vilicus , an enslaved overseer, too much free time during the visit to town lest he get caught up in mischief. The church authorities later issued similar admonitions concerning its clerics, priests, and bishops. Nundinae were used for dinner parties and public announcements , especially of coming assemblies and legislation. Later writers praising early Rome's rusticity and spartanness claimed that its farmers would busy themselves with labor during

2205-517: Was also glossed by the Romans as a system of nundinae, although it did not necessarily occur at eight-day intervals. In the 3rd and 4th century, the annual fairs in Mesopotamia were also known as nundinae. The early Roman prejudice against commerce, especially the retail trade of the nundinal markets, means that the nundinae are usually referenced in negative contexts in Latin literature , particularly for

2254-462: Was bad for business and the nones because of the ill luck attending their lack of a tutelary deity. The 8-day nundinal cycle also seems to have been observed elsewhere in Italy, particularly Campania , as attested in stone calendars and graffiti , as at Pompeii . There are records from the imperial period of towns and villas petitioning for the right to hold such markets ( ius nundinarum ). Such

2303-667: Was established in 1895 by Pope Leo XIII for the period between Ascension and Pentecost . In 1909, Pope Pius X approved the transfer of this octave to the period between the former feast of the Chair of St. Peter (then on January 18) and the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul (January 25). In 1968, the World Council of Churches and the Vatican 's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed to jointly publish prayer materials for

2352-452: Was first introduced under Constantine I , when the dedication festivities of the basilicas at Jerusalem and Tyre, Lebanon were observed for eight days. After these one-off occasions, annual liturgical feasts began to be dignified with an octave. The first such feasts accorded such were Easter , Pentecost , and in the East , Epiphany . This occurred in the 4th century and served as a time for

2401-493: Was originally suspended during the nundinae but it seems to have been fasti by the time of the Twelve Tables and, among its provisions, the Hortensian Law ( Lex Hortensia ) of 287   BC permitted their use for most legal and business purposes. Dates otherwise permitted for public assemblies ( dies comitialis ) were still downgraded if a nundinae occurred on them. The theoretical proscriptions concerning

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