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61-553: Tarocco may refer to: Tarocco , a Renaissance card game using tarot cards Tarocco Piemontese , a type of tarot deck used to play a surviving variant of the game Tarocco Bolognese , a type of tarot deck used to play Tarocchini , another surviving variant popular in Bologna Tarocco Siciliano , a type of tarot deck found in Sicily An Italian variant cultivar of

122-531: A talon known as the Cego, the player undertakes to play the Pagat in the first trick, i.e. to leave this high value card with the opponents and try to win the game with the rest of his cards. In a local variant known as Ministrant's Version ( Ministrantenversion ) all three trull cards play an additional special role: In Geregelter Räuber (regulated Thief), where everyone plays against everyone for as few points as possible,

183-466: A King or the Pagat . The usual tarot rules or play and card point values applied. The winner was the one with the most points in tricks and was paid an amount by the losers based on the difference in scores. Tarot card games are played with decks having four ordinary suits, and one additional, longer suit of tarots, which are always trumps . They are characterised by the rule that a player who cannot follow to

244-450: A Queen and two low cards scores 4. A triplet of three low cards scores exactly 1 point. In some games, players may end up with one or two cards over. Two remaining low cards are rounded up to score 1 point; a single low card is rounded down to zero. This is the simplest method but it doesn't work if a player does not have enough low cards for every counter. The second method, popular in Vienna,

305-573: A Queen, Cavalier and Ten are worth 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 + 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 = 6 points, producing the same result as the second method. A variant of this method is used for Tarot Nouveau or French tarot, where low cards are each worth half a point, and are combined with a counting card. The fractional values of each of the cards are as follows: Oudlers and Kings - 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Queens - 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Cavaliers - 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Jacks - 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 and low cards - 1 ⁄ 2 each. The same method

366-548: A general term for trick-taking games, Triomphe in French, Trumpfen in German and Trump in English, and persisted as the name for the trumps in tarot packs even when they had been renamed Tarocchi . Other different games claimed the name without any use of Tarocchi cards. The first basic rules for the game of Tarocco appear in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, the next are known from

427-454: A majority would be 46, but a player only needs 41 to win the game if he has two bouts among his tricks and only 36 if he has all three. Conversely, with only one bout he needs 51 points; and with none, as many as 56. The Excuse plays its traditional role as a special card with some additional rules. It can also be lost if it is only played in the last trick; conversely, if a player has previously won all tricks, it can also exceptionally win

488-521: A similar concept arose in the game of Karnöffel . In this south German game played with an ordinary pack, some cards of the given suit had full trump powers, others were partial trumps and the 7s had a special role. These features are retained in games of the Karnöffel family to the present, but are never seen in tarot games. Suits with these variable powers are called chosen or selected suits to distinguish them from trump suits. The introduction of trumps

549-440: A single low card is worthless. The third method is a new development and the most precise, but also the most complicated and least used: counting in fractions. Cards are given fractional values as follows: Trull cards and Kings – 4 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Queens – 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Cavaliers – 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Jacks – 1 + 1 ⁄ 3 and low cards – 1 ⁄ 3 each. In this way individual cards can be counted. So

610-503: A trick with a card of the suit led must play a trump to the trick if possible. Tarot games have introduced the concept of trumps to card games. More recent tarot games borrowed features from other games like bidding from Ombre and winning the last trick with the lowest trump from Trappola . Tarot decks did not precede decks having four suits of the same length, and they were invented not for occult purposes but purely for gaming. In 1781, Court de Gébelin published an essay associating

671-504: Is a special card that can be played to any trick, bypassing the suit rules. It can neither win nor lose the trick; if the trick is taken by the player with the highest card, the player of the Fool recovers it to his own pile of tricks. According to most, but not all rules, he gives the winner of the trick a blank (worthless card) from his own tricks instead. In the French Tarot variants, the Fool

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732-462: Is believed to be an intermediary form linking the older tarot games to the Central European ones. The individual Tarock game variants differ too widely from one another to give a general description of play. However, they can be grouped by sub-type: The last group is a family of games that emerged as result of the attempt to play Grosstarock with a normal 36-card German-suited pack. Instead of

793-441: Is customary to declare them only to indicate that the two "high" trull pieces are with the same team, which can make expensive additional declarations possible. The pagát can be played as a bonus to win the last trick ( ultimo ), either announced in advance or taken "quietly" for half the points. In the "illustrated" form of Hungarian Tarokk, which has many additional contracts, the trull cards acquired further roles. For example,

