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93-616: The peak of its popularity was towards the end of the 19th century until the start of the Mexican Revolution, being an important center of artistic activity where the most famous artist of the time appeared. The Teatro Juárez has been the main venue of the Festival Internacional Cervantino since 1972. The Teatro Juarez was built on lands formerly occupied by the Emporio Hotel, demolished in 1872, and before that by

186-583: A 57% increase over 2009 with hotel occupancy alone up 39%. The total number of visitors in 2010 is estimated at 179,000, with 463,000 tickets to events sold. In addition to the events in Guanajuato proper, there were another 125,000 attendees to related activities in 37 cities and seventeen states in Mexico. Being named after Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes , the Festival has a special emphasis on artistic creations in

279-588: A 73% discount on tickets for selected acts. There is an event to bring together children and Mexican poets and a performance of A magic flute for children by the French ensemble Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord . In 2011, the Festival scheduled its first Art Book Fair, focusing on books about the visual and theatrical arts. Based on the program sponsored by the Lucerne Festival , the Cervantino Academy's purpose

372-575: A breakfast with him, during which the former president advised De la Madrid to invite the leading figures of the economic sectors to the National Palace so that they could talk to each other and agree on proposals to overcome the crisis. After leaving office, Carlos Salinas de Gortari , the president from 1988 to 1994, publicly accused Echeverría of inspiring the March 1994 murder of their party's presidential candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio , and of leading

465-660: A collection of such artifacts). Fox appointed Gertz as chief of the Federal Police . In 2002, Echeverría was the first political official called to testify before the Mexican justice system for the Tlatelolco massacre of students in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco in 1968. On 23 July 2006, a special prosecutor indicted Echeverría and requested his arrest for allegedly ordering

558-465: A conspiracy against Salinas's reformist allies in the party, which had led to a systemic political and economic crisis. Salinas claimed that Echeverría pressed him to replace the murdered candidate Colosio with an old-guard figure. Echeverría's brother-in-law, Rubén Zuno Arce , was convicted by a California court in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison for his role in the Guadalajara drug cartel and

651-575: A form of racial discrimination. This resulted in a tourism boycott by the U.S. Jewish community against Mexico, which made visible internal and external conflicts of Echeverría's politics. Echeverría's presidency rode a wave of anger by citizens in Northwestern Mexico against the United States for its use (and perceived misappropriation) of water from the Colorado River , which drains much of

744-582: A large margin when the Security Council voted on 7 December 1976. The PRC did cast one symbolic Security Council veto against Waldheim in the first round, but voted in the Austrian's favor in the second round. Echeverría received only 3 votes to Waldheim's 14, with only Panama abstaining. Echeverría designated José López Portillo , his finance minister and childhood friend, as the PRI's presidential candidate in

837-411: A massive program of populist political and economic reform, nationalizing the mining and electrical industries, redistributing private land in the states of Sinaloa and Sonora to peasants, imposing limits on foreign investment, and extending Mexico's maritime Economic Exclusion Zone to 200 nautical miles (370 km). State spending on health, housing construction, education, and food subsidies

930-417: A structural matter, the government created a new agency to deal with the environment, which in later administrations became a full cabinet-level ministry. The Echeverría administration was characterized by growing political violence : As a consequence of numerous student and youth protest movements during his administration, President Echeverría attempted to neutralize politicized youth. In late 1971, after

1023-445: A total of 36 countries and had strong ties with the communist and socialist governments of Cuba and Chile respectively. Echeverría visited Cuba in 1975. Also, Mexico provided political asylum to many political refugees from South American countries who fled their country's repressive military dictatorships; among them Hortensia Bussi , the widow of former Chilean President Salvador Allende . Moreover, he condemned Zionism and allowed

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1116-406: A various types of informative material. Most of the events related to the Festival occur in Guanajuato, but some events such as dance, plays and concerts are presented live or are transmitted to other areas of the country. These include national and international acts. The Más Allá de Guanajuato (Beyond Guanajuato) program to bring Cervantino cultural events to other parts of the country, free to

1209-461: Is a notable example of Mexican Neoclassical architecture from the nineteenth century, but also presents eclectic elements such as the classic Doric columns and the Oriental style of the interior design. The entrance features several lampposts in front of a staircase and flanked by two bronze statues of lions by sculptor Jesús Fructuoso Contreras . Bronze statues of the classical muses are installed on

