A toy camera is a simple, inexpensive film camera.
53-407: Techniscope or 2-perf is a 35 mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1960. The Techniscope format uses a two film- perforation negative pulldown per frame, instead of the standard four-perforation frame usually exposed in 35 mm film photography. Techniscope's 2.33:1 aspect ratio is easily enlarged to the 2.39:1 widescreen ratio, because it uses half
106-509: A softswitch manufacturer, was incorporated and acquired in April 2005. In July 2005, Thomson agreed to purchase PRN Corporation for $ 285 million. In December 2005, Thomson re-purchased the Broadcast & Multimedia part of Thales Group . In 2004, Thomson set up a joint venture (TTE) with China's TCL , giving to TCL all manufacturing of RCA and Thomson television and DVD products and making TCL
159-573: A 25% stake in Vantiva. The acquisition of CommScope's Home Network was completed on 2 January 2024. Connected Home is Vantiva's division producing broadband gateway boxes, set-top boxes and Android TV . As of September 2020, it had the highest market share (outside of China) in the broadband gateways and modems market. Supply Chain Solutions manufactures, packages, distributes and manages supply chain of DVD and Blu-Ray discs for US film studios and
212-436: A Mitchell, the kit includes a replacement aperture plate and cam for the film movement, a replacement gear for the camera body, and, for a reflex camera, a replacement focusing screen. As all Mitchell cameras incorporate the provision for a "hard mask" within the movement itself, it is often possible to keep the 4-perf aperture plate, and insert a 2-perf mask in the mask slot, as an economy measure. In 2011, Lomography released
265-556: A binding offer for its Research & Innovation Activity from the same company. In December 2019, Technicolor and its former CEO, Frederic Rose, were indicted in France on charges of fraud and breach of trust in connection with their role in the bankruptcy of Tarak Ben Ammar's post-production group, Quinta Industries, and its subsequent acquisition of the company in January 2012. In June 2020, Technicolor filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy due to
318-443: A global studio The Mill made the decision to scale up for a creative future, investing in new talent, production capabilities, and immersive technologies. In the same month, Technicolor Creative Studios announced the integration of MPC Film, MPC Episodic and MR. X under Moving Picture Company (MPC) , forming the largest suite of VFX studios serving the feature film and episodic market globally. In February 2022, Technicolor announced
371-600: A minority stake in Technicolor of up to 29.94%. Following the deal, on 21 June 2012, Technicolor named Remy Sautter as Chairman of the Board and appointed two Vector Capital representatives to the board, Alexander Slusky and David Fishman. On 3 July 2012 the Technicolor broadcast services division was acquired by Ericsson . On 10 June 2014 Technicolor announced the acquisition of the Canadian VFX studio Mr. X Inc. The same year
424-466: A movie camera, the Lomokino, capable of making short movies on standard 35 mm still photography film which uses a frame format similar to Techniscope, with two perforations for each exposure, though with no space or capabilities for the sound track, taking 144 frames on a 36 exposure roll. The camera is erroneously labeled as being " Super 35 ", Super 35 having four perforations per frame. Movies made with
477-469: A plan for the creation of interactive Innovation centers, where early research projects could be demonstrated to industry leaders and clients in a close-up format, allowing for more strategic advanced product development. The centers (in Burbank , USA; Rennes , France ; Hannover , Germany ; and Beijing , China) were so successful, de Wolff and Thomson CTO, Jean-Charles Hourcade subsequently decided to launch
530-751: A process designed to give a wide-screen picture while saving film and avoiding payment of royalties to the patented processes like Panavision . In this film, as in Harry Frigg , Techniscope causes washed-out color and a loss of detail. Universal shouldn't be so cheap." Films shot with 2-perf 35 mm "Techniscope" since 2010 include I'm Yours (2012), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Argo (2012), and Too Late (2015). Techniscope employs standard 35 mm camera films, which are suitable for 2-perf (Techniscope), 3-perf, conventional 4-perf (spherical or CinemaScope ), and even 6-perf ( Cinerama ) and 8-perf ( VistaVision ), as all of those processes listed employ
583-488: A series of acquisitions, including with Marconi plc , before becoming Thales in 2000. In 2005, Thomson bought Cirpack and Inventel . In 2000, Thomson Multimedia purchased Technicolor from Carlton Television (owned by Carlton Communications ) in the UK and began a move into the broadcast management, facilities and services market with the purchase of Corinthian Television, becoming Thomson Multimedia. In Q1 of 2001 it purchased