854-410: Is derived from the French tous les trois which means "all three". In spite of its French roots the term is not common in the game of French tarot , where the trull cards are called les bouts ("butts", "ends") or, in earlier times, les oudlers , which has no other meaning. In German, they were initially called matadors , a word borrowed from the game (with ordinary cards) of Ombre . The games of

915-478: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tarot, tarock and tarocchi games#Tarocco Tarot cards were invented in northern Italy around 1420 for the purpose of playing cards. With their appearance came the first of the two great innovations in trick-taking games since they arrived in Europe: the concept of trumps. At around the same time or slightly earlier,

976-416: Is often accompanied by the following 'standard' card values: The system by which players work out their scores in almost all Tarot games may appear "eccentric and puzzling", but the rationale to it is that, originally, the cards were each valued at one less point than that shown above (e.g. Kings were worth 4 points and low cards had no point value), but every trick taken scored one point. Dummett argues that

1037-538: Is one of only two major innovations to trick-taking games since they were invented, the other being the idea of bidding . Trump cards, initially called trionfi , first appeared with the advent of tarot cards , in which there is a separate, permanent trump suit comprising a number of picture cards. The first known example of such cards was ordered by the Duke of Milan around 1420 and included 16 trumps with images of Greek and Roman gods. A basic description first appeared in

1098-636: Is primarily aimed at the bonus associated with capturing the Moon i.e. to seize the opponent's trump XXI with the Skiz. Nevertheless, the name of this card has been lost in Hungarian, it is simply huszonegy ("twenty-one"), and its capture is huszonegyfogás . As in Königrufen , it counts as a bonus, which may be declared beforehand, if a player has the trull in his tricks at the end of the game. In Hungarian Tarock, however, it

1159-494: Is the second most popular card game after Belote . In Austria , Tarock games, especially Königrufen , have become widespread and there are several major national and international tournaments each year. Italy, the home of tarot, remains a stronghold. Games of the tarot family are also played in Hungary, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, south Germany and south Poland. Tarot games have yet to be common in

1220-398: Is to make as many points as possible from the cards taken in tricks , the cards having different point values. Those cards which have little or no point value are called various names – Skartins , Ladons or cartes basses depending on the region – but may be referred to as low cards . Cards which have a higher point value may be called counting cards or counters. They usually include

1281-416: Is traditionally played with a ritualized excuse, comparable to a tennis player who says "Sorry" after hitting the ball into the net. Thus it is also called l'excuse , from which developed its German name Sküs and other dialect expressions like Gstieß . "Excuse" is also the technical term for the role of the special card in English tarot literature. In most Tarock variants from the former Habsburg monarchy

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1342-517: Is used as above but counting only two cards. For example, a Queen (worth 3 1/2 points) and a low card (1/2 point) would be counted together to make 4. For the purpose of the rules, the numbering of the trumps is all that matters. The symbolic tarot images have no effect in the game itself other than influencing the naming of a few of the cards (Fool, Mond, Pagat, Little Man). The design traditions of these decks evolved independently, and they often bear only numbers and whimsical scenes arbitrarily chosen by

1403-563: The Black Forest or the Vosges , and the countries within the boundaries of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , for which even the name 'Tarockania' ( Tarockanien ) has been coined. The Austrian variation of the game and the variations thereof is still widely popular among all classes and generations in Slovenia and Croatia . In Hungary different rules are applied. The Swiss game of Troggu

1464-500: The Blood orange Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tarocco . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarocco&oldid=778189370 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1525-580: The British Isles or the Iberian Peninsula . The cards of the special suit in these games are variously called Tarocks, tarocs, taroks, tarocchi or tarots . In French Tarot , they are just called the atouts . Dummett classified tarot games into three distinct types: Tarocchi (Italian, singular Tarocco ), and similar names in other languages, is a specific form of playing card deck used for different trick-taking games . An earlier name of

1586-494: The Spatz ("sparrow"), a typical German term for a low-value card. There is often a bonus for taking the last trick of a deal with the Pagat and known as Pagat Ultimo. In French Tarock the card is called le petit ("the little one"). Tarock XXI – the "Mond" – is traditionally the highest tarock. Its name is a false Germanization of the French le monde or Italian il mondo which mean "world" not "moon". In those variants where

