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43-584: Telok Ayer Street ( / ˈ t ə l oʊ k ˌ ɑː eɪ / ) is a street located in Singapore's Chinatown within the Outram district, linking Church Street to Cecil Street. Telok Ayer MRT station is located at the junction of Cross Street and this road. Telok Ayer Street was originally a coastal road along the Telok Ayer Bay and was named after the bay. On George Drumgoole Coleman 's 1836 Map of Singapore , it

86-443: A combination of wood and metal such as a flitch beam . Beams primarily carry vertical gravitational forces , but they are also used to carry horizontal loads such as those due to earthquake or wind, or in tension to resist rafter thrust ( tie beam ) or compression ( collar beam ). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns , walls , or girders , then to adjacent structural compression members , and eventually to

129-573: Is a box (a square shell); the most efficient shape for bending in any direction, however, is a cylindrical shell or tube. For unidirectional bending, the Ɪ-beam or wide flange beam is superior. Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less. Other shapes, like L-beam (angles), C (channels) , T-beam and double-T or tubes, are also used in construction when there are special requirements. This system provides horizontal bracing for small trenches, ensuring

172-550: Is dedicated to Goddess of the Sea, Mah Cho or Matsu . In 1822, Telok Ayer Street was the primary area set aside by Sir Stamford Raffles for the Chinese community. As the main landing site for Chinese immigrants, Telok Ayer Street become one of the first streets in Chinatown and formed the backbone of development of the Chinese immigrant community in early Singapore. Thus, Telok Ayer Street was

215-575: Is divided between two Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) , Tanjong Pagar and Jalan Besar , in terms of representation in Parliament . Singapore's first Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew , was a Member of Parliament representing Tanjong Pagar GRC before his death in March 2015. After the September 2015 general election , Indranee Rajah now represents that part of Tanjong Pagar GRC. The Chinatown area that

258-404: Is due to the fact that Chinatown's water supply was principally transported by animal-driven carts in the 19th century. Although these names are sometimes used for referring to Chinatown in general, they actually refer to the area of Kreta Ayer Road . Chinatown consists of four distinctive sub-areas which were developed at different times. Chinatown Complex is located along Smith Street, which

301-488: Is much higher than that for solid cross sections such a rod or bar. In this way, stiff beams can be achieved with minimum weight. Thin walled beams are particularly useful when the material is a composite laminate . Pioneer work on composite laminate thin walled beams was done by Librescu . The torsional stiffness of a beam is greatly influenced by its cross sectional shape. For open sections, such as I sections, warping deflections occur which, if restrained, greatly increase

344-547: Is part of Jalan Besar GRC is represented by Josephine Teo since 2020, following the retirement of Lily Neo after serving 23 years of politics from 1997. The shophouses were home to "death houses" until 1961, when death houses were banned, and brothels until 1930, when the Women and Girl's Protection Ordinance was enacted, bringing the prostitution situation under control. To cater to those who visited brothels, or participated in extended affairs of Chinese funerals or came to frequent

387-531: The deflection of beams include "method of virtual work " and the "slope deflection method". Engineers are interested in determining deflections because the beam may be in direct contact with a brittle material such as glass . Beam deflections are also minimized for aesthetic reasons. A visibly sagging beam, even if structurally safe, is unsightly and to be avoided. A stiffer beam (high modulus of elasticity and/or one of higher second moment of area ) creates less deflection. Mathematical methods for determining

430-444: The parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis , the second moment of area of the beam increases, which in turn increases the stiffness. An Ɪ-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at the profile as an 'Ɪ'. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an 'H', where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D

473-457: The European town and principal mercantile establishments and the native divisions and " kampungs ". These included areas for Bugis , Arabs , Indians , Malays , and Chinese kampungs. Raffles was very clear in his instructions and his guidelines were to determine the urban structure of all subsequent development. The "five-foot way", for example, the continuous covered passage on either side of

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516-655: The Portuguese architecture of Macau , Malacca , and Goa , while the Indians would also have been familiar with the European architecture there, although it is difficult to imagine how these people would have had a particularly strong influence on building in Chinatown. The Mass Rapid Transit MRT serves the area at Chinatown MRT station on the North East and Downtown lines, in the middle of pedestrian-only Pagoda Street, and serves