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#1732844514395636-690: A significant improvement in profitability, despite supply constraint challenges affecting both Connecting Home and Technicolor Creative Studios ." Meanwhile, in May 2021, Technicolor launched Technicolor Creative Studios, forming a global structure to drive its family of studios. The studio network included The Mill, MPC (Film, Episodic & Advertising), Mikros Animation and Mr. X. Christian Roberton, President of Technicolor Creative Studios announced that up to 4,000 VFX artists were anticipated to be hired. In January 2022, The Mill united with MPC Advertising to create one global studio network under The Mill brand. As
689-520: Is a French multinational corporation that provides creative services and technology products for the communication, media and entertainment industries. Vantiva is headquartered in Paris , with offices in Rennes , Beijing , Seoul , Chennai , Edegem (a suburb of Antwerp ), Norcross, Georgia (U.S), and Memphis, Tennessee . On 27 January 2010, Thomson Multimedia changed its name to Technicolor SA, re-branding
742-458: Is inspired by the formerly state-run optics manufacturer, LOMO PLC of Saint Petersburg , Russia that created and produced the 35 mm LOMO LC-A Compact Automat camera, now central to Lomography. This camera was loosely based upon the Cosina CX-1 introduced in the early 1980s. The LOMO LC-A produces "unique, colorful, and sometimes blurry" images. The Lomographic Society International
795-529: Is named after the Soviet-era cameras produced by the L eningradskoye O ptiko- M ekhanicheskoye O byedinenie (LOMO). Lomography has been a highly social pursuit since 1992, with local and international events organised by The Lomographic Society International (Lomography, a commercial company selling analogue cameras, films and accessories). The company continues to promote the Lomographic style; however, it
848-421: Is not necessary to use the company's products to take Lomographic photos. "Lomography" is claimed as a commercial trademark by The Lomographic Society International, associated with a photographic image style and a film camera movement and international Lomography Community. However, it has become a genericised trademark ; most camera phone photo editor apps include a "lomo" filter . The Lomography name
901-482: The COVID-19 pandemic and went through a restructuring process following the appointment of former Eir CEO Richard Moat . In 2021, the Technicolor post-production brand was sold to LA-based Streamland Media. The sale was part of a strategic decision to focus on visual effects and animation for film, advertising, gaming and live events. Following the restructuring, Technicolor reported "a positive third quarter 2021, and
954-586: The RCA Corporation , GE sold their consumer electronics division to Thomson, in exchange for some of Thomson's medical businesses. Thomson Consumer Electronics was formed to market products under the GE and RCA brand names. In 1995, the French government split the consumer electronics from the defense businesses of Thomson Multimedia and Thomson-CSF prior to privatization in 1999. Following privatization, Thomson-CSF went through
1007-519: The vignetting , blur , light leaks , and other distortions of their inexpensive lenses for artistic effect to take award-winning pictures. Toy camera photography has been widely exhibited at many popular art shows, such as the annual "Krappy Kamera" show at the Soho Photo Gallery in the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City. Various publications such as Popular Photography magazine have extolled
1060-574: The American film studios were charged by the Technicolor company for using Techniscope in their film prints. George Lucas shot his first two features, THX 1138 and American Graffiti , in Techniscope in order to give them a gritty, documentary-like feel. Regarding the diminished image quality, film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote about the film Counterpoint (1968): "The movie is shot in Techniscope,
1113-694: The Broadcast Division of Koninklijke Philips (Philips Broadcast) then in 2002 acquired the Grass Valley Group, Inc. from Dr. Terence Gooding of San Diego, CA. Thomson then purchased the Moving Picture Company from ITV and the internet startup Singingfish , but then sold it to AOL in late 2004. In 2004, Thomson increased its stake in the Bangalore, India based company Celstream Technologies, which specializes in product engineering. Cirpack ,
