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61-534: Archaeological investigations indicate that Tazumal was inhabited from the Classic period through to the Postclassic and that the site had links as far afield as central Mexico, the northern Yucatán Peninsula and lower Central America. Metal artifacts from the complex date to the 8th century AD and are among the earliest metal artifacts reported from Mesoamerica. Tazumal is situated within the municipality of Chalchuapa in

122-520: A basal platform, called the Great Platform by Boggs, that measures 73 by 87 metres (240 by 285 ft) (east-west by north-south). The pyramid was surveyed in 2003–2004. A 30 metres (98 ft) long platform runs north-south along the western facade of the pyramid and a platform of similar length runs east-west along the north side of the structure. These two side platforms were originally built as separate structures but were later incorporated into

183-416: A cylindrical ceramic vessel with a polychrome bowl placed upon it like a lid. Within the vessel were two larger pieces of jade and 50 smaller jade fragments, a fragment of seashell and a fragment of snail shell, various pieces of animal bone, mica and traces of red pigment. The offering was covered with a slab of stone. The cylindrical vessel was decorated with two panels, each containing a personage wearing

244-514: A direct Pipil presence, judging by the level of evidence. After 1200, Tazumal was largely abandoned, with occupation shifting westwards towards the centre of what is now the modern town of Chalchuapa. Chalchuapa was still occupied at the time of the Spanish conquest , at which time its inhabitants were Poqomam Maya . The Pokomam are believed to have been relatively late settlers in Chalchuapa, postdating

305-415: A headdress and performing autosacrifice. Structure B1-1 is believed to have developed from a central temple and platforms on each side in the cardinal directions, with the west platforms serving as the main approach. As the complex developed, the space between the platforms was filled to form the Great Platform, the earliest version of which measured 65 by 74 metres (213 by 243 ft). The main pyramid B1-1

366-550: A jaguar effigy sculpture and an anthropomorphic sculpture depicting the central Mexican deity Xipe Totec . These artefacts are stylistically similar to artefacts from central Mexico and the northern Yucatán Peninsula. One of the crude chacmool sculptures is housed in the Museo Nacional de Antropología in San Salvador ; the other is in private ownership. Three gold ornaments have been excavated from Tazumal. They were created using

427-645: A marker of elite status. It has been suggested that Mesoamerican metal smiths produced particular alloys with the chief aim of exploiting the alloys’ emergent color properties, particularly the vivid gold tones produced through infusion of tin, and the silver shades that develop at high arsenic concentrations. Notably, certain artifacts from West Mexico contain tin or arsenic at concentrations as high as 23 weight percent, while concentrations of alloying elements at roughly 2 to 5 weight percent are typically adequate for augmented strength and mechanical utility. Metal smiths in pre-Columbian West Mexico particularly exploited

488-645: A range of courses in English and Japanese. These courses cover Japanese language, intercultural studies, and major-specific topics, with some exclusive to NUPACE and others, such as G30 courses, open to regular students. Participants also have the option to engage in research under faculty guidance and enjoy benefits like student insurance counseling and accommodation in international dormitories. Other exchange programmes include Campus Asia for discussions on East Asian law and political science, JUACEP for engineering research in Japan,

549-511: A ranking released by Thomson Reuters in 2011, Nagoya is the 5th best research university in Japan. Its research standard is especially high in Physics (6th in Japan, 61st in the world), Chemistry (7th in Japan, 43rd in the world), and Biology & Biochemistry (5th in Japan, 97th in the world). According to Toyo Keizai 's "Ranking of the 200 Best Universities with Graduates Employed at Major Companies" in 2020, graduates from Nagoya University have

610-514: A thesis or lab work, while graduate programmes are research-focused, requiring applicants to align with professors' research interests. Nagoya University offers several exchange programmes for international students, including the Nagoya University Program for Academic Exchange (NUPACE), established in 1996. NUPACE, a short-term exchange program lasting four to twelve months, has welcomed over 2,300 students from 155 institutions, offering