559-424: The beam forces (internal forces of the beam and the forces that are imposed on the beam support) include the " moment distribution method ", the force or flexibility method and the direct stiffness method . Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more efficient cross section for a beam is an Ɪ- or H-shaped section which is typically seen in steel construction. Because of

602-415: The beam is exposed to shear stress. There are some reinforced concrete beams in which the concrete is entirely in compression with tensile forces taken by steel tendons. These beams are known as prestressed concrete beams, and are fabricated to produce a compression more than the expected tension under loading conditions. High strength steel tendons are stretched while the beam is cast over them. Then, when

645-416: The beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain beams, such as automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems. Any structural element , in any orientation, that primarily resists loads applied laterally across the element's axis is a beam. Historically a beam is a squared timber, but may also be made of metal, stone, or

688-411: The bottom to enclose an arc of larger radius in tension. This is known as sagging ; while a configuration with the top in tension, for example over a support, is known as hogging . The axis of the beam retaining its original length, generally halfway between the top and bottom, is under neither compression nor tension, and defines the neutral axis (dotted line in the beam figure). Above the supports,

731-472: The concrete has cured, the tendons are slowly released and the beam is immediately under eccentric axial loads. This eccentric loading creates an internal moment, and, in turn, increases the moment-carrying capacity of the beam. Prestressed beams are commonly used on highway bridges. The primary tool for structural analysis of beams is the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation . This equation accurately describes

774-542: The elastic behaviour of slender beams where the cross sectional dimensions are small compared to the length of the beam. For beams that are not slender a different theory needs to be adopted to account for the deformation due to shear forces and, in dynamic cases, the rotary inertia. The beam formulation adopted here is that of Timoshenko and comparative examples can be found in NAFEMS Benchmark Challenge Number 7. Other mathematical methods for determining

817-853: The event of fire, be constructed of masonry with tiled roofs. This thus resulted in the formation of a distinct section titled Chinatown. However, only when parcels of land were leased or granted to the public in and after 1843 for the building of houses and shophouses , did Chinatown's physical development truly begin. The legacy of cultural diversity in Chinatown is still present. There used to exist some Hokkien merchants along Havelock Road, Telok Ayer Street, China Street and Chulia Street, and Teochew merchants are mostly in Circular Road, River Valley Road, Boat Quay , and South Bridge Road near Chinatown. The ubiquitous Cantonese are scattered around South Bridge Road, Upper Cross Street, New Bridge Road, and Bukit Pasoh Road as well as others. These days,

860-909: The former Hokkien and Teochew residents have largely scattered to other parts of the island, leaving the Cantonese as the dominant dialect group in Chinatown. The Chinese names of Pickering Street are Kian Keng Khau (mouth of the gambling houses) or Ngo Tai Tiahn Hok Kiong Khau (mouth of the five generations of the Tian Hok Temple). There are also several prominent century-old Chinese temples like Hokkien Thian Hock Keng Temple at Telok Ayer Street, Teochew Wak Hai Cheng Bio Temple at Phillips Street, Siang Cho Keong Temple at Amoy Street, Seng Wong Beo Temple at Peck Seah Street, and Cantonese Cundhi Gong Temple at Keong Siak Roadside. Guilds , clans , trade unions and associations were all referred to as kongsi are present within Chinatown such as to assist to

903-412: The ground. In light frame construction , joists may rest on beams. In engineering, beams are of several types: In the beam equation , the variable I represents the second moment of area or moment of inertia : it is the sum, along the axis, of dA · r , where r is the distance from the neutral axis and dA is a small patch of area. It measures not only the total area of the beam section, but

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946-469: The island-city, Chinatown became overcrowded within decades of Singapore's founding in 1819 and remained such until many residents were relocated at the initiation of Singapore's governmental Housing Development Board in the 1960s. In 1822, Sir Stamford Raffles wrote to Captain C. E. Davis, President of the Town Committee, and George Bonham and Alex L. Johnson, Esquires, and members, charging them with

