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58-537: Texas Gulf Coast is an intertidal zone which borders the coastal region of South Texas , Southeast Texas , and the Texas Coastal Bend . The Texas coastal geography boundaries the Gulf of Mexico encompassing a geographical distance relative bearing at 367 miles (591 km) of coastline according to CRS and 3,359 miles (5,406 km) of shoreline according to NOAA . There are 14 Texas counties encompassing

116-584: A disease vector which inflicted an arbovirus on the Texas ocean front townships . The pathogen transmission was potentially infiltrating the trade ports through merchant ships , nautical vessels , and seafaring watercraft along the Texas coastline . The predatorial Aedes aegypti yield a mosquito-borne disease aggressively disseminating an infection known as yellow fever on the South Texas civil parishes from

174-534: A geography of waterways fringed by the Texas barrier islands . The Texas seacoast is collectively multitudinal with navigable straits traversing watercraft access as a concourse to the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Texas estuaries . The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department oversees the Texas state parks located on the Gulf of Mexico shores with the exception of Padre Island seashore, which

232-718: A poetic publication The Corsair which was conceivably an attribute to the life of Jean Lafitte. In 1927 , Galveston's William Moody Jr. erected the Jean Lafitte Hotel in the Galveston's Strand Historic District as an observance of privateer Lafitte's origins on the Galveston Island shores. Texas revered the first glance of the Texas Revolution with the Fredonian Rebellion occurring from 1826 to 1827 in

290-687: A written appeal from Royal Marines officer Edward Nicolls beckoning loyalty for the Royal Navy breach at the Battle of New Orleans . On September 16, 1814, Commodore Daniel Patterson received orders to launch a naval offensive on the Baratarian's prize of war enterprise debilitating the Lafitte's French corsair sailing fleet. After the remnants of the War of 1812 , Jean Lafitte departed Grand Terre Island and

348-400: Is above the spring high-tide line and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along most shores , the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or habitats , including estuaries ,

406-909: Is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones. List of seas This is a list of seas of the World Ocean , including marginal seas, areas of water, various gulfs , bights , bays , and straits . In many cases it is a matter of tradition for a body of water to be named a sea or a bay, etc., therefore all these types are listed here. There are several terms used for bulges of ocean that result from indentations of land, which overlap in definition, and which are not consistently differentiated: Many features could be considered to be more than one of these, and all of these terms are used in place names inconsistently; especially bays, gulfs, and bights, which can be very large or very small. This list includes large areas of water no matter

464-572: Is maintained by the National Park Service . The United States Fish and Wildlife Service governs the nature reserves as land parcels of the National Wildlife Refuge System bordering the Texas coastal zones. North American expeditions and exploratory endeavors emerged with the europeans engaging their efforts for transatlantic crossings during the late fifteenth century. The Texas marginal seacoast acknowledged

522-441: Is more available energy in the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty of sunlight to reach the vegetation to allow substantial photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from large predators such as fish because of

580-408: Is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on the splash zone (the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy wave action , the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone. Depending on

638-413: Is possible to watch ecological succession over years rather than decades. The burrowing invertebrates that make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such as

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696-464: Is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels of interspecific competition and the rapidly changing conditions that come with the tides . The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many different phyla ( Porifera , Annelida , Coelenterata , Mollusca , Arthropoda , etc.). The water that comes with

754-695: Is teeming with life; the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially seaweeds . There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area are abalone , sea anemones , brown seaweed , chitons , crabs , green algae , hydroids , isopods , limpets , mussels , nudibranchs , sculpin , sea cucumber , sea lettuce , sea palms , starfish , sea urchins , shrimp , snails , sponges , surf grass , tube worms , and whelks . Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there

812-560: Is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy . In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as the wet-sand area . For privately owned beaches in the United States , some states such as Massachusetts use the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to

870-816: The 10th United States Congress obtained a consensus on the Embargo Act of 1807 . America's international relations legislation and Orders in Council of 1807 coerced the displacement of the Dominique You , Vincenzo Gambi , and Lafitte's piracy venture to Barataria, Louisiana geographically south of New Orleans within the Mississippi River Delta region. By 1808 , the Lafittes' discovered brigandage to be an invaluable endeavor smuggling pirate booty from Barataria Bay to New Orleans. In 1814 , Jean Lafitte received

