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39-628: During the Dutch colonial era it was known as the Idenburg River . The Taritatu River flows generally westward in the basin north of the island's central mountainous cordillera. The Sobger River is the major tributary. Eventually it meets the Tariku River , and at this confluence the two rivers become the Mamberamo River , one of the largest rivers on the island of New Guinea (Papua) . The total length

78-518: A nationalist political organization that demanded self-governance against the Dutch colonial regime and gained wide popular support. SI was especially active during the 1910s and the early 1920s. By 1916, it claimed 80 branches with a total membership of around 350,000. SI was eventually embroiled in an internal conflict between the Islamic moderates and the radical communist members who urged firmer anti-colonialist and anti-capitalist actions. In 1921,

117-558: A ƒ 5,- fine. In February 1908, he applied for sick leave. On 28 February, he resigned as governor. From 18 May 1908 until 16 August 1909, Idenburg returned as Minister of Colonies. During his tenure, the atrocities of Gotfried van Daalen were revealed. Van Daalen had lost twelve men during the Aceh Wars, but – as is now known – to have caused at least 2,922 native deaths including at least 1,149 women and children. Idenburg defended van Daalen, but could not prevent an investigation into

156-534: A parliament based on the popular election and alleviate labor issues, and refused to cooperate with the Volksraad unless the government addressed these grievances. The radicalization of SI prompted the Dutch colonial government to suppress the organization. In May 1919, the government accused SI responsible for the murder of a Dutch official in Tolitoli , Celebes which led to the arrest of an SI leader Abdul Muis . There

195-513: A watered down version. He served until 21 March 1916. On 9 September 1918, Idenburg was reappointed as Minister of Colonies, but resigned on 13 November 1919 due to health problems. In 1923, he received the honorary title of Minister of State . On 17 February 1925, he was appointed to the Council of State , an advisory council to the government. Idenburg died on 28 February 1935 in The Hague , at

234-481: Is 266.176 km. The river flows in the northern area of Papua with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 22 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 23 °C, and the coldest is March, at 21 °C. The average annual rainfall is 4269 mm. The wettest month

273-528: Is April, with an average of 487 mm rainfall, and the driest is July, with 278 mm rainfall. 2°55′24″S 138°26′32″E  /  2.9232°S 138.4422°E  / -2.9232; 138.4422 Alexander Idenburg Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (23 July 1861 – 28 February 1935) was a Dutch military officer and politician of the Anti Revolutionary Party who served as Governor-General of Suriname from 1905 until 1908, and

312-515: Is credited as the first large-scale Indonesian nationalist organization (or mass organization, ormas ) and the largest Muslim political organization in the pre-independence era. The predecessor of Sarekat Islam was Sarekat Dagang Islam (Islamic Trade Association, SDI) which was based on a movement in 1909 in Batavia (today's Jakarta) and 1910 in Buitenzorg (today's Bogor), West Java . This movement

351-527: The Dutch East Indies from 1909 until 1916. He also served as Minister of Colonies on three occasions between 1902 and 1919. Idenburg served on the Council of State from 1925 until his death in 1935. Idenburg was born on 23 July 1861 in Rotterdam , Netherlands. At the age of 16, he was sent to Koninklijke Militaire Academie . In 1881, he was commissioned second lieutenant at the military engineers of

390-505: The People's Council ( Volksraad ) as a concession to the rising demand for democratization. A few SI leaders became members of the council, including Tjokroaminoto and Agus Salim , a trusted advisor of Tjokroaminoto who joined the SI leadership in 1915 and was known for his commitment to modernist Islam and pan-Islamism . Despite the demand for democratization, the council only had an advisory power, and

429-580: The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL). In 1889–1890, he was sent to the Aceh War , but did not participate in the fighting. Between 1896 and 1901, he was the president of the cabinet of General Major J.A. Vetter. During an 1894–1895 leave, Idenburg met Abraham Kuyper who became his political friend. In 1901, he ran for the House of Representatives and was elected. Idenburg returned to

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468-460: The "Idenburg Plan" in order to achieve financial independence for the colony, however it did not pass. As an orthodox protestant, he had refused attend parties and receptions which were held on Sunday. He passed the Sunday Law enforcing a mandatory free day on Sunday, and forced closure of all shops. Four Muslim shopkeepers who closed their shops on Friday, but reopened on Sunday, were sentenced to

507-621: The Dutch and replaced by the more radical leadership of Abikusno Tjokrosujoso , Tjokroaminoto's brother. In 1942, the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies , and the PSII was banned in March. The PSII was revived in 1947 and was led by Anwar Tjokroaminoto and Harsono Tjokroaminoto , the sons of O.S. Tjokroaminoto. In the 1955 Indonesian legislative election , the PSII performed poorly and won 2.9% of