1647-425: The atouts , 21 are numbered from 1 to 21, and a non-numbered card called " Fou " ("Fool", also called " Mat " or " L'Excuse " in play) which "excuses" the player from following suit. Of the atouts , only the Fool and trumps 1 and 21 are considered to be "counting" cards because they are worth more than 1 point. Winning the last trick awards bonuses only if it is won with the lowest trump. Tarot games from Piedmont ,

1708-534: The pagát can also be played in the penultimate trick ( uhu ), but this must be announced in advance if it is to count as a bonus. Furthermore, there is a special bonus for winning the first six tricks and the sixth with the XXI ( kismadár , "little bird"). Similarly, winning the first seven tricks, the seventh of which is Skíz, nagymadár ("great bird"), attracts a bonus. These two must also be announced in advance. The Baden game of Cego attributes no collective value to

1769-431: The tarot (French) or tarock (German) family are distinguished mainly in that, in addition to the suit cards , their decks have a series of 21 classical, permanent trumps , most of which are numbered with Roman or Arabic numerals . In games of German-language origin the trumps are also called tarocks . The special role of the 'fool' ( Narren ) is described below. Tarock games are trick-taking card games , in which

1830-417: The 18 tricks making a total of 70 points in total; thus, in most cases, a declarer needs 36 points to win. Mayr and Sedlaczek described 3 common systems: The first, easiest and oldest method is counting in threes with low cards. A player gathers the cards won in tricks and groups them into triplets each comprising one counting card and two low cards. Each triplet scores the value of the counter only e.g.

1891-416: The 62 card Tarocco Bolognese deck. These games have four face cards in each suit but dropped some of their pip cards early in their history. Both decks include 21 trumps and The Fool , a suitless card that excuses the player from following suit. The French adopted tarot games after their occupation of Milan in the late 15th century. French tarot , known locally as Jeu de Tarot , is one which uses

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1952-503: The 78-card Swiss 1JJ Tarot , another derivative of the Tarot de Marseille. Danish Grosstarok , which focuses on winning the final trick, historically used Animal Tarot decks or decks that replaced the animal motifs with ones featuring Danish architecture, until a dying out of local production and a shift towards exclusively producing stripped 54-card decks among foreign producers of Animal Tarot, resulted in players of this game now also adopting

2013-402: The Fool ( Excuse or Sküs ), the I ( Pagat Petit , Bagatto or Little Man ) and the XXI ( Mond ) plus all the court cards . In such a case, the low cards are the remaining tarots (II to XX) and all the pip cards . Not all games follow this precisely. In some games, other cards are included among the counters. However, the division of counters and low cards described is the most common and

2074-501: The Italian region bordering France, are more similar to French tarot than other Italian games. These games use the 78-card Tarocco Piemontese deck which was derived from the Tarot de Marseille. The most common Piedmontese tarot games are Scarto , Mitigati, Chiamare il Re, and Partita which can be found in Pinerolo and Turin. Troccas , a Swiss tarot game, is also related and is played with

2135-847: The Latin suits of Cups, Coins, Clubs, and Swords are common in Italy and Spain, and the French suits of Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, and Spades are seen in France, Quebec, West Germany and most of the English-speaking world. This trend continues even to non-Tarot decks such as for the German game of Skat, played with a deck of similar-value cards as in the French piquet deck used for Belote . Players in most of western Germany use French suits, while players in Bavaria and eastern Germany use German suits. The 78-card tarot deck contains: The 54-card 'Tarock' deck contains: Due to

2196-558: The Moon ( Mondfang ), if the Moon is taken by the Sküs. Rules vary as to whether this may also be declared in advance, whether it only counts if taken from opponents or when one's partner captures the Moon. If players agree to a Kaiserstich ("Imperial Capture") or Märchenstick ("Fairytale Capture"), then the Pagat wins if the entire trull is played to one trick. Analogous to trull, is the "Royal Trull" ( Königstrull ), when one side has all four Kings in its tricks. Usually this counts as much as

2257-476: The Rhaeto-Romanic Troccas , the trull has no meaning beyond its point value and sometimes no collective name. In many others, however, many additional roles are added to it. In French Tarot (3-5 players), the bouts have a significance far above their nominal value. How many points a player needs to win the game depends on the number of bouts in his tricks. The cards together are worth 91 points, so

2318-577: The Sküs is the highest tarock, the Mond is of course the second highest. In the Black Forest Alemannic dialect used by players of Cego and Dreierles it is called and spelt "Mund". The Fool (German: der Narr ; Italian: il matto ) is often compared to the Joker in more recent card games. In modern Tarock variants, for example, it is represented as a minstrel , harlequin or vagrant . Traditionally, it