928-566: The East Texas vicinity of Nacogdoches, Texas . In 1825, the First Mexican Republic sanctioned Stephen F. Austin’s second empresario contract of 1825 validating the Galveston strand as a customs entry point and provisional maritime port. ☆ 1825 Second Empresario Contract Summary Stephen F. Austin's 1825 colonization contract with the state of Coahuila and Texas , with copies of

986-861: The French colonization of Texas . The Texas Gulf coast attested to a second wave of the European colonization of the Americas with the introduction of colonialism by the Spanish Empire in 1690. The España cultural evolution substantiated a christianization or religious conquest by the transatlantic crossing of the Spanish Inquisition . The España colonization established the Viceroyalty of New Spain administratively structuring an interior province known as Spanish Texas from 1690 to 1821. Beginning in 1810,

1044-635: The Galveston Hurricane of 1818 , French privateer Lafitte abandoned Galveston Bay for the Bay of Campeche beseeching safe conduct at the cays of Campeche Bank . By 1821, the Texas seacoast exodus was resolutely coerced by the authorization of the 15th United States Congress legislative article known as the Piracy Suppression Act of 1819 enacted into law by United States President James Monroe on March 3, 1819. In 1814 , Lord Byron authored

1102-682: The Mexican War of Independence was settled with the Spanish Empire ennobling a discontinuation of the Mexican Inquisition while creating the First Mexican Empire in 1821. The Texas Gulf coast served as a sanctuary for seafaring buccaneers , corsairs , privateers , and non-fictional practitioners of the piracy occupation during the Age of Sail . Galveston Bay and Matagorda Bay were

1160-641: The Mississippi River Delta seeking to discover the French colonial empire of New France . In 1685, La Salle navigated beyond the Atchafalaya Basin and lower Mississippi River basin inaccurately discovering Matagorda Bay where the French cargo vessels anchored near Indianola, Texas . During 1685 to 1689, the La Salle colonists adventured north of Lavaca Bay establishing a land settlement known as Fort St. Louis near Garcitas Creek and Inez, Texas ratifying

1218-618: The San Felipe de Austin and Texian Consultation events; and the forthcoming establishment and separation of powers for the Republic of Texas . The Texas Gulf Coast provided a naval supply lifeline for the Texian Army and Texian Militia during the Texas Revolution sustaining from 1835 to 1836. The Texian Navy sustained the Texian revolutionary infantry forces by providing a flotilla for

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1276-604: The United States Congress authorized federal articles creating coastal collective districts judiciously orchestrating ports of delivery for the Texas Gulf Coast. The United States statutes were enacted into law by the 11th President of the United States James Polk . The Texas gulf coast has a geography of ten coastal bays while naturally bountiful with waterway inlets ; The Texas coastal bend has

1334-460: The neritic zone , the photic zone , and deep zones . Marine biologists divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone. The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone

1392-421: The wetlands of Louisiana setting the sails for Galveston Island , Texas . The French Corsair's Galveston Island arrival was an antecedent to the 1816 Galveston inhabitants of Francisco Xavier Mina and Louis-Michel Aury . In early 1817 , freebooter Jean Lafitte established a piracy colony at Galveston Island where the infamous Maison Rouge was built for his domicile . Frenchman Lafitte constructed

1450-509: The world war periods of the 1910s and 1940s. The Texas coastal artillery command posts were established as casemates or pillboxes developed with reinforced concrete strategically situated at Bolivar Peninsula, Texas and Galveston Island, Texas. The United States Army Coast Artillery Corps commanded the operations of the coastal artillery emplacements which originated as Fort Crockett , Fort San Jacinto, Fort Travis , and inclusion of Sabine Pass . The artillery fortifications achieved

1508-597: The Galveston municipality commenced a public project to provision electricity and water amenities for the immigration and life-saving stations at Galveston, Texas. The public works was endorsed by the 61st United States Congress passing the Galveston Channel Cable Act of 1910 as House bill 20988 on May 17, 1910. On April 26, 1926, the United States Government by orientation of the 69th United States Congress passed Senate bill 3287 petitioning

1566-681: The Gulf of Mexico coastal boundary; The Texas coastal bend sustains the Texas–Gulf water resource region as a hydrological cycle unifying a drainage basin of river deltas at the littoral zone of the Texas Gulf Coast. In accordance with the Coastal Zone Management Act and Coastal Barrier Resources Act , the Texas Gulf shores maintain a coastal management program striving to prohibit coastal erosion , coastal hazards , sea-level rise , and tidal flooding . The Texas beach observed