1302-458: Is believed to have been seen by around 10 million people of Mexico's then-population of 48 million. He avoided criticizing Díaz Ordaz's administration, and barely mentioned his main opponent, the PAN 's Efraín González Morfín . He also stated that his government would avoid attempting to curb Mexico's population growth, which was expected to double in the coming decade, stating it was a personal matter, not

1395-488: Is dedicated to the environment, with a theme of “The Gifts of Nature” and special guests Denmark , Finland , Sweden , Norway and Nayarit . Artists include The Oslo Camerata , Geir Henning Braaten , Knut Reiersrud , Mari Boine , a dramatization of Il Postino by Pablo Neruda , the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra focusing on 19th century Russian music, especially Tchaikovsky ,

1488-550: Is still in charge today, working with the Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes , el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes and the Instituto de Cultura de Guanajuato . In 1978, Juan Carlos and Sofía of Spain attended as guests of honor. Initially, the city of Guanajuato was only the host, with local artistic groups not participating in the event. However, efforts were soon made to lobby for their inclusion, especially by

1581-854: Is to train professional level instrumentalists in classical and contemporary music. The program sponsors individual students, classes, workshops, practice sessions and concerts, including at the Festival Cervantino, both by small ensembles as well as in an orchestra. Participants are under thirty and are selected by audition. The program has invited maestros from both Mexico and abroad, including Irvine Arditti , Steve Schick , Norio Sato and Salvatore Sciarrino . The program attracts students from various countries in Latin America, including Guatemala , Brazil, Cuba, and Bolivia as well as Mexico. Prior Festival events and shows related to artists scheduled to perform in upcoming festivals are shown through

1674-586: The American Southwest before crossing into Mexico. The established treaty between the U.S. and Mexico called for the U.S. to allow a specified volume of water, 1.85 cubic kilometres (0.44 cu mi), to pass the U.S.-Mexican border , but it did not establish any quality levels. Throughout the 20th century, the United States, through its water policy managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation , had developed wide-ranging irrigation along

1767-663: The DeMUG Baroque Ensemble , and an exhibition of Oaxacan painter Francisco Toledo in the Museo del Pueblo. The 2011 event cost 122 million pesos to set up, with most of the money coming from CONACULTA and the rest from the state of Guanajuato , the University of Guanajuato and the city of Guanajuato . The 2014 performance was opened by taiko drumming group Tokyo Dagekidan , a performance attended by Japan's Prince Fumihito Akishino and his wife Kiko . The 2020 festival

1860-794: The Edinburgh International Festival and The Anglo Mexican Foundation . Two activities in 2010 were a contest of photos taken with cell phones and another contest of short electronic music pieces, both of which were launched over the Internet. Winners received trips to the Edinburgh International Festival , the first and largest international cultural event of its type in the world. A number of performers and academic activities are scheduled with young audiences in mind. These include rock and electronic music concerts with dance and theater events. In 2011, these included German electronic music groups Moonbootica and Schlachthofbronx sponsored by

1953-651: The Goethe Institute and rock musicians Sierra León , Finde , El Otro Yo and Rubick . Theatre for youth include Vivarium Studio performing L éffet de Serge, Mauricio García Lozano and Teatro Farfullero presenting La pequeña habitación al final de la escalera and Circo Aereo and Les Objets Volants , a Finnish /French group with acrobats, comedians and other circus performers. Other events for youth include DJ Frivolous and DJ Kid Koala from Canada and German artist Brandt Brauer Frick who mixes electronic and acoustic sounds. University students can get up to

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2046-533: The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1944. He eventually became the private secretary of the party president, Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada  [ es ] , which allowed him to rise in the hierarchy of the party and acquire his first political offices. Echeverría was Deputy Secretary of the Interior during Adolfo López Mateos 's presidency, with Gustavo Díaz Ordaz as Secretary of

2139-477: The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), who served as the 57th president of Mexico from 1970 to 1976. Previously, he was Secretary of the Interior from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his death in 2022, he was his country's oldest living former head of state. Echeverría was a long-time CIA asset, known by the cryptonym, LITEMPO-8. His tenure as Secretary of the Interior during the Díaz Ordaz administration