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#17328445143951166-742: The CD and games industry. In August 2021, the division announced its diversification outside of media and entertainment, designing and manufacturing components and consumables for the medical devices and life sciences industries. Building on its experience of sub-micron engineering in DVD manufacturing, combined with custom packaging and international distribution, Vantiva has diversified into precision manufacturing, supply chain, fulfillment, freight and distribution. Smart Storage sells systems for real-time monitoring of physical and environmental conditions of self-storage facilities, allowing remote management by premise managers and
1219-644: The Francisco Partners in July and December along with the Transmission business to PARTER Capital Group; Head-end to the FCDE (Fonds de Consolidation et de Développement des Entreprises), and reintegration of PRN. On 20 June 2012 Vector Capital won a competitive bid for a minority stake in Technicolor, beating JP Morgan with a surprise, last-minute bid. With the investment of €167 - 191 million, Vector Capital will retain
1272-471: The Lomokino may not show properly without modifications on Techniscope projectors, the Lomokino is hand cranked and the frame rate is controlled manually, usually being around 2-6 FPS. Techniscope's advantages over anamorphic CinemaScope are: Techniscope's disadvantages against CinemaScope: Note: When transferring a Techniscope film to a digital video format, the 2-perf negative or 2-perf interpositive A/B rolls can be used (the original film negative from
1325-595: The Smartphone Film Scanner; and several lenses such as the Daguerreotype Achromat lens collection for analogue and digital SLR cameras with Canon EF , Nikon F or Pentax K mounts, inspired by 19th century Daguerreotype photography. In 2013, together with Zenit, Lomography produced a new version of the Petzval Lens designed to work with Canon EF and Nikon F mount SLR cameras. Some have questioned
1378-516: The Techniscope 2-perf format. Aaton, Panavision, and Arriflex have modern 2-perf cameras. Aranda in Australia is also currently converting cameras like Arriflex 2A/B/C Arri 3, Arri BL, Mitchell, Eclair, Moviecam. The Russian cameras, Kinor and Konvas, are also converted. Factory-made kits for certain Mitchell and Mitchell-derived cameras are occasionally available on auction sites. In the specific case of
1431-567: The U.S., Techniscope was used in the low-budget A.C. Lyles Westerns for Paramount Pictures , as well as in a few Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pictures, and Universal Studios briefly used it extensively in the mid-to-late 1960's. The Sergio Leone “Dollars Trilogy” films used Techniscope, ( Fistful of Dollars , For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly ) and were released through United Artists . Producer Sid Pink recalled that unlike Europe,
1484-572: The acquisition, Technicolor's Indian offices in Delhi were merged into Paprikaas, and the resulting studio was rebranded Technicolor India in May 2010. In December 2007, Thomson SA agreed to sell off its Audio/Video and Accessories businesses (sold under the RCA and Thomson brands) except for communications products such as cordless phones to Audiovox . In October 2007, Thomson SA agreed to sell its consumer electronics audio video business outside Europe including
1537-439: The amount of 35 mm film stock and standard spherical lenses. Thus, Techniscope release prints are made by anamorphosing , enlarging each frame vertically by a factor of two. During its primary reign of 1960–1980, more than 350 films were photographed in Techniscope, the first of which was The Pharaoh's Woman , released 10 December 1960. Given its considerable savings in production cost but lower image quality, Techniscope
1590-631: The camera, or the first-generation film elements prepared for the making of the anamorphic 4-frame 35 mm release print negative), thus bypassing any blown-up 4-perf element. Many DVD editions have been transferred this way and the results have frequently been stunning, e.g. Blue Underground's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage and MGM's special editions of Sergio Leone 's Westerns . ( Wayback Machine copy) (Wayback Machine copy) Technicolor SA Vantiva SA , formerly Technicolor SA , Thomson SARL , Thomson SA , and Thomson Multimedia ,
1643-445: The color picture tube manufacturing business from Thomson SA for €240 million. In early 2010, Thomson sold the rights to manufacture RCA branded televisions to ON Corporation. In September 2005, Thomson first showed its Infinity camcorder. At the April 2006 launch, this was described as "a new line of IT-based acquisition, recording and storage devices." It was designed to end the stranglehold of proprietary products in this market, and
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1696-414: The company also shut down its last film lab. On 25 February 2015 Technicolor acquired the French independent animation producer OuiDo! Productions . On July 23 of the same year, Cisco Systems announced the sale of its television set-top box and cable modem business to Technicolor for $ 600 million—part of a division originally formed by Cisco's $ 6.9 billion purchase of Scientific Atlanta . The deal