1624-461: The L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the "usually maximum winter waves" and of course not to exceptional cases, such as tsunamis ). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half

1682-629: The Maison Rouge structure perpendicular of the Galveston Channel and Pelican Island with the surroundings of a corsair's piracy settlement. The Brethren of the Coast discovered the Galveston landscape to be conducive for passage to the gulf waters supporting sailing ship tactics to intercept merchant ships and Spanish Empire armadas accomplishing the nautical journey from the Old World . After

1740-495: The State of Texas for the purchase of quarantine stations domiciled on the Texas Gulf Coast. The Texas Gulf coast had a vital necessity for seacoast defense as the international relations of superiority cultivated during the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. The United States artillery installations were erected during the Spanish–American War frequently referred as Cuban War of Independence , and relatively to

1798-614: The Texas Gulf Coast with an eastern destination at Havana and the West Indies . The New Spain galleon encountered a severe tropical cyclone in the Spanish Sea proximate the 27th parallel north and 97th meridian west decimating the Spanish treasure fleet known as Espiritu Santo , San Estaban , and Santa Maria de Yciar . The shipwreck derelict is entitled as a National Register of Historic Places . The underwater archaeology site

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1856-524: The Texas coast fertile crescent for anchorage and concealment of the barque , barquentine , and brigantine class sailing vessels . In the early nineteenth century, Jean Lafitte and Pierre Lafitte , kinship of french basque and sea-going privateers, managed a modest metal forging establishment known as the Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop in the New Orleans French Quarter . In 1807 ,

1914-713: The Vietnamese refugees in the Gulf of Texas in 1982. The judge, Gabrielle McDonald handled the case. She ruled in favor of the Vietnamese Fishermen’s Association. Intertidal zone The intertidal zone also includes steep rocky cliffs , sandy beaches , bogs or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats ). This area can be a narrow strip, such as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The peritidal zone

1972-642: The arrival of the Vietnamese refugees , they used their skills of fishing to integrate into America and have an income. The refugees did not know the English language, nor the fishing laws for the region. The white fisherman in Seadrift became angry with the refugees as they were not following the legal guidelines to fish. Louis Beam and the Texas Klansmen joined forces with the white fisherman to enforce laws that they felt

2030-455: The arrival or entradas of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca during the first quarter century of the 1500s. Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish conquistador and a successor of Christopher Columbus , embarked on a calamitous coastal ship landing near the shore of Galveston Island on November 6, 1528. In 1554 , a Spanish cargo ship known as the San Esteban was tacking from Veracruz due north along

2088-586: The arrivals of the refugees became one that painted them as immigrants rather than a refugee and even the media had picked up on the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan’s (KKKK) rhetoric of painting them as communists. After the Vietnam War, 100 Vietnamese refugees were placed in Seadrift, Texas. At the time the city was composed of only 1,000 people and their local economy heavily relied on fishing for shrimp and crab. Upon

2146-498: The customs agent for the Galveston maritime port of entry . The Galveston East End Historic District is a narrative of the original Greek Revival architecture of Galveston Island . The Galveston historic district is a few city blocks from Classical Revival architecture of the Old Galveston Custom House. The Galveston East End's emergence, occurring during the first half century of the long nineteenth century ,

2204-505: The ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries. Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated with tourism and human-induced environmental impacts . A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists include nutrient pollution , overharvesting , habitat destruction , and climate change . Habitat destruction

2262-593: The following documents: ― Resource: In 1830, First Mexican Republic introduces the initial Galveston Custom house preferably referred as the Old Galveston Customhouse . The Mexican Republic customs were administered under the authority of Army of the Three Guarantees collecting custom duties at the Port of Galveston . In 1831, Mexican Commander Manuel de Mier y Terán appointed Jorge Fisher as

2320-529: The government was not enforcing and to address their goals of fighting communism on American soil. In doing so, the Klansmen and white fishermen took to the ocean with military grade firearms and pointed them at the refugees both in water and on land. This prompted the Vietnamese Fishermen’s Association to take legal action against Louis Beam and those involved in the violence and harassment of

2378-590: The high tide strand and the water table outcrop. Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shoreline erosion from high intensity waves. Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include sea urchins , sea anemones , barnacles , chitons , crabs , isopods , mussels , starfish , and many marine gastropod molluscs such as limpets and whelks . Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of