671-586: Is a Japanese national research university located in Chikusa-ku, Nagoya . It was established in 1939 as the last of the nine Imperial Universities in the then Empire of Japan , and is now a Designated National University. The university is the birthplace of the Sakata School of physics and the Hirata School of chemistry. As of 2021, seven Nobel Prize winners have been associated with Nagoya University,

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732-455: Is a west-facing pyramid with three stepped levels standing upon a low basal platform. It was built using the talud-tablero style of architecture; the pyramid measures 25 by 25 metres (82 by 82 ft) and stands approximately 6.8 metres (22 ft) tall. In October 2004 the south side of the pyramid collapsed; this is believed to have been caused by a combination of damage caused by the roots of nearby trees and water damage. The restoration of

793-881: Is commonly called the Competition of the Seven Imperial Universities ( 七帝戦 , shichi-tei sen ) or the national athletic meet of the seven former imperial universities ( 七大戦 , Nanadai-sen ) . The university festival "Meidai-sai" is held every year in June since 1960, at the Higashiyama campus. Each year, the festival boasts a wide variety of approximately 100 events and activities, including laboratory tours, presentations, and hands-on activities organised by clubs and circles. Clubs and circles also set up food stalls selling various foods such as yakisoba (Japanese fried noodle dish) and kakigōri (shaved ice dessert). Due to

854-923: Is evident from the Early Classic through to the Middle Classic ( c.  AD 400 –600). At this time Tazumal had important links with the Maya city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala, which acted to extend the influence of the powerful central Mexican city of Teotihuacan into the Pacific coastal areas of Guatemala and El Salvador. During the Late Classic Tazumal had links with Copán in Honduras , as evidenced by architecture, sculpture and ceramics at Tazumal. The ceramic sequence at Tazumal continues uninterrupted from

915-730: The La Huasteca region. West Mexican smiths worked primarily in copper during the initial period, with some low- arsenic alloys, as well as occasional employment of silver and gold . Lost-wax cast bells were introduced from lower Central America and Colombia during this phase, along with several classes of cold-worked ornaments and hand tools, such as needles and tweezers. The prototypes for these small, often utilitarian items appear rooted in southern Ecuador and northern Peru . Small copper rings, generally found in burial contexts, are also common to Ecuador and Western Mexico and are abundant during this phase. Excavated assemblages from

976-747: The Seventeen-article constitution , championed by its first president, has been a guiding ethos. While the majority of its students come from Tōkai region , Nagoya University has a good portion of students from all over Japan. The school also has many students from abroad. As of 2021, the total student enrolment is 15,771, with a total of over 1,900 international students from more than 110 countries. Nagoya University houses many research institutes, such as Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), and Kobayashi-Masakawa Institute for

1037-512: The lost wax method and have been tentatively dated to the 8th century AD; their presence indicates contacts with lower Central America. These, together with some contemporary metal artefacts from Copán, are among the earliest reported metal artefacts from Mesoamerica. These items were recovered from a Late Classic tomb and at least one item was a traded artefact from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . According to anecdotal evidence from workers who excavated

1098-977: The 12th best employment rate in 400 major companies in Japan, compared to the 2010's rankings where Nagoya University was ranked 38th. Nagoya University, recognised for its global academic excellence, is a Type A university in the Top Global University Project by MEXT and has been offering the Global 30 (G30) International Programs since 2011. These programmes, conducted entirely in English, span various majors across undergraduate and graduate levels in fields such as humanities, law, economics, science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine, with yearly matriculation in October. The programme emphasises language proficiency by requiring international undergraduates to take Japanese classes, provides small class sizes, and encourages intensive research. Undergraduate students complete

1159-487: The 2022 QS Asian University Rankings. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank Nagoya University as seventh in Japan and 351-400th globally. Nagoya University is one of the top research institutions in Japan. It has obtained the 6th place in general rankings for scientific research in Japan, with 1.3% of publications being highly cited. Furthermore, Nagoya had the 5th highest number of patents accepted (111) in 2019 among Japanese universities. According to