2232-788: The Palestine Liberation Organization to open an office in the capital. Echeverría used his position as president to promote the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace , which was adopted by the 1975 World Conference on Women held in Mexico City. Also in 1975, the Mexican delegation to the United Nations voted in favour of General Assembly Resolution 3379 , which equated Zionism with South Africa's apartheid and condemned it as

2325-984: The Teatro Cervantes , the Patio of the Faculty of Industrial Relations, the State Auditorium, the Plaza San Roque, the Esplanade of the Alhondiga , the Teatro de Minas , the Valenciana Church and the Ex-Hacienda of San Gabriel de Barrera . In addition, seven museum spaces are used for exhibitions such as those of photography. The event represents a tourist and economic windfall for the city, which brought in 423 million pesos in 2010,

2418-555: The University of Guanajuato began to put on an annual event called the Entremeses de Miguel de Cervantes Saaevedra, short plays written by the author of Don Quixote . These plays are still part of the annual Festival. In 1972, he founded the Coloquio Cervantino from June to September to expand the annual Entremeses event. Ruelas's efforts came to the attention of the federal government through actress Dolores del Río . While in

2511-474: The 1970s, as national security advisor, and Juan José Bremer  [ es ] (Echeverría's personal secretary) as ambassador to the United States. The most controversial was Alejandro Gertz Manero , who had been accused by the Mexican press of bearing responsibility for the suicide of a museum owner in 1972, as Gertz, then working for Echeverría's attorney general, attempted to confiscate his private collection of pre-Hispanic artifacts (Echeverría also had

2604-538: The 1976 general election and, in effect, as his successor in the presidency. The PRI unveiled López Portillo's candidacy on 22 September 1975, choosing him over Porfirio Muñoz Ledo and Interior Minister Mario Moya Palencia . López Portillo and Echeverría were in the same age cohort, but López Portillo was not a practiced politician. He had been groomed from early on in Echeverría's term to be his successor and had no power base himself, whereas Moya Palencia and Muñoz Ledo had

2697-670: The 1980s, these included Lazar Berman , Mercedes Sosa , the New York Philharmonic , Joan Baez , Gilbert Bécaud , Mario Lavista , Guillermo Velázquez , Los Leones de la Sierra de Xichú , the National Ballet of Canada , Nikolais Dance Theater , the Bolshoi Ballet , Sankai Juku , Theater Scena STU (Poland) and the Marionette Theatre of Hungary . In 1989, the city became a World Heritage Site which allowed most of

2790-450: The 1980s. Under the banner of tercermundismo (" Third Worldism "), a reorientation took place in Mexican foreign policy during Echeverría's presidential term. He showed his solidarity with the developing nations and tried to establish Mexico as the defender of Third World interests. The aims of Echeverría's foreign policy were to diversify Mexico's economic links and to fight for a more equal and just international order. He visited

2883-501: The 2000s, the custom of having Mexican states and foreign countries and regions as “special guests” began. In 2001, the invited region was Oceania along with Veracruz . Acts featured during those years included Hélène Grimaud , Eugenio Toussaint , Juan Fornell and Los Van Van , the Vienna Symphony Virtuosi , Enrique Bunbury , Los Tigres del Norte , Panteón Rococó , Meno Fortas and Les 7 doigts de la main . The city

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2976-636: The Corpus Christi massacre and the Avándaro Rock Festival , Echeverría famously issued a ban on almost every form of rock music recorded by Mexican bands . The ban (also known as "Avandarazo" because it was in response to the Avándaro Rock Festival, which had been criticized by the conservative sectors of the PRI) included forbidding the recording of most forms of rock music by national groups and

3069-670: The Dirty War and Corpus Christi massacre, and his administration's economic mismanagement and response to the financial crisis of 1976. His suspected role in the Tlatelolco Massacre prior to his presidency has also damaged his reputation. Numerous opinion polls and analyses have ranked him as one of the worst presidents in the modern history of Mexico . Echeverría was born in Mexico City to Rodolfo Echeverría Esparza and Catalina Álvarez Gayou on 17 January 1922. His paternal grandfather

3162-437: The Festival takes place, has historically had a large cultural scene in relation to its size. The richness of the mines in colonial times started a tradition of theaters and other cultural venues to satisfy the desires of the middle and upper classes. The city has a tradition of hosting musical, theatrical and dance events not only in its numerous theaters but also in its many small plazas with benches. In 1953, Enrique Ruelas of