546-490: The Dutch colonial regime. In some areas, SI became a shadow administration which obliged priyayi officials to accommodate their demands. SI was loosely organized and its regional branches retained considerable autonomy. Under the circumstances, the SI Semarang branch led by a union activist Semaun began to radicalize and embrace communism. The radicalization was a result of the heightening Marxist - socialist influence in

585-503: The Islamist-supporting "White SI" and PKI-supporting "Red SI." The expelled left-wing faction of SI set up a group known as Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Islamic Association), which was later renamed to Sarekat Rakjat (People's Association) and served the mass organization of PKI. The split of communist members, in addition to the mounting pressure from the colonial government, had led to the severe decline of SI as an organization. With

624-528: The Labor Movement Association (PPKB) as a federation of PKI and SI unions in 1919 which comprised 22 unions and 72,000 members. Salim and Soerjopranoto , a labor activist who belonged to the SI union and nicknamed raja mogok (the strike king), competed with Semaun for the leadership of PPKB. Threatened by Semaun's influence, Salim denounced the dual party membership during the 1921 SI Congress. The conflict between Salim and Semaun's factions reached

663-602: The Netherlands, and served in parliament until 25 September 1902. Subsequently he was appointed Minister of Colonies . In 1903, he passed the Decentralisation Law which allowed the East Indies to established independently financed regional councils. He served until 16 August 1905. On 14 September 1905, Idenburg was appointed Governor-General of Suriname . He arrived on 18 November 1905. During his tenure, he developed

702-536: The age of 73. Sarekat Islam Sarekat Islam or Syarikat Islam ( lit. 'Islamic Association' or 'Islamic Union'; SI ) was an Indonesian socio-political organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century during the Dutch colonial era . Initially, SI served as a cooperative of Muslim Javanese batik traders to compete with the Chinese-Indonesian big traders. From there, SI rapidly evolved into

741-416: The allegation that the organization served as a political party. As a response, the colonial government did not attempt to suppress SI in the beginning. In November 1912, SI requested the colonial administration to recognize them as a legal entity. The government individually authorized the regional branches of SI on June 30, 1913, and eventually gave an official permit to the SI headquarters in 1916. Despite

780-427: The central leadership of SI strived to maintain harmony with the Dutch colonial administration . SI proclaimed to uplift the welfare of the indigenous population under Dutch rule and demanded self-governance through constitutional means. Tjokroaminoto declared the rejection of anti-government activity during the 1913 congress, during which he insisted on "loyalty" and "satisfaction" toward the Dutch government and denied

819-614: The city which led to the establishment of the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV) in 1914. ISDV, founded by a Comintern agent Henk Sneevliet , was composed almost entirely of Dutch members, and they sought to spread their thoughts among the native Indonesian population. Thus ISDV turned to SI which grew into a political organization with the largest number of followers. Semaun joined SI in 1914 and also ISDV in 1915, leading him to hold dual party membership. Semaun militantly advocated communist ideas and pushed for

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858-451: The colonial government after some conflicts between and Chinese and the occurrence of anti-Chinese riots. After the restriction was lifted, SDI renamed itself to Sarekat Islam on September 19, 1912, in Surabaya. On January 26, 1913, the first party congress was held in Surabaya which gathered tens of thousands of participants. The congress was marked by the rise of Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto as

897-454: The expansion had led to the inclusion of peasantry of abangan whose Islamic faith was mixed with mysticism and pre-Islamic animist beliefs, as well as members of priyayi nobility class who had secular outlooks. The leadership of the organization gradually moved from small-scale merchants of the SDI era to the intelligentsia of priyayi origin with Dutch-language education. During this time,

936-585: The expense of Tjokroaminoto's support level. Semaun was now effectively a leader of ISDV together with Darsono. ISDV metamorphosed into the Communist Association of the Indies (PKI) in 1920, as the direct predecessor of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). During this time, labor and trade unions achieved considerable success in labor disputes and wage negotiations, leading to an attempt to establish

975-507: The foreign Christian missionaries in Indonesia, which strengthened the position of Islam as a rallying point of native Indonesians' struggle against foreign encroachment. The movement sparked the interest of Samanhudi , a successful batik trader based in Surakarta . In 1911, Samanhudi founded SDI in the city of Surakarta with the help of Tirto. On August 12, 1912, SDI was briefly suspended by

1014-502: The highest point after Semaun recruited several labor groups under the PPKB which were then absorbed into the PKI. Salim's motion to prohibit dual membership was officially adopted by the SI leaders including Salim and Muis in the subsequent SI Congress, leading to the effective expulsion of Semaun and his communist followers from the SI leadership. The decision led to the split of SI branches between