1220-529: The COVID-19 pandemic, Meidai-sai was held online for both years 2020 and 2021. Nagoya University is recognised as a prestigious institution of education and learning in Japan. The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2021 ranks Nagoya University as third in Japan and 84th worldwide. Nagoya University is ranked 118th globally by the QS World University Rankings for 2022, and 28th by

1281-534: The Center for Integrated Research of Future Electronics (CIRFE), Advanced Measurement Technology Center (AMTC), Division of Materials Research (DM), Division of Systems Research (DS), two funded research divisions by Chubu Electric Power and Toyota Motor Corporation , and 10 industry–academia collaborative chairs. IMaSS also actively promotes international collaboration and joint research, and has research agreements with institutes and universities from many countries across

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1342-543: The Classic period through to approximately AD 1200. A number of Early Classic features indicate links with Chichen Itza , in the northern Yucatán Peninsula , or with Tula in central Mexico. The population of Tazumal coexisted with the Nahua -speaking Pipils from the Classic through to the Early Postclassic until at least AD 1200. The Pipil influence may have been due to trade with neighbouring Pipil populations rather than

1403-521: The Columns standing on the west side of the main pyramid may have served as its main facade. This structure had square columns and two identically sized chambers, separated by a space with two columns. The northern chamber had an entrance on the east side, with a possible additional entrance on the south side. Structure B1-2 dates to the Late Classic. It is located to the southwest of the main pyramid B1-1. It

1464-510: The EcoTopia Science Institute was established through the restructuring and integration of several research centers, and was reorganized to NU's IMaSS in 2015. Its aim is to contribute to achieving an ecological and sustainable society via research on energy conservation, ranging from topics of materials and device technologies to system technologies, and is also recognised by MEXT as a "Joint Usage/Research Center". IMaSS consists of

1525-406: The Great Platform; it is presumed by investigators that the temple was radially symmetrical and that further platforms existed on the east and south sides. The remains of a platform measuring 4 by 3 metres (13.1 by 9.8 ft) were found in roughly the correct position for such a platform on the east side. A test pit sunk into the presumed area of the southern platform uncovered an offering containing

1586-976: The Origin of Particles and the Universe (KMI). The university's Earthquake and Volcano Research Center is represented on the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction . ITbM was officially launched in April 2013, and is located in the Higashiyama campus of the university. It consists of a team of 14 principal investigators from within Nagoya University and other countries including Switzerland, Germany, Canada, and US. ITbM has five research fields: 'Parasitic plants', 'Chemistry-enabled plant adaptation', 'Clock diseases', 'Chemistry-enabled bioimaging', and 'Nanocarbon chemistry and biology'. Features of ITbM include having mix lab and offices, well-furnished with many high-quality instruments, and having English-speaking staff in

1647-466: The Pipil influence that lasted until 1200. Between 1942 and 1944 Stanley Boggs excavated and restored structures B1-1 and B1-2. This restoration included coating the structures with modern cement, which Boggs judged to be sufficiently similar to their original appearance as to justify its use. Boggs' final report was not made generally available and no further archaeological investigations were carried out until

1708-594: The Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, the Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, and the Center for Chronological Research, and is recognised by MEXT as a "Joint Usage/Research Center". ISEE consists of seven research divisions and three research centers, with interdisciplinary research (termed as 'fusion research') projects undergoing. The institute aims to contribute to solving global environmental issues and

1769-605: The US, and Canada, NUSIP focusing on automobile technology, and NUSTEP for intensive Japanese language learning. For Nagoya University students, there are opportunities to study abroad at partner universities under inter-university and inter-school agreements, covering 161 and 306 universities respectively. These programmes offer financial aid, including travel expense coverage and stipends or loans. Engineering students can also participate in JUACEP, enabling them to conduct research and experience

1830-570: The administration to facilitate the internationalization of the institute. ITbM also conducts the International Symposium on Transformative Bio-molecules (ISTbM) yearly in Nagoya, and presents awards such as the Hirata Award and Tsuneko & Reiji Okazaki Award to promising scientists in the fields of organic chemistry and biology. ISEE was established in October 2015, via the integration of