3255-426: The Festival's television, radio and website. A channel called TV FIC or Canal Cervantino was created on channel 157 of Cablevision to broadcast archived footage of past festivals and performances by those scheduled to perform the upcoming year. Microsoft sponsors the Festival's web page as well as an online radio station called Radio FIC which offers online archives of music, video and photographic works, as well as

3348-561: The Interior . After Díaz Ordaz left the Secretariat in November 1963 to become the presidential candidate of the PRI for the 1964 elections , Echeverría was appointed Secretary of the Interior to serve during the remainder of the López Mateos administration. Once Díaz Ordaz took office as president, he confirmed Echeverría as Secretary of the Interior, where he remained until November 1969. He

3441-451: The Interior, Jesús Reyes Heroles , kept the president abreast of Echeverría's overstepping boundaries, such as use of the presidential telephone network, visits to ministers, and meetings with political elites at his residence. Reyes Heroles took a series of steps to outflank Echeverría, including recording his conversations on the presidential telephone network and suggesting the replacement of officials supportive of Echeverría. Echeverría

3534-582: The Mesón de San Antonio. It is planned to contain an Internet café with large lounge chairs and wireless services for those with mobile devices. Microsoft sponsors a set of academic lectures about what's new in technology and art, games and everyday life. Much of the festival is set up to attract young people from children to university age. The Cervantino Program for Youth sponsors programs for this age group as well as other activities. It has an annual Artistic Creativity Contest for Youth put on in collaboration with

3627-456: The Presea FIC was instituted to recognize the work of Mexican and foreign artists for their contributions to culture. The prize is symbolized by a statue designed by Vicente Rojo, which is awarded during the opening ceremonies. The first was awarded to Luis Herrera de la Fuente . To promote a link between culture and technology, the Festival and Microsoft México sponsor a Technology Pavilion at

3720-681: The Presidency of the Republic– told Echeverría that he possessed a list of the forty most important men in Mexico and that it was necessary to "declare war on them" and arrest them that night, but Echeverría rejected the suggestion. In this context, in October 1976 Echeverría made an agreement with the International Monetary Fund , which accepted to give Mexico financial aid of up to 1,200 million dollars, and in exchange Mexico committed to correct

3813-609: The San Diego de Alcalá convent of the Discalced Franciscan monks, demolished in 1861. Construction of the theater started in 1873. The original design of the portico by architect José María Noriega was later modified by Antonio Rivas Mercado. It was inaugurated on October 27, 1903, by president Porfirio Díaz . The opening performance was Verdi's Aída , presented by the company of Italian impresario Ettore Drog, and directed by Giorgio Polacco and Napoleón Sieni. The theater

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3906-619: The Spanish language, with the original tradition of performing this writer's “entremeses” plays upheld by the University Theater of Guanajuato. The international aspect is to create a space for discovery and exchange. The Ballet Folklorico de Mexico under Amalia Hernández has performed every year since the beginning. Acts have been booked from all parts of the world of a wide variety from classical music, Mexican folk dance, Chinese acrobats and more. The event attracts artists from all over

3999-493: The Tlatelolco and Corpus Christi massacres, but the charges against him were dismissed in 2009. Echeverría is one of the most controversial and least popular presidents in the history of Mexico. Supporters have praised his populist policies such as a more enthusiastic application of land redistribution than his predecessor Díaz Ordaz, expansion of social security, and instigating Mexico's first environmental protection laws. Detractors have criticized institutional violence such as

4092-540: The United Nations . Echeverría strained relations with Israel (and American Jews ) after supporting a UN resolution that condemned Zionism . Domestically, Echeverría led the country during a period of significant economic growth, with the Mexican economy aided by high oil prices , and growing at a yearly rate of 6.1%. He aggressively promoted the development of infrastructure projects such as new maritime ports in Lázaro Cárdenas and Ciudad Madero . His presidency

4185-457: The United Nations . Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim of Austria was running for a second term in the 1976 Secretary-General selection . Although Secretaries-General usually run unopposed, the People's Republic of China expressed dissatisfaction that a European headed an organization that had a Third World majority. On 18 October 1976, Echeverría entered the race against Waldheim. He was defeated by

4278-693: The United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War . He offered political asylum to Hortensia Bussi and other refugees of Augusto Pinochet 's dictatorship in Chile, established diplomatic relations and a close collaboration with the People's Republic of China after visiting Beijing and meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai , and tried to use Mao's influence among Asian and African nations in an ultimately failed attempt to become Secretary-General of

