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34-450: The formation is primarily siltstone and fine sandstone , with some boulder conglomerate beds in its eastern exposures close to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It is interpreted as coalesced alluvial fans with highly variable lithology . There is significant crossbedding and lenticular bedding, and some sandstone beds are well cemented with calcite . The formation dips 10 degrees to

68-533: A cliff-forming member. The upper portion is much less resistant to erosion . The member is up to 230 meters (750 feet) thick. Galusha and Blick did not identify the geographical location for which the member was named, and the place name "Skull Ridge" is unknown in New Mexico. An ash bed in the Skull Ridge Member has an Ar-Ar age of 15.45±0.06 Ma. The Pojoaque Member is separated from the Skull Ridge Member by

102-601: A federally recognized tribe, established c. 1300 AD. The Pueblo is self-governing and is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 524 as of the 2010 census , reported by the State of New Mexico as 1,524 in 2012, and there were 628 enrolled tribal members reported as of 2012 according to the Department of the Interior. San Ildefonso Pueblo is

136-508: A grant of 17,292 acres of land to the pueblo, and the grant was patented in 1864. By the time the land was patented under the laws of the United States in 1864, there were only 161 pueblo members left. A smallpox outbreak in 1918 took the population below 100. The people of San Ildefonso continued to lead an agricultural based economy until the early 20th century when Maria Martinez and her husband Julian Martinez rediscovered how to make

170-525: A greenish-gray conglomerate bed interpreted as lag gravel on an erosional surface. It is named for the Pojoaque Bluffs, also known as Los Barrancos, near the town of Pojoaque, New Mexico . The formation disappears into the subsurface under the Rio Grande River floodplain but is at least 550 meters (1,800 feet) thick. Its age range is estimated to be from 14.9 to 12.5 Ma. The Chama-El Rito Member

204-509: A legislative branch (the tribal council). The pueblo has experienced political controversy in recent years with significant appeals to the Bureau of Indian Affairs . In 2011, former pueblo Lt. Governor Paul D. Rainbird was sentenced to 33 months on federal charges of illegal trafficking in contraband cigarettes. In 2012, the Interior Board of Indian Appeals vacated BIA decisions to acknowledge

238-584: A member of the Eight Northern Pueblos , and the pueblo people are from the Tewa ethnic group of Native Americans , who speak the Tewa language . According to the United States Census Bureau , the pueblo has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km ), of which 3.9 square miles (10 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km ) (5.54%) is water. San Ildefonso Pueblo is located at

272-682: Is found only in the northwestern portion of the Espanola Basin. It correlates with the Skull Ridge and Pojoaque Members, but contains conglomerate lenses with distinctive volcanic clasts (rock fragments) likely derived from the San Juan volcanic field . The Ojo Caliente Member is 140 meters (460 feet) of soft eolian sandstone overlying the Chama-El Rito member. It is named for the village of Ojo Caliente . Radiometric dating of ash beds suggests

306-473: Is interbedded conglomerate and sandstone. It is probably similar in age to the Skull Ridge and Pojoaque Members. In addition to the traditional lithostratigraphic units, the Tesuque Formation is divided into two lithosomes . Lithosome A is granitic material deposited by a network of westward-flowing streams off the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . Lithosome B is richer in clay and Paleozoic clasts and

340-542: Is likely biogenic, but most quartz sediments come from granitic rocks in which quartz grains are much larger than quartz silt. Highly energetic processes are required to break these grains down to silt size. Among proposed mechanism are glacial grinding; weathering in cold, tectonically active mountain ranges; normal weathering, particularly in tropical regions; and formation in hot desert environments by salt weathering. Siltstones form in relatively quiet depositional environments where fine particles can settle out of

374-488: Is named for Nambé Pueblo and has a total thickness of about 125 meters (410 feet). An ash bed within the member has an aged based on Ar-Ar dating of 25.52 ± 0.07 million years ( Ma ). Its age range is estimated to be from 25.6 to 16.1 Ma. The Skull Ridge Member is separated from the Nambe Member by a distinctive ash bed. The member has numerous other ash beds, which result in relatively strong cementing that makes this