1891-501: The alloys/alloy concentrations used in West Mexico appear to reflect local innovation. Scholars such as Dorothy Hosler suggest that ancient Mesoamericans were unique in their attention to the peculiar aesthetic properties of metals, such as the brilliant sounds and colors evoked through the movement of metallic objects. The rather late emergence of metallurgy in ancient Mesoamerica likely contributed to its novelty and subsequent role as

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1952-478: The area of the presumed eastern platform of B1-1, many burials were found in that area. However, these were not mentioned by Boggs in any of his excavation reports. Burial 1 was found interred 20 centimetres (7.9 in) under the ledge joining the first and second levels of Pyramid B1-2. The burial consisted of a lower jaw and the remains of several other bones, accompanied by ceramic fragments and some obsidian artefacts. The dispersed remains indicate that Burial 1

2013-580: The boundary between the end of the Late Preclassic and the start of the Early Classic, construction at Tazumal was interrupted by the eruption of the Ilopango volcano, some 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the east of the city. This eruption caused a hiatus in construction activity at Tazumal that may have lasted several generations. Activity resumed during the Early to Middle Classic ( c.  AD 250 –650) although

2074-1075: The brilliance inherent in metallic sound and sheen, suggesting that their creations tended to occupy a sacred and symbolic space. Metallic colors, gold and silver, might have been connected with solar and lunar deities while bell sounds have been associated with fertility rituals and protection in warfare. (AD 900–1450) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; Objects of personal adornment' (AD 800/900–1450) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment (AD 900–1500) Objects of personal adornment and ceremonial objects (AD 900–1500) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment (AD 450(?)–1500) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment (AD 900–1500) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment (1000–1450) Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment (1000–1450) Utilitarian objects; objects of personal adornment Nagoya University Nagoya University ( 名古屋大学 , Nagoya daigaku ) , abbreviated to Meidai ( 名大 ) or NU ,

2135-515: The bulk of distinctly Mesoamerican artifacts, with metals playing a particularly important role in the sacred and symbolic cultural realms. The earliest and most diverse finds of metal artifacts are from West Mexico stretching in a belt along the Pacific coast from Guerrero to Nayarit. This indicates that this region was a regional nucleus of metallurgy, from which elements of technique, form and style could have diffused throughout Mesoamerica. The Mixtec civilization have long been thought to be

2196-520: The city never fully recovered to its Preclassic levels of activity. The Tazumal complex came closest to matching the enormous structures of the Preclassic period. The principal structures of the Tazumal group date to the Classic period ( c.  AD 250 –900) of Mesoamerican chronology . By the Late Classic ( c.  AD 600 –900) Tazumal was an important ceremonial complex. Construction activity

2257-493: The department of Santa Ana , within the Río Paz drainage basin. The ruins are at an altitude of 720 metres (2,360 ft) above mean sea level . It is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the contemporary Maya city of Kaminaljuyu . Tazumal is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of the small Late Classic site of Alumulunga. Chalchuapa was inhabited since the Preclassic period, when massive construction activity took place. Around

2318-525: The dominant goldsmiths of post-classic Mesoamerica. A large number of gold artifacts found in central and southern Mexico have been attributed to the Mixtec. There is recent evidence that suggests that the Aztec civilization was a distinct locus of metallurgy, though gold objects from this area had previously been attributed to the Mixtec. Some locally produced artifacts have been found in late-postclassic sites in

2379-526: The early 21st century. In 1947 Tazumal was declared a National Historic Monument. Until 2001, the Salvadoran 100 colón note carried an illustration of the ruins of Tazumal. In 2004, the side of Structure B1-2 collapsed and the Salvadoran Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y el Arte (CONCULTURA - National Council for Culture and Art) initiated operations to excavate and stabilise the ruins. During

2440-583: The final phase of construction and contemporaneous with Burial 1. The burial consisted of many bone fragments, including skull, longbones, ribs, jaw and vertebrae. The teeth indicate that the remains were those of a child. The remains were accompanied by ceramic pieces and some ashes. The ashes were subjected to radiocarbon dating , which indicated a date in the Late Classic to Early Postclassic, between AD 770 and 1000. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica The emergence of metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica occurred relatively late in