1749-568: The company stock. In 1982, both Thomson-Brandt and Thomson-CSF were nationalized due to the efforts of François Mitterrand . Thomson-Brandt was subsequently renamed Thomson SA ( Société Anonyme ), and soon thereafter merged with Thomson-CSF. Forming the Thompson group, made up of Thompson-CSF which focused on radio and broadcasting equipment and later electronics for defense and aerospace, and Thomson Multimedia which focused on consumer electronics. In 1988, two years after General Electric absorbed
1802-425: The demand from streaming services. Technicolor Creative Studios' spin-off was completed on 27 September 2022, on the same day Technicolor announced that the company as a whole would be rebranding to Vantiva. As of November 2022, Vantiva still owns 35% of TCS but operates as an independent entity from Vantiva. In October 2023, Vantiva announced its plan to acquire CommScope ’s Home Networks division in exchange for
1855-815: The electrical engineer Elihu Thomson , who was born in Manchester , England, on 26 March 1853. Thomson moved to Philadelphia , USA, at the age of 5, with his family. Thomson formed the Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1879 with Edwin Houston . The company merged with the Edison General Electric Company to become the General Electric Company in 1892. In 1893, the Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (CFTH)
1908-404: The entire company after its US film technology subsidiary. Thomson's US subsidiary became Technicolor USA, Inc. As of 27 September 2022, Technicolor Creative Studios (now Technicolor Group ) has spun-off from Technicolor SA, which has been rebranded as Vantiva. Vantiva operates as 3 separate divisions: Vantiva acquired CommScope's Home Networks on 2 January 2024. Thomson was named after
1961-430: The facility's customers. In September 2023, Vantiva launched a sub-division of Smart Spaces called Smart Storage. Technicolor's Trademark Licensing division owned and managed consumer electronics brands such as RCA and Thomson. On 31 May 2022 Technicolor closed the sale of its Trademark Licensing operations for c.€100 million. Technicolor Creative Studios operates four main studios: Lomography Despite
2014-523: The global leader in TV manufacturing (Thomson still controlled the brands themselves and licensed them to TTE). At the time, TCL was hailed as the first Chinese company to compete on the international stage with large international corporations. Thomson initially retained all marketing of TTE's products, but transferred that to TTE in 2005. In June 2005, the Videocon Group of India announced that it would acquire
2067-458: The name, toy cameras are fully functional and capable of taking photographs, though with optical aberrations due to the limitations of their simple lenses . From the 1990s onward, there has been interest in the artistic use of such cameras or recreation of this style, both with cameras originally designed for children, and others originally intended as mass-market consumer cameras. Many professional photographers have used toy cameras and exploited
2120-772: The original LOMO LC-A was discontinued. Its replacement, the LOMO LC-A+, was introduced in 2006. The new camera, made in China rather than Russia, featured the original Russian lens manufactured by LOMO PLC. This changed as of mid-2007 with the lens now made in China as well. In 2012 the LC-A+ camera was re-released as a special edition. It costs ten times the original secondhand value of the old LOMO LC-A. The Lomographic Society International (Lomography) has moved on to produce their own range of analogue cameras, films and accessories. Lomography has also released products catered to digital devices, such as
2173-657: The research demos at IBC and NAB trade shows, despite strong opposition from several business units. In February 2007, Thomson Multimedia 's Technicolor Content Services division announced that it had invested in Indian animation studio Paprikaas to expand its entertainment services capabilities. In December 2007, Technicolor partnered with DreamWorks Animation to assist Paprikass in the "recruitment, training and development of top-tier animation talent". By January 2010, Technicolor had raised its ownership in Paprikaas to 100%. Following
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2226-518: The same negative and intermediate films, and positive print films intended for direct projection (although 2-, 3- and 8-perfs are not distribution formats). In 1999, in Australia, MovieLab film laboratory owner Kelvin Crumplin revived the Techniscope format renamed as MultiVision 235 , attempting to commercialise it as a cinematography format alternative to the Super ;16 mm format. His proposition
