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22-524: John Swanton studied the Lamhatty word list and identified the language as a Timucuan dialect, suggesting it was intermediary between Timucua and Muskogean . This opinion has been the subject of significant scholarly debate, with some such as Julian Granberry considering it a dialect of Timucua, others arguing it was a distinct language in the Timucua family, and yet others such as John Hann doubting that Lamhatty

44-658: A PhD in 1900. His mentor at Harvard was Frederic Ward Putnam , who sent him to study linguistics with Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1898 and 1899, as he worked on his PhD dissertation, The Morphology of the Chinook Verb . Within months of receiving his doctorate from Harvard, Swanton began working for the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC , at which he continued for

66-459: A dialect of Timucua. Others, such as John Hann, are skeptical of the accuracy of Beverley's account. He questions whether Lamhatty was a Tawasa at all. Tawasa words are a bit difficult to make out, due to English respellings. For example, oo, ou corresponds to Timucua u , ough to o , eu to yu , and often e, ee to Timucua i . Tawasa w corresponds to Timucua b , which was probably pronounced [ β ] . Timucua c, q were [k] ; qu

88-844: A project by The College of William and Mary which includes some of the recordings by Gouge. Swanton also worked with the Caddo , and published briefly on the quipu system of the Inca . Swanton was one of the founding members of the Swedenborg Scientific Association in 1898. He was president of the American Anthropological Association in 1932. He also served as editor of the American Anthropological Association's flagship journal, American Anthropologist , in 1911 and from 1921 to 1923. Swanton

110-466: A slave once he learned other Tawasa were enslaved. Lamhatty escaped and went into the woods, never to be heard from again. There has been scholarly debate about the place of Tawasa among languages. Studying the word list in the early 20th century, John Swanton noted the similarity with the Timucua language , and suggested Tawasa was an intermediary with Muskogean . Linguist Julian Granberry identifies it as

132-716: A year with the Haida. Another major study area was of the Muskogean -speaking peoples in Texas , Louisiana , and Oklahoma . Swanton published extensively on the Creek people , Chickasaw , and Choctaw . He also documented analyses about many other less well-known groups, such as the Biloxi , Ofo , and Tunica , the last of which supplemented earlier work by Albert Samuel Gatschet . He worked with Natchez speaker Watt Sam and argued in favor of including

154-563: The Natchez language with the Muskogean language group. Swanton wrote works including partial dictionaries, studies of linguistic relationships, collections of native stories, and studies of social organization. He worked with Earnest Gouge , a Creek who recorded a large number of traditional stories at Swanton's request. These materials were never published by Swanton. They have recently been published online as Creek Folktales by Earnest Gouge , in

176-521: The 20th century, the BAE's staff included such anthropologists as John Peabody Harrington (a linguist who spent more than 40 years documenting endangered languages), Matthew Stirling , and William C. Sturtevant . The BAE supported the work of many non-Smithsonian researchers (known as collaborators), most notably Franz Boas , Frances Densmore , Garrick Mallery , Washington Matthews , Paul Radin , Cyrus Thomas and T.T. Waterman . The BAE had three subunits:

198-633: The BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological surveys, especially the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region and the Geological Survey of the Territories . It developed a manuscript repository, library and illustrations section that included photographic work and the collection of photographs. In 1897,

220-735: The Bureau of Ethnology's name changed to the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) to emphasize the geographic limit of its interests, although its staff briefly conducted research in US possessions such as Hawaii and the Philippines. In 1965, the BAE merged with the Smithsonian's Department of Anthropology to form the Smithsonian Office of Anthropology within the United States National Museum (now

242-503: The Bureau's appointed head of the Division of Mound Exploration, eventually published his conclusions on the origins of the mounds in the Bureau's Annual Report of 1894. It is considered to be the last word in the controversy over the Mound builders' identities. After Thomas' publication, scholars generally accepted that varying cultures of prehistoric indigenous peoples , Native Americans, were