4371-541: The Universidad de Guanajuato, and now artists from this university and other parts of the city and state regularly appear. Since 1982, the festival has diminished somewhat in size, mostly because of reduced funding. Another issue that arose was that the festival had become very popular with backpackers, who slept in the streets and caused problems for local residents. However, it remained a very important event, attracting notable acts and up to 140 journalists to cover it. In

4464-454: The actors and support staff are locals with that thirty participants in each event. The project is based on the original Entremeses Cervantinos done by Enrique Ruelos starting in the 1950s which relied on community participation to produce plays such as those by Shakespeare but modified to the local culture. The performances are planned and executed with communities where there are high levels of crime and family instability and violence, mostly in

4557-531: The artists David Alfaro Siqueiros and José Clemente Orozco . After a five-year engagement, Zuno and Echeverría, a law student at the time, were married on 2 January 1945. José López Portillo served as their witness. Echeverría studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico , and obtained his degree in 1945. Echeverría joined the university's faculty in 1947 and taught political theory and constitutional law . Echeverría joined

4650-572: The attack that killed and wounded many student demonstrators during a protest in Mexico City over education funding on 10 June 1971. The incident became known as the Corpus Christi massacre for the feast day on which it took place, but also as the Halconazo ("Falcon Strike") since the special unit involved was called Los Halcones ("The Falcons"). The evidence against Echeverría appeared to be based on documents that allegedly show that he ordered

4743-542: The city of Guanajuato, she came across the Entremeses being performed at the Plaza San Roque and was fascinated. Around the same time, former president Luis Echeverría had attended cultural festivals in Europe and was interested in doing something similar in Mexico. Through Echeverría's cousin, Del Río relayed what she had seen in Guanajuato. The federal government then established the foundation for an international cultural festival, originally proposing it for Acapulco . However,

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4836-715: The city's colonial and late 19th-century architecture, including its theatres, to be restored. During the 1990s, the festival featured acts such as the Guitar Trio of Amsterdam , Voices of Change , the Vienna Quintet , Guadalupe Pineda , Krzysztof Jakowicz , Krystyna Borucinska , Kronos Quartet , Madredeus , the Open Theater of Belgrade , the Lindsay Kemp Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company . In

4929-573: The city's plazas. In 1972, the festival was expanded with federal support to include more events to add a more international flavor. Since then, FIC has grown to become the most important international artistic and cultural event in Mexico and Latin America , and one of four major events of its type in the world. It is a member of the European Festivals Association and the Asian Association of Theater Festivals In addition to government support, there are also private sponsors such as Telmex , Televisa and Microsoft . The city of Guanajuato, where

5022-415: The creation of the state-run company PROQUIVEMEX came as the importance of Mexico to the industry was waning. During Echeverría's administration, a new Federal Election Law was approved which lowered the number of members a party needed to become officially registered from 75,000 to 65,000, introduced a permanent voting card, and established the minimum age for candidacy for elected office at 21 (down from

5115-419: The election, a couple of devaluations of the peso reflected the financial issues of the Echeverría administration, and his last months in office were marked by a general sense of economic malaise. Between 1954 and 1976, successive governments had maintained the value of the peso at 12.50 to the U.S. dollar. On 30 August 1976, as a result of the mounting economic problems, the Echeverría administration devalued

5208-452: The event due to the lack of infrastructure. Elizabeth II and the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh attended the event in 1975. By decree, an organizing committee was set up in 1976 under the Secretaría de Educación Pública, the state and city of Guanajuato and the University of Guanajuato to invite artists from Mexico and abroad. Some of the first invited by this committee were Mario Moreno Cantinflas and Dolores del Río . This committee

5301-496: The first in a series of governments that faced severe economic crises over the ensuing two decades. During his period in office, the country's external debt soared from US$ 6 billion in 1970 to US$ 20 billion in 1976. By 1976, for every dollar that Mexico received from exports, 31 cents had to be allocated to the payment of interest and amortizations on the external debt. The balance of services, which traditionally had registered surpluses and had been used to partly finance

5394-445: The first national environmental law in 1971. Attention on the environmental impacts came from academics at the National Autonomous University , the National Polytechnic Institute , and the Colegio de México as well as interest in the 1969 U.S. National Environmental Policy Act . The government enacted a series of regulations to control atmospheric pollution, as well as issuing new quality standards for surface and coastal waters. As