1053-488: The leftist turn of SI, competing with the more moderate position taken by the central SI leaders such as Tjokroaminoto. The leftist turn was also aided by the events outside of Indonesia, notably World War I (1914–1918) and the Bolshevik Revolution (1917–1923). The subsequent SI Congress held in 1917 incorporated openly anti-colonialist and anti-capitalist tones. In May 1918, the colonial administration established

1092-436: The massacre. Van Daalen decided to turn in his resignation. He was later controversially absolved of all crimes, and re-enlisted. On 21 August 1909, Idenburg was appointed Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies where arrived on 18 December 1909. During his tenure, he was confronted by the nationalist movement. In 1912, Sarekat Islam was founded. Idenburg refused to take action against Sarekat Islam, but did not recognize

1131-478: The members were appointed by the colonial government. Since the SI Congress held from September to October 1918, communist SI members such as Semaun, Darsono Notosudirdjo , and Alimin joined the ranks of the SI leadership, enabling them to pressure Tjokroaminoto to boycott the Volksraad and take firmer political action. Tjokroaminoto finally answered their calls and demanded the Dutch colonial administration to form

1170-468: The membership to be 800,000. SI itself claimed 2 million members in 1919. The rapid increase of SI membership led to the expansion of the supporter base to a wide array of social classes. Although SI leaders generally espoused Modernist Islam , it became heterogeneous in terms of the demographics and ideology of its grassroots members. While the initial supporter base was a petty bourgeoisie of religiously devout aliran (societal stream) of santri ,

1209-496: The modernist organization Muhammadiyah , both of which avoided direct political confrontation and focused on community building and education. PSI built a close relationship with the Islamic revival movement Ahmadiyya which was denounced as heresy by Muhammadiyah. In 1929, PSI renamed itself to the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII) but this did not stop its decline into a secondary political party. In 1930,

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1248-517: The new leader of SI. Under the charismatic leadership of Tjokroaminoto, who was hailed as a messianic figure or Ratu Adil , the organization rapidly expanded the network throughout Java and later spread to the outer islands. SI also began publishing periodicals in the Surabaya, Semarang , Bandung , and Batavia branches. Membership of SI rapidly grew from 4,500 in April 1912 to 150,000 in April 1913 and eventually 350,000 in 1916. Other reports estimated

1287-470: The non-confrontational stance of the SI leadership, the spread of SI in the villages had led to an outburst of violence, where peasants and villagers perceived SI as a means of self-defense and expression of group solidarity against the oppressive power structure in the rural area. The 1913–1914 period saw a particularly severe outburst of violence toward the Chinese-Indonesians, priyayi officials, and

1326-554: The organization was split and communist members founded a separate entity known as the Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Islamic Association) which was absorbed into the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). The split led to the decline of the organization, and the original SI later turned into a political party, Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII). PSII was fused into the United Development Party (PPP) in 1973. Today, SI

1365-408: The party membership was reduced to around 19,000. Tjokroaminoto died in 1934, and the remaining members faced another internal dispute, this time on their political position against the Dutch colonial regime, in light of the heightened surveillance against political dissidents. In 1937, members such as Salim and Mohammad Roem were expelled from the party due to their non-confrontational stance against

1404-473: The political party until 1916. In 1913, Idenburg interned the journalist Ernest Douwes Dekker (a relative of Multatuli ) for founding the Indische Party . In September 1913, Douwes Dekker was exiled from the Dutch East Indies and not allowed to travel to the Netherlands either. In 1914, Douwes Dekker's writings were banned. Idenburg tried to pass a Sunday Law in the Dutch East Indies, but only managed

1443-547: The release of Tjokroaminoto from jail in May 1922, he decided to unify the ideological orientation and get rid of communist infiltration once and for all. In February 1923, SI reformed itself into a political party known as the Islamic Association Party (PSI). Since then, PSI attempted to join forces with other Islamic movements, but they failed to link with the emerging traditionalist Islamic movement of Nahdlatul Ulama and

1482-588: Was also a shooting incident in Garut , West Java in June 1919 which led to the arrest of SI leaders, including Sosrokardono and Tjokroaminoto who were imprisoned in 1921 for 11 months. These events had led to the dramatic decrease in its membership, due to the fear of carrying a membership card leading to an arrest. The ideological rift between the Islamist wing led by Agus Salim and the communist wing led by Semaun intensified, at

1521-465: Was formed by a journalist Tirto Adhi Soerjo who was a member of priyayi (Javanese noble class). Tirto aimed the movement to bring together small-scale pribumi (indigenous) traders and Arab traders unified by the common Islamic religion to advance their economic interests and compete with the Chinese-Indonesian big traders. The movement was also a reaction to the intensified activities of

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