989-735: The mornings topping and tailing bean sprouts , the skins of frogs being peeled, the newly killed snakes being skinned and the centuries-old panaceas being dispensed by women blessed with the power of healing. Besides Chinese residents, other races such as the Indians whom migrated during the British Raj live in Chinatown. Within the Chinatown is an important temple for the Tamils , the Sri Mariamman Hindu Tamil Temple, and also mosques, Al-Abrar Mosque at Telok Ayer Street, and Jamae Mosque at Mosque Street. These places of worship catered to

1032-549: The most mixed-style shophouses on the island. In 1843, when land titles were issued, the terraces in Pagoda Street (now with additions, mostly three-story) were born. They were originally back to back, an arrangement which made night soil collection difficult, but lanes were developed in between following the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) back lane orders of 1935. The architectural character of many of

1075-480: The needs of each Chinese dialect group, such as Cantonese, Hokkien, etc. There were the letter writers of Sago Street—in Hokkien this street is called Gu Chia Chwi Hi Hng Cheng (front of Kreta Ayer Theatre), but it was mainly associated with life and death — the sandalwood idols of Club Street and the complicated and simple food of Mosque Street; all rang to the sound of the abacus . Old women could be seen early in

1118-538: The opera theatre, street hawkers, food stalls and traders selling household goods occupied the streets. In order to address overcrowding and poor living conditions in the city, all street hawkers were relocated into the newly built Kreta Ayer Complex in 1983, which is today's Chinatown Complex. 1°17′01″N 103°50′39″E  /  1.28361°N 103.84417°E  / 1.28361; 103.84417 Beam (structure) Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, where

1161-448: The original focal point of settlement in Chinatown. Until the late nineteenth century, Telok Ayer Street was the main commercial and residential thoroughfare in Singapore. As immigration from China increased, so did the adverse qualities usually associated with a highly concentrated population. The high trade traffic along the road leads to the road being the center of the early Chinese slave trade in Singapore. Before land reclamation

1204-424: The past. These buildings include: Telok Ayer Street has been gazetted under the government's conservation plan. When the conservation project was completed, some of the area's shophouses were restored to their original appearance. Many of these shophouses are two- and three-storey, mostly the result of the land division of the time which consisted of deep sites with narrow frontages . The frontages are based on

1247-408: The pockets of non-Chinese residents in the area and shows that despite efforts to segregate the early immigrants, they had no qualms living peacefully together, and side by side. The street architecture of Chinatown's buildings, the shophouses especially, combine different elements of baroque architecture and Victorian architecture and do not have a single classification. Many of them were built in

1290-724: The precinct does retain significant historical and cultural significance. Large sections of it have been declared national heritage sites officially designated for conservation by the Urban Redevelopment Authority . Singapore's Chinatown is known as Niu che shui in Mandarin , Gû-chia-chúi in Hokkien , and Ngàuh-chē-séui in Cantonese - all of which mean "bullock water-cart" - and Kreta Ayer in Malay , which means "water cart". This

1333-555: The secure installation of utilities. It's specifically designed to work in conjunction with steel trench sheets. A thin walled beam is a very useful type of beam (structure). The cross section of thin walled beams is made up from thin panels connected among themselves to create closed or open cross sections of a beam (structure). Typical closed sections include round, square, and rectangular tubes. Open sections include I-beams, T-beams, L-beams, and so on. Thin walled beams exist because their bending stiffness per unit cross sectional area

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1376-438: The square of each patch's distance from the axis. A larger value of I indicates a stiffer beam, more resistant to bending. Loads on a beam induce internal compressive , tensile and shear stresses (assuming no torsion or axial loading). Typically, under gravity loads, the beam bends into a slightly circular arc, with its original length compressed at the top to form an arc of smaller radius, while correspondingly stretched at

1419-559: The street, was one of the public requirements. Raffles foresaw the fact that "it may be presumed that they (the Chinese) will always form by far the largest portion of the community". For this reason, he appropriated all of the land southwest of the Singapore River for their accommodation but, at the same time, insisted that the different classes and the different provinces be concentrated in their separate quarters and that these quarters, in