2501-565: The first decade of the 21st century, two simultaneous archaeological projects were initiated, the investigation of Structure B1-2 by CONCULTURA and the Proyecto Arqueológico de El Salvador (PAES) by the Japanese University of Nagoya . All the buildings in the Tazumal complex face west. Tazumal is believed to possess a Mesoamerican ballcourt ; this is based upon the external appearance of two unexcavated mounds that are situated in

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2562-701: The initial phase indicate that lost-wax cast bells also occupied a substantial portion of West Mexican artisans' efforts. Unlike similar bells recovered from coastal Ecuador, West Mexican bells were cast, rather than worked, metal. Typically composed of a smooth, suspended metal shell encasing an interior clapper, the West Mexican bells were generally fashioned from copper alloys and bore particular resemblance to bells made in Colombia , Panama and Costa Rica . Metal smiths demonstrated increasing technical sophistication, producing both utilitarian and status-linked items. During

2623-504: The latter phase, Michoacán emerged as a technological hub, with metal artifacts also appearing at the adjacent zones of Guerrero and Jalisco . Alloys became more prevalent during the second phase, as metal workers experimented with color, strength and fluidity. Formerly utilitarian assemblages transformed, with new focus placed upon metallic status objects. Further, the appearance of a copper-tin bronze alloy suggests contact between West Mexico and Peru during this period. However, many of

2684-570: The middle level was then raised an additional 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) and the upper level was increased to 2 metres (6.6 ft) high. Finally, a fourth level was added to the pyramid, bringing its total height to 6.5 metres (21 ft). During the third phase of construction, the structure was increased from four to five levels. The levels varied in height between them, measuring 1.2 metres (3.9 ft), 1 metre (3.3 ft), 1.4 metres (4.6 ft), 0.7 metres (2.3 ft) and 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) respectively. The fourth and final construction phase

2745-412: The northwestern portion of the site, within a 20th-century cemetery. One of the mounds is badly damaged. Green obsidian artefacts found at Tazumal indicate links with central Mexico. Structure B1-1 is the principal structure in the Tazumal group and dominates the complex. The pyramid underwent various phases of construction through the Classic and Early Postclassic periods. Structure B1-1 was built upon

2806-470: The pyramid with cement in the 1950s had converted the structure into a water trap, while cedar roots had penetrated the building to a height of 6 metres (20 ft) causing significant cracking. Structure B1-2 underwent four phases of construction. The earliest phase had a total height of 4.7 metres (15 ft); the lowest level measured 1.1 metres (3.6 ft) high while the middle and upper levels both measured 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) high. This first phase

2867-763: The region's history, with distinctive works of metal apparent in West Mexico by roughly 800 CE, and perhaps as early as 600 CE. Metallurgical techniques likely diffused northward from regions in Central or South America via maritime trade routes ; recipients of these metallurgical technologies apparently exploited a wide range of material, including alloys of copper - silver , copper- arsenic , copper- tin and copper-arsenic-tin. Metal items crafted throughout Mesoamerica may be broken into three classes: utilitarian objects, objects used for individual ornamentation, and ceremonial/ritual objects. The latter two categories comprise

2928-620: The research environment in North American institutions. These exchange opportunities reflect Nagoya University's commitment to fostering international academic collaboration and cultural exchange. Nagoya University supports a vibrant community of international student organisations. These include the Nagoya University International Student Group ( NUISG ), which focuses on integrating G30 program students through various activities and information sharing since 2011;

2989-419: The research. The federation was founded in 1961, and aims to help facilitate "better communications between circles, increase in literacy of students, encourage better understanding of each other and enhance friendship, as well as promoting and developing cultural activities." Some examples of circles in Nagoya University include tea ceremony, art, volunteering activities, music and dance, and literature, among