2379-547: The Sküs took over the role of the 22nd and highest trump card, retaining its name, despite its new role. The Trull plays a special role in the rules of almost all Tarock card games. The (rounded up) value of each card in the trull is five points, while all other trump cards (usually 19) count only one point each. This applies regardless of whether the Fool is the traditional special card or the highest trump card. Only in regional Italian variants can there be other trump cards that count more than one point. In some Tarock games, such as

2440-596: The Tarocco Bolognese. Jeu de Tarot is now the most popular card game in France after Belote and many tournaments are held by the Fédération Française de Tarot. A Tarot Nouveau deck consists of 56 cards of four suits and 22 emblematic cards called atouts (trumps). Each suit consists of fourteen cards: ten pip cards , and four face cards : the Roi (King), Dame (Queen), Cavalier (Knight), and Valet (Jack). Of

2501-540: The Tarot Nouveau. Tarock games, Dummett's Type III, differ from other forms in the function of the Fool which is now simply the highest trump. Games of this category include Cego , Zwanzigerrufen and Königrufen . These games use the 54 card French suited Cego or Industrie und Glück decks that strip certain pip cards. The games are widely played in the Upper Rhine valley and its surrounding hills such as

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2562-407: The antiquity of tarot games, the cards are ordered in an archaic ranking. In the plain suits, Kings are always high. With the exception of modern French tarot and Sicilian tarocchi, the ranking in the Latin round suits (cups and coins) or the French red suits (diamonds and hearts) goes from King (high), Queen, Cavalier, Jack, 1, 2, 3 ... 10 (low). The aim in almost all card games of the Tarot family

2623-478: The cards have values in addition to their trick-taking power or ranking. In German these values are known as Augen which means "pips" or "card points". In most variants of Tarock there is, however, a complex system of scoring – the Tarock scoring scheme – which usually involves counting the cards in threes and deducting two points each time, but may also use fractions (e. g. 4 1/3), which are subsequently rounded to

2684-561: The cards with ancient wisdom, the earliest record of this idea, subsequently debunked by Dummett . As a result of the unsupported theories of de Gébelin and other occultists, tarot cards have since been used for cartomancy and divination as well as gaming, although now fortune-tellers tend to use specially-developed tarot decks rather than those used for games. Tarot games are increasingly popular in Europe, especially in France where French tarot

2745-429: The dedicated trump suit, Hearts is chosen as the trump suit or at least as a preference suit . This family includes German Tarok , Württemberg Tarock or Tapp , Bavarian Tarock , Bauerntarock , Frog and Dobbm . They are ace–ten games that incorporate features of Tapp Tarock, but are not true Tarock games. The following true Tarock games are known: A complete Tarot deck such as one for French Tarot contains

2806-410: The engraver. There are still traditional sequences of images in which the common lineage is visible. E.g. the moon that is commonly visible at the bottom left corner of the trump card 21 stems from confusion of the German word Mond , meaning "moon", with Italian mondo and French monde , meaning "world", the usual symbol associated with the trump card 21 on Italian suited tarots. In the denouement of

2867-476: The first volume of Dorothy Dunnett 's Lymond Chronicles , The Game of Kings, the protagonist's life depends on his friend winning a prolonged game of tarocco. Pagat The trull is a trio of three special trump cards used in tarock games in Austria and other countries that have a much higher card value than the other trumps. The individual cards are known as trull cards ( Trullstücke ). The word trull

2928-655: The full 78-card Tarot deck. Originally played with the Italian-suited Tarot de Marseille , the game is now played with the French-suited Tarot Nouveau . The Tarot Nouveau, of Frankfurt origin, has trumps which depict scenes of traditional social activities. This differs from the Renaissance allegorical motifs found in Italian-suited tarot decks such as the Tarot de Marseille, Tarocco Piemontese and

2989-463: The full 78-card complement. It can be used to play any game in the family, with the exception of Minchiate , an extinct game that used 97 cards. Austrian-Hungarian Tarock and Italian Tarocco decks are a smaller subset, of 63, 54, 40, or even 36 cards, suitable only for games of a particular region. Regional tarot decks commonly feature culture-specific suits . The German suits of Hearts, Bells, Acorns and Leaves are used through most of Germanic Europe,