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408-467: Is no publicly available copy of the newly adopted constitution. The 1996 San Ildefonso Code is the most recent available copy of local laws governing the pueblo. The San Ildefonso Pueblo Enterprise Corporation (SIPEC) is a federally chartered Section 17 Corporation which is wholly owned by the Pueblo de San Ildefonso. SIPEC is charged with working with companies and individuals who share a vision of utilizing

442-570: Is not complete agreement on the definition of siltstone. One definition is that siltstone is mudrock ( clastic sedimentary rock containing at least 50% clay and silt) in which at least 2/3 of the clay and silt fraction is composed of silt-sized particles. Silt is defined as grains 2–62  μm in diameter, or 4 to 8 on the Krumbein phi (φ) scale . An alternate definition is that siltstone is any sedimentary rock containing 50% or more of silt-sized particles. Siltstones can be distinguished from claystone in

476-426: Is relatively low, siltstone is sometimes a tight gas reservoir rock, an unconventional reservoir for natural gas that requires hydraulic fracturing for economic gas production. Siltstone was prized in ancient Egypt for manufacturing statuary and cosmetic palettes . The siltstone quarried at Wadi Hammamat was a hard, fine-grained siltstone that resisted flaking and was almost ideal for such uses. There

510-561: The canids Hemicyon and Carpocyon webbi , the antilocaprids Cosoryx , Merycodus , and Ramoceros , chiroptera from the Vespertilionidae and Antrozoinae , the turtles Glyptemys valentinensis and Kinosternon pojoaque , and mastodonts . The formation provides an unusually complete record of the evolution of mammals through the Miocene. The beds making up the unit were originally described by Bryan and McCann in 1937 as

544-427: The field by chewing a small sample; claystone feels smooth while siltstone feels gritty. Siltstones differ significantly from sandstones due to their smaller pores and a higher propensity for containing a significant clay fraction. Although often mistaken for a shale , siltstone lacks the laminations and fissility along horizontal lines which are typical of shale. Siltstones may contain concretions . Unless

578-451: The 1760s some native families reported that they had no agricultural lands to support themselves. Part of their lands were restored to San Ildefonso by a 1786 decision of Governor Juan Bautista de Anza . Mexico took control of the area in 1821, and later the United States gained control in 1848 following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Congress created the modern reservation in 1858 confirming

612-599: The Black-on-Black pottery for which San Ildefonso Pueblo would soon become famous. From that time the Pueblo has become more tourist-oriented, with numerous tourist shops. Because of close proximity to the state capital, Santa Fe, and the presence of the Los Alamos National Laboratory , many of those employed in the pueblo have state or federal government jobs. San Ildefonso is governed by a civil government consisting of an executive branch (the governor) and

646-683: The Middle Red member of the Santa Fe Formation . The formation was named by Baldwin in 1956 at the same time that the Santa Fe Formation was raised to group rank. The formation is named after exposures around the town of Tesuque, New Mexico . In 1971, Galusha and Blick removed the uppermost beds from the Tesuque Formation as the Chamita Formation and divided the Tesuque Formation into members. These were, in ascending stratigraphic order,

680-635: The Pueblo's strategic location for fostering economic and job growth for the Pueblo de San Ildefonso. It is zoned to Pojoaque Valley Public Schools . Pojoaque Valley High School is the zoned comprehensive high school. The Bureau of Indian Education operates the San Ildefonso Day School, an elementary school, in the pueblo. The people of San Ildefonso have a strong sense of identity and retain ancient ceremonies and rituals tenaciously, as well as tribal dances. While many of these ceremonies and rituals are closely guarded, San Ildefonso Feast Day

714-746: The Skull Ridge Member, the Nambe Member, Pojoaque Member, the Chama-El Rito Member, and the Ojo Caliente Member. Manley added the Cejita Member in 1977. Koning and Aby added the Cuarteles Member in 2005. Siltstone Siltstone , also known as aleurolite , is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt . It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility . Although its permeability and porosity

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748-569: The base of the member has a maximum age of 13.5 to 13.3 Ma. The Cuarteles Member is found in the northeastern part of the Espanola Basin. It was originally defined in the Chamita Formation west of the Rio Grande, but is assigned to the Tesuque Formation east of the Rio Grande. The Cejita Member is found in the northeastern part of the Espanola Basin, where it overlies the Cuarteles member. It