5487-437: The formation of special army units that committed the killings and that he had received regular updates about the episode and its aftermath from his chief of secret police. At the time, the government argued police forces and civilian demonstrators were attacked and people on both sides killed by armed civilians, who were convicted and later freed because of a general amnesty . After the political transition of 2000, Echeverría

5580-434: The imbalances of its balance of payments and to follow an orthodox economic policy for the following three years, which included measures such as increases in public rates and taxes, as well as wage freezes. There is some controversy as to whether the President-elect López Portillo was informed of this agreement with the IMF, which was essentially dictating key aspects of his economic policy before he could take office, and it

5673-429: The influence of the politicians promoting it. The Cervantino had its greatest growth from 1976 to 1982, during the presidency of José López Portillo because of the efforts of his wife, Carmen Romano, who promoted it abroad. It quickly gained the attention of noted artists, with Berlin Philharmonic director Herbert von Karajan offering to appear at no cost. Initially the city of Guanajuato had difficulties in hosting

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5766-436: The intellectual authors of the massacre, in which hundreds of unarmed protestors were killed by the Mexican Army . The following year, Díaz Ordaz appointed Echeverría as his designated successor to the presidency, and he won in the 1970 general election . Echeverría was one of the most high-profile presidents in Mexico's post-war history; he attempted to become a leader of the so-called " Third World ", countries unaligned with

5859-421: The left because he did not bring the perpetrators of the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre to justice. On 8 October 1974, Echeverría issued a decree creating the new states of Baja California Sur and Quintana Roo , which had previously been federal territories . After decades of economic growth under his predecessors, the Echeverría administration oversaw an economic crisis during its final months, becoming

5952-621: The murder of a U.S. federal agent seven years earlier. Echeverría repeatedly requested President Carlos Salinas to pressure Washington for Zuno Arce's release, but to no avail. After the defeat of the PRI in the general elections of July 2000, it emerged that Vicente Fox (the president from 2000 to 2006) had met privately with Echeverría at the latter's home in Mexico City numerous times during his presidential campaign in 1999 and 2000. Fox appointed several Echeverría loyalists to top positions in his government, including Adolfo Aguilar Zínser , who headed Echeverría's "Third World University" in

6045-432: The negative trade balance, entered into deficit for the first time in 1975 and 1976. Despite this, the Mexican economy grew by 6.1%, and important infrastructure and public works projects were completed after stalling for decades. Echeverría nationalized the barbasco industry during his tenure. Wild barbasco was the natural source of hormones that were the key component in the contraceptive pill . Nationalization and

6138-467: The opera was performed with its original English libretto and its final title. Festival Internacional Cervantino The Festival Internacional Cervantino (FIC), popularly known as El Cervantino , is a festival which takes place each fall in the city of Guanajuato , located in central Mexico . The festival originates from the mid 20th century, when short plays by Miguel de Cervantes called entremeses (singular entremés ) were performed in

6231-521: The peso by 59.2%, leaving it with a value of 19.90 to the dollar. Two months later, the peso was devalued for a second time, now down to a rate of 26.60 to the dollar. Future President Miguel de la Madrid , who was then Subsecretary of Finance, stated in his autobiography that in those last months President Echeverría had an "unstable" mood and would sometimes fall asleep during cabinet meetings; De la Madrid also recounted that, at one of such meetings in that period, Fausto Loredo Zapata –then Subsecretary of

6324-587: The president if he was sure of his decision and Díaz Ordaz replied, "Why do you ask? It's the most important decision of my life and I've thought it over well." On 8 November 1969, Echeverría was officially announced as the presidential candidate of the PRI. Although Echeverría was a hardliner in Díaz Ordaz's administration and considered responsible for the Tlatelolco massacre, he became "immediately obsessed with making people forget that he had ever done it." During his campaign, Echeverría adopted populist rhetoric, personally campaigning in over 850 municipalities, and

6417-452: The president on 3 July 1969 but ratified by Congress on 10 December 2001 and coming into effect 90 days later, which states that genocide has no statute of limitations, could not be applied retroactively to Echeverría's case since only Congress can make such agreements part of the legal system. While difficult to obtain a prosecution, the prosecution argued before the Supreme Court that political conditions prevented an earlier prosecution,