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2436-587: The initial coastal bulkhead and construction of the Galveston Seawall subsequently to the 1900 hurricane and 1915 hurricane levying a direct catastrophic impact at Galveston Island . The Texas surf exemplifies a coastal defence with a seawall at North Padre Island , retaining wall at South Padre Island , and a revetment at Sargent Beach . Imagery of Texas Early 20th Century Hurricanes Beginning in December 1845 concurrent to Texas annexation ,

2494-420: The intertidal zones. Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide . Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species. As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example

2552-421: The littoral zone allow the utilization of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea , which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significant ecosystems , and the littoral zone is a prime example. A typical rocky shore can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the supratidal zone ), which

2610-511: The most refugees was California and the second was Texas with 11,000 refugees. The American unemployment rate during this time was 9-percent, and the refugees were considered a threat to the American workforce. In 1976 a poll was created to find the consensus on how Americans felt about refugees staying in America. This poll is known as the, Gallup Poll , and if found that 54-percent of American felt that

2668-457: The nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Broadway Cemetery Historic District served as burial grounds for the Texas coastal inhabitants subjected to the exposure of the yellow fever viral disease . The historic consecrated grounds are an epitome of the case fatality rates and communicable infection rates where the coastal populace was afflicted by the arbovirus epidemic at Galveston, Texas from 1839 to 1900. In 1910,

2726-608: The purposes of economic warfare or embargo for Galveston Bay , vigilance of maritime security , and safeguarding the trade routes for Port of Galveston and the Port of Houston . Imagery of Texas Gulf Coast Fortress Installations At the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, came the first wave of refugees to flee but it was during the week of April 25th to the 1st of May. A year later in 1976, there were Indochina refugees residing in all states and even American Samoa , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The leading state with

2784-530: The refugees should not be allowed to remain in the United States. For the Indochina refugees this made integrating more difficult as there were language barriers, their networks dwindled as they were separated by state lines and how they were portrayed in the media. There were also refugee camps throughout the United States. These both helped and hindered their integration into America. Soon the narrative surrounding

2842-565: The safe passage of munitions and supply provisions. The Mobile and New Orleans harbors routing merchant ships defined a vast maritime area for the Texas Navy skirting the Texas seacoast while surveilling the Mexican state nautical hostilities and naval warfare on the Third Coast . The Mexican Navy enforced coastline patrols and naval blockades of the Texas Gulf Coast harbors during

2900-522: The shoreline is owned by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos. In the East African and West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity. According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward

2958-488: The strife for Texas independence . The Texas naval forces appropriated four man-of-war schooners as a naval offensive for the sailing ship tactics of the Mexican Navy. The Texas Navy engaged four warships from 1835 to 1838 known as Brutus , Independence , Invincible , and Liberty for the establishment of the Republic of Texas . During the nineteenth century , the Texas coastal counties encountered

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3016-407: The substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On rocky shores , tide pools form in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at Morecambe Bay , quicksand may form. This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area

3074-464: The term used in the name. The largest terrestrial seas, in decreasing order of area, are: Seas may be considered marginal between ocean and land, or between oceans in which case they may be treated as marginal parts of either. There is no single ultimate authority on the matter. (clockwise from 180°) In addition to the marginal seas listed in the three subsections below, the Arctic Ocean itself

3132-482: The tides can vary from brackish waters , fresh with rain , to highly saline and dry salt , with drying between tidal inundations. Wave splash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to sunlight , the temperature can range from very hot with full sunshine to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves . Adaptations in

3190-613: The wave action and the relatively shallow water. The intertidal region is an important model system for the study of ecology , especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it

3248-423: The zone between low and high water. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In the United Kingdom , the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by the Crown , with exceptions for what are termed several fisheries , which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to King John 's time or earlier, and the Udal Law , which applies generally in Orkney and Shetland . In Greece , according to

3306-457: Was established as the Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District at Padre Island National Seashore in 1974. The Texas oceanic basin was colonized by the France monarchy or Louis XIV from 1684 to 1689. In 1684, Robert Cavelier de La Salle sailing under the French ensigns guided an expedition in the Spanish Sea of four ships known as L'Aimable , La Belle , Le Joly , and St. François . La Salle and Henri de Tonti were pursuing

3364-403: Was prized by the governance of Spanish America and occupancy of Spanish Texas . After the conflict of cultural imperialism ceased between Mexico and Spain , the Law of April 6, 1830 and Treaty of Limits furthered the successive uniformity known as Mexican Texas from 1828 to 1836. In 1836, Texas independence was expeditiously declared from the imperialism of Mexico subsequently to

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