782-650: The early 17th century, which led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. The people withstood the Spaniards by climbing to the top of the Black Mesa. The siege ended with the surrender of the native people, but the Spanish gave the native people some freedom of religion and other self-governing rights. Both the people and the lands of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso were affected by intrusion of Spanish colonists. Due to these encroachments, by

816-468: The foot of Black Mesa. As of the census of 2010, there were 524 people residing in the San Ildefonso CDP. The racial makeup was 62.2% Native American , 11.3% White , 21.2% from other races , and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.9% of the population. There were 212 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them. As of 2010,

850-577: The next year and collected a number of Miocene reptile, bird, and mammal fossils. Childs Frick sent an expedition into the Tesuque area in 1924, and immediately recognized the paleontological potential of the Santa Fe beds. The Fricks Laboratory (merged with the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of the American Museum of Natural History in 1968) carried out field work through 1972. Work prior to 1940

884-459: The population was distributed with 26.3% under the age of 18, 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older, females comprised 51.7%, and males comprised 48.3% of the population. As of 2000, the median income for a household in San Ildefonso was $ 30,000, and the median income for a family was $ 30,972. Males had a median income of $ 19,792 versus $ 19,250 for females. The per capita income for the pueblo

918-462: The rainfall and the ease of constructing living structures from the surrounding soft volcanic rock. But after a prolonged drought, the people moved down into the valleys of the Rio Grande around 1300 AD ( Pueblo IV Era ). The Rio Grande and other arroyos provided the water for irrigation. The Spanish conquistadors tried to subdue the native people and force Catholicism on the native people during

952-508: The results of an election for Governor of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso for the 2008/09 term which had resulted in the governorship of Leon Roybal . In 2012, the Pueblo adopted a new constitution through general election overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. One of the results of the new constitution is that, for the first time, women are allowed to run for tribal council positions. To date, there

986-405: The siltstone is fairly shaly, stratification is likely to be obscure and it tends to weather at oblique angles unrelated to bedding. Siltstone is an unusual rock, in which most of the silt grains are made of quartz . The origin of quartz silt has been a topic of much research and debate. Some quartz silt likely has its origin in fine-grained foliated metamorphic rock, while much marine silt

1020-578: The transporting medium (air or water) and accumulate on the surface. They are found in turbidite sequences, in deltas, in glacial deposits, and in miogeosynclinal settings. San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico San Ildefonso Pueblo ( Tewa : Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh [p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè] "where the water cuts through" ), also known as the Turquoise Clan , is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County , New Mexico , United States, and

1054-429: The west. Faulting makes an accurate estimate of its thickness uncertain, and it was originally estimated to be over 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) thick. However, a careful reconstruction taking into account faults gives a thickness of 1,370–1,460 meters (4,490–4,790 feet). The Nambe Member is pinkish to reddish coarse-grained alluvial fan deposits resting on basement rock of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . The member

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1088-526: Was $ 11,039. About 19.1% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 50.0% of those age 65 or over. The Pueblo was established around 1300 AD and founded by people who had migrated from the Mesa Verde complex in Southern Colorado , by way of Bandelier (elevation about 7000 feet), just south of present-day Los Alamos, New Mexico . People thrived at Bandelier due to

1122-466: Was careless about identifying exact source strata, though greater care was taken thereafter. Most of the fossils came from the Pojoaque Member of the Tesuque Formation and were almost entirely found within thin (0.5–3 m) maroon-red to pale green claystone to fine-grained siltstone beds of lithosome B. These are interpreted as small lacustrine deposits. Fossils found in the Tesuque Formation include

1156-630: Was deposited by south- to southwest-flowing rivers coming from the Penasco area. The two can be distinguished in the field by the redder coloration of Lithosome A compared with the tan to gray color of Lithosome B. G.K. Gilbert visited San Ildefonso Pueblo with the Hayden Survey in 1873 and found fossil mammal bones characteristic of the Pliocene . Some of these were sent to Othniel Marsh . Marsh's bitter rival, Edward Drinker Cope , arrived at San Ildefonso

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