1462-577: The style of painted ladies , and have been restored in that fashion. These styles result in a variety of different colours of which pastel is most dominant. Trengganu Street, Pagoda Street, and Temple Street are such examples of this architecture, as well as development in Upper Cross Street and the houses in Club Street. Boat Quay was once a slave market along the Singapore River, Boat Quay has

1505-453: The task of "suggesting and carrying into effect such arrangements on this head, as may on the whole be most conducive to the comfort and security of the different classes of inhabitants and the general interests and welfare of the place..." He went on to issue instructions, as a guide to the Committee, which included a general description of Singapore Town, the ground reserved by the government,

1548-560: The terraces in Chinatown is much more Italianate in style than those of, for instance Emerald Hill or Petain Road. Windows often appear as mere slits with narrow timber jalousies (often with adjustable slats). Fanlights over the windows are usually quite decorative and the pilasters and balconies and even the plasterwork and colours seem to be Mediterranean in flavour. The style was probably introduced by those early Chinese immigrants (both China-born and Straits-born ) who had knowledge of

1591-487: The then available length of timber beams , usually 16 feet (about 4.8 metres). Chinatown, Outram Chinatown is a subzone and ethnic enclave located within the Outram district in the Central Area of Singapore . Featuring distinctly Chinese cultural elements, Chinatown has had a historically concentrated ethnic Chinese population . Chinatown is considerably less of an enclave than it once was. However,

1634-620: The vicinity, as well as several public bus routes which integrates it into Singapore's transportation system . Nearby are the Tanjong Pagar MRT station on the East West MRT line ; Outram Park MRT station , an interchange between the East West line and North East line; and Clarke Quay MRT station on the North East line, as well as a bus terminal called Kampong Bahru Bus Terminal. Chinatown

1677-404: Was done in the area, boats used to moor in Telok Ayer Bay waiting to get fresh water, carried by bullock carts , from a well at Ann Siang Hill . In 1863, a group of local businessmen including Whampoa , went to Governor Orfeur Cavenagh to request reclaim land in the bay by building a pier and a seawall and filling in the bay at their own expenses to build warehouses. However, the request

1720-546: Was known as Teluk Ayer Street . The Chinese name for the street is da bo gong miao jie which refers to the Fuk Tak Chi Temple located on Telok Ayer street. It was also known colloquially under two other names; The area near Merchant Street was called Guan Soon Street due to a firm, Chop Guan Soon, located there that brought in Indian labourers , The other is in Hokkien, meaning the "front street" of Thian Hock Keng which

1763-530: Was known colloquially as hei yuan kai (theatre street) in Cantonese because of its famous Cantonese opera theatre Lai Chun Yuen , which opened in 1887 to cater to the Cantonese community there, drawing large crowds during the 1910s and 1920s (Nasir, 2005). Under the Raffles Plan of Singapore , Chinatown originally was a division of colonial Singapore where Chinese immigrants tended to reside. Although as Singapore grew, Chinese immigrants settled in other areas of

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1806-753: Was previously sea facing was five blocks away from the sea front. Robinson Road and Anson Road were subsequently built in the reclaimed area. The street also was the founding site of one of Singapore's oldest schools, Gan Eng Seng School , which was started in 1885 at 106 Telok Ayer Street as the Anglo-Chinese Free School. The historical site marker of the school is nearby at the junction of Telok Ayer and Cecil Streets. Temples and mosques are plentiful in this area as they were built by Chinese and Indian Muslim immigrants to show their gratitude for safe passage. The numerous religious and clan buildings on Telok Ayer Street testify to their importance in

1849-431: Was rejected at that time. In 1865, plans for reclamation were again put forward and reclamation work was carried out between 1878 and 1885. The land reclamation works including draining the existing marshland , removing the nutmeg plantations, and Telok Ayer Bay was filled in with land removed from hills along the coast, including Mount Wallich. Maritime buildings were then built on the reclaimed land. Thian Hock Keng which

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