2279-486: The sole distributor of all LOMO LC-A cameras outside of the former Soviet Union . The new company reached an agreement with the deputy mayor of St Petersburg, the future Russian Prime Minister and President, Vladimir Putin , to receive a tax break in order to keep the LOMO factory in the city open. Since the introduction of the original LOMO LC-A, Lomography has produced a line of their own film cameras. In 2005, production of
2332-422: The spin-off of its Technicolor Creative Studios division into an independent entity to be listed on Euronext Paris. Technicolor SA was to retain 35% of the new company's capital. Technicolor also shared in its annual results that all three divisions of the group were profitable and two thirds of the 2022 pipeline were already booked for Technicolor Creative Studios, evidencing the dynamism of the film sector driven by
2385-433: The unpredictable, non-standard optical traits of toy cameras (such as light leaks and irregular lens alignment), and non-standard film processing techniques for aesthetic effect. Similar-looking techniques with digital photography, often involving "lomo" image filters in post-processing, may also be considered Lomographic. While cheap plastic toy cameras using film were and are produced by multiple manufacturers, Lomography
2438-523: The virtues of the Diana camera in its own right as an "art" producing image maker. Several books have also featured the work of toy cameras such as The Friends of Photography's The Diana Show, Iowa by Nancy Rexroth , and Angels at the Arno by Eric Lindbloom. Lomography is a photographic style which involves taking spontaneous photographs with minimal attention to technical details. Lomographic images often exploit
2491-534: The worldwide rights to the RCA brand. On 29 January 2009 Thomson announced its intention to sell the PRN and Grass Valley businesses to focus on services business and improve its financial position. This was one of the consequences of an enormous financial crisis in 2009, which forced the company to a total financial restructuring to avoid bankruptcy. From 2010 to February 2011, "Technicolor" (having rebranded itself) divested these sub-businesses: Grass Valley and Broadcast to
2544-575: Was closed on November 20 same year. On 15 September 2015 Technicolor acquired London-based The Mill for €259 million, or $ 293.4 million. On 13 November 2015 Technicolor acquired the North American optical disc manufacturing and distribution assets from Cinram Group, Inc. for approximately €40 million. In July 2018, Technicolor closed the sale of its Patent Licensing business to InterDigital for $ 475m and in February 2019, announced it has received
2597-535: Was formed in Paris, a sister company to GE in the United States. It was from this company that the modern Thomson Group would evolve. In 1966, CFTH merged with Hotchkiss-Brandt to form Thomson-Houston-Hotchkiss-Brandt (soon renamed Thomson-Brandt). In 1968, the electronics business of Thomson-Brandt merged with Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) to form Thomson-CSF . Thomson Brandt kept approximately 40% of
2650-680: Was founded in 1992 by a group of Viennese students interested in the LC-A, a camera created by LOMO PLC of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Lomography started as an art movement through which the students put on exhibitions of photos; the art movement then developed into the Lomographische AG, a commercial enterprise. Lomography is a commercial company headquartered in Vienna, Austria, which sells cameras, accessories, and film. Lomography signed an exclusive distribution agreement with LOMO PLC in 1995 — becoming
2703-537: Was inspired by a Grass Valley executive's trip to Fry's Electronics in Burbank to buy a computer backup device. The product failed to take market share from the predominant players in News Acquisition, Sony and Panasonic. It was too heavy and used too much power, which reduced battery life and increased heat. Its production was discontinued in 2010. Also in 2005, Thomson marketing executive Nicholas de Wolff developed
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#17328445143952756-587: Was primarily an alternative format used for the production of lower-budgeted film, mainly those in the horror and western genres. It also is useful for films using many miniatures such as the Gerry Anderson puppet production Thunderbirds Are Go as this format gives increased depth of focus without requiring huge amounts of light required when the aperture is made very small. Since the format originated in Italy, most Techniscope format films were European productions. In
2809-429: Was that it yielded a 35 mm-quality image (from which could be derived natural 2.35:1 and 1.85:1 aspect ratio images) for the same cost as Super 16 mm cinematography. Mr Crumplin established MovieLab to provide telecine and film processing and printing services, and, with engineer Bruce McNaughton of The Aranda Group, Victoria, Australia, engineered and produced Arriflex BL1 and Arriflex IIC 35 mm cameras for
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