6510-461: The previous age of 30). Following PRI tradition, Echeverría handpicked his successor for the Presidency, and chose his Finance Minister and childhood friend, José López Portillo , to be the PRI's presidential candidate for the 1976 elections . Due to a series of events and an internal conflict in the opposition party PAN , López Portillo was the only candidate in the Presidential election, which he won unopposed. The Echeverría government adopted

6603-540: The prohibition of its sales in retail stores, as well as forbidding live rock concerts and the airplay of rock songs. International rock music was initially not as affected by this ban, but after a 1975 concert at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City by the band Chicago ended with turbulence (due to oversold tickets) and police repression, president Echeverría issued a temporary ban on all concerts by American musicians in Mexico. The ban on domestic rock music lasted for many years, and it only began to be gradually lifted in

6696-683: The public. As of 2014, the program has sponsored events in over 100 venues in 26 states and the Federal District. These include schools, cultural center, libraries and correctional institutions. Much of this activity is made possible through a collaboration with CONACULTA and the Secretaría de Educación Pública. The Ruelos Project, named after the founder of the Entremeses Cervantinos, was created in 2014 to pair artists with disadvantaged communities. The Festival provides logistical support but

6789-429: The river, which had led to progressively higher levels of salinity in the water as it moved downstream. By the late 1960s, the high salinity of the water crossing into Mexico had resulted in the ruin of large tracts of the irrigated land along the lower Colorado. In 1976, Echeverría sought to parlay his Third World credentials and relationship with the recently deceased Mao Zedong into becoming Secretary-General of

6882-583: The roof above the entrance. The statues are 3.5m high and were ordered from Ohio. Due to a long delay in delivery, it was decided to install only eight of the nine muses, although the missing one, Erato, might be represented in Urania's globe. In October 1999 the world premiere of the final version of the opera The Visitors by Carlos Chávez took place in the Teatro Juárez during the Festival Cervantino. Conducted by José Areán with stage direction by Sergio Vela ,

6975-427: The special guests as they celebrated their bicentennials in the same year. The 2010 version had 3,161 artists from 31 countries, with special emphasis on traditional Mexican music and dance. The 2011 version brought together 2,800 artists from 29 countries, in genres such as classical and folk music to techno , open-air theatre, expositions, recent plays and other works from the 20th century by well-known writers. It

7068-458: The special prosecutor's assertion of genocide-based special circumstances. The special prosecutor said that he would appeal the judge's decision. On 24 February 2005, the Supreme Court of Justice decided 4–1 that the statute of limitations (30 years) had expired by the time the prosecution began and that Mexico's ratification by Congress in 2002 of the convention on 26 November 1968, signed by

7161-451: The state of Guanajuato. They have also worked with prison populations. Ray Charles (1980) 21°1′3.74″N 101°15′23.99″W  /  21.0177056°N 101.2566639°W  / 21.0177056; -101.2566639 Luis Echeverr%C3%ADa Luis Echeverría Álvarez ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlwis etʃeβeˈri.a ˈalβaɾes] ; 17 January 1922 – 8 July 2022) was a Mexican lawyer, academic, and politician affiliated with

7254-483: The state's. He defined himself as "neither to the right, nor to the left, nor in a static center, but onward and upward." Echeverría won the election with over 80% of the popular vote, as was entirely expected by international observers. Echeverría assumed the presidency on December 1, 1970. Echeverría was the first president born after the Mexican Revolution . Once inaugurated as president, he embarked on

7347-674: The support of many senior PRI politicians and office holders, as well as independent power bases. López Portillo ran unopposed, since the Popular Socialist Party (PPS) and the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), both PRI satellite parties, supported his candidacy, while the right-wing National Action Party (PAN) was unable to nominate a presidential candidate due to internal conflicts. The Mexican Communist Party (PCM) nominated Valentín Campa as its presidential candidate, but this party had no official registry and

7440-430: The tradition of the Entremeses was the main reason why Guanajuato was eventually chosen, meshing the two ideas to produce the modern event for the first time in 1972 with performances by artists from fourteen countries including Mexico. For this reason, this year is considered the foundation of the event. The Festival in its current form was a governmental effort, with the 1972 edition attracting interest solely because of

7533-492: The world each year in order to present typical aspects of culture from each country. Acts include those from genres such as opera, music, dance, theatre, street spectaculars, visual arts, film and literature along with various academic events. The Festival has an agreement with the MUTEK Festival of Montreal with the aim of presenting newer acts to the audiences in Mexico especially in the field of electronic music. In 2010,