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264-685: The Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History ). In 1968, the SOA archives became the National Anthropological Archives . The BAE's staff included some of America's earliest field anthropologists, including Frank Hamilton Cushing , James Owen Dorsey , Jesse Walter Fewkes , Alice Cunningham Fletcher , John N.B. Hewitt, Francis La Flesche , Cosmos and Victor Mindeleff, James Mooney , William Henry Holmes , Edward Palmer , James Stevenson , and Matilda Coxe Stevenson . In

286-791: The Mound Survey (1882–1895); the Institute of Social Anthropology (1943–1952), and the River Basin Surveys (1946–1969). At the time the BAE was founded, there was intense controversy over the identity of the Mound Builders , the term for the prehistoric people who had built complex, monumental earthwork mounds . Archaeologists, both amateur and professional, were divided between believing the mounds were built by passing groups of people who settled in various places elsewhere, or believing they could have been built by Native Americans. Cyrus Thomas ,

308-497: The bureau organized research-intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic , archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology . It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological artifacts for the Smithsonian United States National Museum. In addition,

330-548: The duration of his career, spanning more than 40 years. Swanton first did fieldwork in the Northwest. In his early career, he worked mostly with the Tlingit and Haida . He produced two extensive compilations of Haida stories and myths, and transcribed many of them into Haida. These transcriptions have served as the basis for Robert Bringhurst 's translation of the poetry of Haida mythtellers Skaay and Ghandl . Swanton spent roughly

352-465: Was [kʷ] . Some of the following correspondences have a final t in Tawasa, which appears to be a Muskogean suffix. Others appear to have the Timucua copula -la . Timucua forms are Mocama dialect. Correspondences with Muskogean and Timucua are, Although ássick 'moon' appears to be an Alabama form, its compounds are Timucuan: John Swanton John Reed Swanton (February 19, 1873 – May 2, 1958)

374-451: Was a Tawasa at all. The language shows significant Alabama influence, including the Muskogean same-subject suffix -t . In 1707 an Indian named Lamhatty arrived in the British colony of Virginia , eventually arriving at the estate of Colonel John Walker. Taking an interest in him, Walker introduced him to colonial historian Robert Beverley . Through an interpreter, Lamhatty explained that he

396-581: Was also a member of the American Folklore Society, serving as its President in 1909. Swanton married Alice M. Barnard on Dec. 16, 1903, with whom he had three children: Mary Alice Swanton, John Reed Swanton, Jr., and Henry Allen Swanton. He died in Newton, Massachusetts , on May 2, 1958, at the age of 85. With James Owen Dorsey : Bureau of American Ethnology The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE , originally, Bureau of Ethnology )

418-558: Was an American anthropologist , folklorist , and linguist who worked with Native American peoples throughout the United States. Swanton achieved recognition in the fields of ethnology and ethnohistory . He is particularly noted for his work with indigenous peoples of the Southeast and Pacific Northwest . Born in Gardiner, Maine , after the death of his father, Walter Scott Swanton, he

440-601: Was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Department of the Interior to the Smithsonian Institution . But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell , promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell,

462-588: Was from the village of Tawasa near the Gulf of Mexico. He had been captured and enslaved by the Tuscarora , who had transported him eastward and had sold him to the Savannah people . He had escaped and had traveled north to Virginia. Walker recorded the 60-word lexicon he had learned from Lamhatty on the back of a letter, while Beverley wrote an account of Lamhatty's story. According to Beverley, Walker began treating Lamhatty like

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484-511: Was raised by his mother, née Mary Olivia Worcester, his grandmother, and his great aunt. From his mother, in particular, he was imbued with a gentle disposition, a concern for human justice, and a lifelong interest in the works of Emanuel Swedenborg . He was inspired to pursue history, and, more specifically, anthropology by his reading of William H. Prescott , The Conquest of Mexico. Swanton attended local schools and then entered Harvard University , earning an AB in 1896, an AM in 1897, and

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