3050-669: The game Trionfi is first recorded in the diary of Giusto Giusti in September 1440 In other early documents it was called ludus triumphorum or similar. In June 1505, the name Tarochi was first used in Ferrara . In December 1505, the name Taraux appeared in Avignon . The names tarocco, tarocchi and tarot developed in later times beside different writing forms. The poet Francesco Berni mocked this word in his Capitolo del Gioco della Primiera written in 1526. The name Trionfi developed later as

3111-596: The last trick. Since the 21 cannot be lost at all and neither, de facto , can the Excuse, it is of great importance to retain or capture the Petit . There is also a bonus when the Petit is played in the last trick for the side that wins the trick. In contrast to Austrian Tarock variants, the Petit does not have to be captured by oneself, but may also be won by a partner. In the Austrian Tarock game, Königrufen (4 players),

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3172-797: The manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, written before 1425. The games are known in many variations, mostly cultural and regional. Tarot games originated in Italy, and spread to most parts of Europe, notable exceptions being the British Isles, the Iberian peninsula, and the Balkans. The earliest detailed description of rules for a tarot game in any language were published by the Abbé de Marolles in Nevers in 1637. The abbot learnt this variant from Princess Louise-Marie of Gonzague-Nevers , who introduced some rule variations from

3233-473: The nearest natural number . The following three cards form the Trull: Tarock I, the smallest trump, is traditionally called the Pagat . The name is derived from the Italian bagatto , which has no other meaning, but is related to bagatelle which refers to "something... that is small and not important". The name probably alludes, therefore, to its status as the lowest trump card. It is also referred to as

3294-451: The normal game. It was played by three players with a 66-card pack, obtained by removing the 3 lowest cards of each suit from a standard 78-card, Italian-suited tarot pack. Two players received 21 cards each. The dealer received 25, from which four were discarded. There were payments for declaring certain card combinations at the start, for playing the Ace of Coins and for taking the last trick with

3355-476: The tedious work of counting tricks and card points separately led players to fuse the two processes into a single operation. There are several practical methods, but all are designed to achieve the same aim: a quick and relatively simple way of calculating the score. A very common system used in many 54-card Tarock games is counting in packets of three. Under the original scoring scheme, the pack would have been worth 52 points and there would have been 18 points for

3416-466: The trull and therefore has no name for it. The smallest trump - which has numerous regional names, such as der Kleine Mann (the Little Man), Pagat , Babberle , Geiß (goat) or Pfeif (pipe or whistle, also pejorative for "lame duck") - plays special roles. A special game called Ultimo can be declared, in which the sole object is to win the last trick with the Pagat . In the highest normal game with

3477-429: The trull cards have several additional functions. The Sküs is the highest trump card. Whoever has the complete trull in his tricks at the end receives an additional bonus in addition to the game points. This can be announced in advance and then counts twice. There is another (also announced) bonus if the Pagat wins the last trick ( Pagat Ultimo ). Although it isn't in all rules, there is often another bonus for capturing

3538-692: The trull cards must be played in the first three tricks: the Stiess to the first, the Mond to the second and the Geiss to the third. To comply with this rule, players may ignore the requirement to follow suit. There is a variant of Tapp Tarock in Baden, known as Dreierles , in which the Trull does feature as a bonus. In Dreierles, the Tarocks are known in the local dialect as Drucks and

3599-515: The trull. It is in Hungarian Tarokk that the trull cards, also called 'honours', have the greatest role (4 players). It is only possible for a player to bid , and thus compete to become the declarer, if he has a trull card. The Skíz , i.e. the Fool, is the highest trump card. The three cards together are called trull , tuli , trúl or, based on the original French expression, tulétroá (from French tous les trois , "all three"). The game

3660-490: The year 1637. Excluding Piedmontese tarocchi, which is more closely related to French tarot , Italian tarocchi are all of Type I, i.e. they have trumps other than the I and XXI that are worth more than one card point. Winning the final trick ( ultimo ) awards a set number of points. Sicilian tarocchi is played in only four towns with 63 cards from the Tarocco Siciliano deck. Tarocchini is confined to Bologna and uses

3721-417: Was developed later: counting in threes with a 2-point deduction. Cards are grouped in threes again, but the composition is irrelevant. Within each triplet the card values are added and then 2 points are deducted from the total. So, for example, a Queen, Cavalier and Ten are worth 4 + 3 + 1 – 2 = 6 points. Players try to ensure that any odd cards left over are low cards. Again, two low cards are worth 1 point and

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