7626-458: The world. However, problems with large crowds of mostly young people, drinking in public remains a problem, especially for the local populace. The 38th edition of the Festival in 2010 was dedicated to Mexico's Bicentennial of Independence and Centennial of the Revolution . Three states, Chihuahua , Michoacán and Querétaro , along with three countries, Argentina , Colombia and Chile , were

7719-426: Was Francisco de Paula Echeverría y Dorantes, a military doctor. He was the brother of actor Rodolfo Landa . He was of Basque descent. One of his childhood friends was José López Portillo , who would eventually succeed him as president of Mexico. Echeverría met María Esther Zuno at the home of the artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo , with whom they were friends. The couple's social circle also included

7812-487: Was also characterized by authoritarian methods including death flights , the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre against student protesters, the Dirty War against leftist dissent in the country (despite Echeverría adopting a left-populist rhetoric), and an economic crisis that occurred in Mexico near the end of his term due to a devaluation of the peso . In 2006, he was indicted and ordered under house arrest for his role in

7905-399: Was also significantly increased, and the percentage of the population covered by the social security system was doubled. Shortly after his term began, he issued an amnesty to all those arrested during the 1968 protests, which is believed to have been an attempt to disassociate himself with the massacre. The last 20 prisoners from the protests were released on December 20, 1971. He enraged

7998-406: Was ambassador to Australia and New Zealand from 1978 to 1979. Despite not keeping influence over López Portillo after their break, Echeverría continued to have some influence in Mexican politics. Miguel de la Madrid , president from 1982 to 1988, said in his autobiography that the idea for his 1987 Pact of Economic Solidarity [es] to contain inflation came from a suggestion made by Echeverría at

8091-434: Was barred from elections at the time, so Campa's candidacy was not officially recognized and he ran as a write-in candidate . In private, López Portillo's aides expressed their hope that president Echeverría could become Secretary-General of the United Nations so that he would be out of the country for most of López Portillo's term and therefore would be unable to try to influence the latter's administration. Shortly after

8184-403: Was charged with genocide by the special prosecutor, an untested charge in the Mexican legal system, partly because the statute of limitations for charges of homicide had expired (charges of genocide under Mexican law have no statute of limitations since 2002). On 24 July 2004, a judge refused to issue an arrest warrant for Echeverría because of the statute of limitations, apparently rejecting

8277-495: Was declared the Cervantino Capital of America in 2005, which prompted the federal government to issue a commemorative silver coin. However, problems with the lack of funds and organizational issues brought the event to a crisis by 2006. There were structural and financial changes made during the rest of that decade, and by 2010, the Festival was able to recuperate much of its former status, attracting major artists from around

8370-449: Was marked by an increase in political repression. Dissident journalists, politicians, and activists were subjected to censorship, arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings . This culminated with the Tlatelolco massacre of 2 October 1968, which ruptured the Mexican student movement ; Díaz Ordaz, Echeverría, and Secretary of Defense Marcelino Garcia Barragán have been considered as

8463-598: Was one of four ministers retained by Díaz Ordaz from López Mateos' cabinet. Echeverría maintained a hard line against student protesters throughout 1968. Clashes between the government and protesters culminated in the Tlatelolco massacre in October 1968, a few days before the 1968 Summer Olympics were held in Mexico City . On 22 October 1969, Díaz Ordaz summoned Alfonso Martínez Domínguez —the PRI party president—and other party leaders to his office in Los Pinos to reveal Echeverría as his successor. Martínez Domínguez asked

8556-577: Was presented online from October 14 to 18 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico . The events happen in the forty nine theatres, plazas and other venues in the city, with satellite events in other plazas in the state and other cities in the country. The Festival in the city of Guanajuato takes advantage of these numerous venues, indoor and outdoor which include the Teatro Juárez , the Teatro Principal ,

8649-585: Was reported that Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma , his first Minister of Finance, even denied the existence of such an agreement with the IMF shortly after he was appointed. In any case, on 23 December 1976 the López Portillo government ratified the agreement with the IMF after a heated debate with his cabinet. Echeverría imposed appointees on the new president, such as Hermenegildo Cuenca Díaz  [ es ] for governor of Baja California. López Portillo's Minister of

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