3050-483: The space-related advancement of mankind and society, while also furthering the cooperation between academia and industry. International cooperation and collaborative research are key features of ISEE, including a yearly international symposium, the ISEE Summer Internship which accepts students from domestic and foreign universities, several ongoing international programs and projects, among many more. In 2004,

3111-545: The third most in Japan and Asia behind Kyoto University and the University of Tokyo . Nagoya Imperial University was established as the last of the Imperial Universities in 1939 and was later renamed Nagoya University in 1947. Although relatively new as a university, it can trace its roots back to a Temporary Medical School/Public Hospital opened in 1871. Renowned for its contributions in physics and chemistry,

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3172-624: The university has been the birthplace of notable scientific advancements such as the Sakata model , the PMNS matrix , the Okazaki fragment , Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation , and the Blue LED . In March 2018, Nagoya University was chosen as one of the first five Designated National Universities . The Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, which became Japan's largest national higher education corporation,

3233-511: The wide range of more than 60 circles officially registered. The athletic association was founded in 1956, and currently has more than 50 member athletic clubs. Nagoya University and Osaka University hold regular Athletics Competition every year (名古屋大学・大阪大学対抗競技大会). In addition, the Seven Universities Athletic Meet ( 国立七大学総合体育大会 , kokuritsu nana-daigaku sōgō taiiku-taikai ) has been held since 1962. The competition

3294-436: The world including China, Korea, US, France, Thailand, and many more. KMI was established in 2010 as an international research hub for interdisciplinary particle physics and astrophysics, and was named after 2008 Nobel Prize winners Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Masakawa . It consists of two divisions, Division of Experimental Studies and Division of Theoretical Studies, and a new Internal Research Center for Flavor Physics

3355-470: Was a secondary burial , possibly that of a human sacrifice associated with the dedication of the final phase of the pyramid. The teeth indicate that the remains were those of a young adult; the associated ceramics date the burial to the Terminal Classic or Early Postclassic. Burial 2 was found under the western facade of Structure B1-2. Its dating is uncertain but it is believed to be associated with

3416-413: Was a specially invited professor at Nagoya University from December 2007 to March 2014. Nagoya University's Academic Charter emphasises nurturing courageous intellectuals through an education that values independent thought. The university is known for its 'freedom, openness, and enterprising' academic style. From its early days as Nagoya Imperial University, the principle of 'Harmony is to be valued' from

3477-513: Was badly damaged by the collapse of the structure in 2004. Structure B1-3 and Structure B1-4 are the two structures that comprise the ballcourt. Test pits excavated during the first decade of the 21st century found the mortar floor of an I-shaped ballcourt. Structure B1-8 is a circular platform dating to the Late Classic period. Sculpture at the site dates as far back as the Preclassic period. Two Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic chacmool sculptures were recovered from Tazumal, as well as

3538-421: Was completely covered by the second phase of construction, executed in three sub-phases (labelled 2A, 2B and 2C). This was built in a style very similar to that of the first phase, first with the extension of the lower two levels while still using the earlier top level; a new third level was added later, completely covering the previous version. The lower two levels were first raised to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high;

3599-479: Was established in April 2023. It has several international partner institutions such as Tel Aviv University and Yonsei University, and also runs a JSPS Core-to-Core program 'DMNet' which focuses on dark matter research. Many KMI members belong to laboratories from the university's Graduate School of Science, Graduate School of Mathematics and ISEE, and although the institute does not directly accept students, graduate students can work with KMI members and be involved in

3660-616: Was formed by Nagoya University and Gifu University in April 2020. Both universities are prominent institutions in the Tōkai region . Nearly half of the Japanese Nobel laureates in Natural Sciences in the 21st century have ties to Nagoya University, either as alumni or researchers. Among the seven Nobel laureates associated with the university, four served as professors and three as alumni. The 2021 Nobel laureate in Physics, Syukuro Manabe ,

3721-454: Was then built upon the Great Platform, behind the western platform and covering the original central temple. The Great Platform was remodelled at least three times before it reached its final dimensions. The western platform of Structure B1-1 supports a superstructure, which has been called the Temple of the Columns. Because of the westward orientation of all the structures at Tazumal, the Temple of

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