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25-617: Cook Islander god of sea and fertility Tangaroa ( Takaroa in South Island Māori dialect) is the great atua of the sea, lakes, rivers, and creatures that live within them, especially fish, in Māori mythology . As Tangaroa-whakamau-tai he exercises control over the tides . He is sometimes depicted as a whale. In some of the Cook Islands he has similar roles, though in Manihiki he

50-400: A Oopa , Francis Sanford and Charlie Ching and Catholic bishops Michel-Gaspard Coppenrath and Hubert Coppenrath are of demi ancestry. Many natives were painted from life by Paul Gauguin , who gave Tahitian titles to his works. In Ea haere ia oe ( Where Are You Going? ), for example, a pensive young girl wears the white flower tiare behind her left ear, signifying readiness to take

75-459: A concept of irrational fear called mehameha , translated as uncanny feelings. The healers, familiar with herbal remedies, were called taʼata rāʼau or taʼata rapaʼau . In the 19th century Tahitians added the European medicine to their practice. The most famous Tahitian healer Tiurai, of ariʼi , died at age 83 during the influenza outbreak on Tahiti in 1918. The colonization of Tahiti occurred in

100-523: A privilege usually assumed by virtually all sovereign countries , but places this responsibility in the hands of the New Zealand Government which issues passports for New Zealand citizens who are also Cook Islands nationals. On the other hand, Cook Islands nationality is differentiated from that of the rest of the New Zealand citizens. A person shall have the status of a permanent resident of

125-425: A result of these changes by 1830 the population of Tahiti decreased to 15,300 from estimated 110,000 in 1767, when the ship HMS Dolphin touched on the island. The 1881 census enumerated about 5,960 indigenous Tahitians. The recovery continued in spite of a few more epidemics. The Pōmare Dynasty rose to prominence in the early 1790s from a ruling Tahitian family aided by protection from British mercenaries from

150-465: A son, Tinirau , and nine daughters. Tangaloa is one of the oldest Polynesian deities and in western Polynesia (for example, Samoa and Tonga) traditions has the status of supreme creator god . In eastern Polynesian cultures Tangaroa is usually considered of equal status to Tāne and thus not supreme. A legendary figure named Tagaro also features in the Melanesian cultures of north-eastern Vanuatu . In

175-619: A time of rivalry for resources of the Pacific by colonizing European nations including the French and the British. It was also a time of rivalry and fighting between the people of Tahiti and neighbouring islands. It is unclear which is the first European ship to arrive at the island of Tahiti but it is often recognised as being HMS Dolphin captained by British Captain Samuel Wallis on 18 June 1767. He met

200-663: A unique culture and developed their own language , which is currently recognized as one of two official languages in the Cook Islands, according to the Te Reo Maori Act of 2003. From a legal standpoint, there is no such thing as a Cook Islands citizenship . The Cook Islands is a self-governing country in free association with New Zealand and is part of the Realm of New Zealand . As such, Cook Islanders are New Zealand citizens . The Cook Islands does not issue its own passports ,

225-584: A welcoming party of Tahitians who traded with him. Cultural differences leading to grave communication errors that resulted in a battle in Matavai Bay between three hundred war canoes and HMS Dolphin which fired on the war canoes with muskets, quarterdeck guns and then cannons. The Tahitian chief Obera (Purea) ordered peace offerings from her people after this battle and Wallis and the Tahitians departed on amicable terms when he left on 27 July 1767. A few months later

250-429: Is closely related to New Zealand Māori , but is a distinct language in its own right. It is simply called "Māori" when there is no need to disambiguate it from New Zealand Māori, but it is also known as "Māori Kūki 'Āirani" or "Maori Kuki Airani". The religious distribution in the 2016 official census was as follows: The various Protestant groups account for 62.8% of the believers, the most followed denomination being

275-448: Is the fire deity that Māui steals from, which in Māori mythology is instead Mahuika , a goddess of fire. Tangaroa is son of Ranginui and Papatūānuku , Sky and Earth . After joining his brothers Rongo , Tū , Haumia , and Tāne in the forcible separation of their parents, he is attacked by his brother Tāwhirimātea , the atua of storms, and forced to hide in the sea. Tangaroa is

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300-501: Is the son of Temoretu , and that Papatūānuku is his wife. Papatūānuku commits adultery with Rakinui while Takaroa is away, and in the resulting battle on the beach Takaroa's spear pierces Rakinui through both his thighs. Papatūānuku then marries Rakinui. In another legend, Tangaroa marries Te Anu-matao (chilling cold). They are the parents of the atua ‘of the fish class’, including Te Whata-uira-a-Tangawa , Te Whatukura , Poutini , and Te Pounamu . In some versions, Tangaroa has

325-618: The Cook Islands , which is composed of 15 islands and atolls in Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean . Cook Islands Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of the Cook Islands, although more Cook Islands Māori currently reside in New Zealand than the Cook Islands. Originating from Tahitian settlers in the sixth century, the Cook Islands Māori bear cultural affinities with New Zealand Māori and Tahitian Mā'ohi, although they also exhibit

350-622: The Cook Islands . Over the period of half a century there was much inter-island relations with trade, marriages and Polynesian expansion with the Islands of Hawaii and through to Rapanui . The original Tahitians cleared land for cultivation on the fertile volcanic soils and built fishing canoes . The tools of the Tahitians when first discovered were made of stone, bone, shell or wood. The Tahitians were divided into three major classes (or castes ): ariʼ , raʼatira and manahune . Ariʼi were relatively few in number while manahune constituted

375-781: The Cook Islands Christian Church with 49.1% (down from 53% in 2006). Other Protestant Christian groups include Seventh-Day Adventist (8.4%), Assemblies of God (3.8%), and Apostolic Church (2.1%). The main non-Protestant group was the Catholic Church , with 17% of the population. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints made up 4.4%. Only 2% or 323 people refused or did not respond to this question. Tahitians The first Polynesian settlers arrived in Tahiti around 400 AD by way of Samoan navigators and settlers via

400-667: The United Nations relisted French Polynesia as a territory to be decolonised. Three hundred Tahitian volunteers fought in the European theatre of World War II with the Free French Forces . In the late 1960s and early 1970s Tahitian poets Henri Hiro, Charles Manutahi, Vaitiare and Turo Raapoto spearheaded the anticolonial writing in Tahiti. Hiro's God of Culture implores Oihanu , the Tahitian god of culture and husbandry, to empower

425-515: The mutineers off the Bounty . On 29 June 1880 King Pōmare V agreed to a treaty of annexation with the French. On 9 September 1842 there was a protectorate treaty signed between Tahitians and the French. The agreement was for the "protection of indigenous property and the maintenance of a traditional judicial system". In 1958 the islands in the area including Tahiti were "reconstituted as a French Overseas Territory and renamed French Polynesia". In 2013

450-485: The "new generation". Three women writers - Michou Chaze, Chantal Spitz and Vaitiare explore the problems of Tahitian identification in contemporary French Polynesia . Tahitian peasants and workers call themselves the "true Tahitians" ( Taʼata Tahiti Mau ) to distinguish from part-Europeans ( Taʼata ʼafa Popaʼa ). At the same time demis quite frequently identify themselves as indigenous people in terms of culture and political affiliation. Such Tahitian activists as Pouvanaa

475-506: The Cook Islands if he was born in the Cook Islands, and -... These provisions setting out qualifications for the status of a permanent resident of the Cook Islands are supplemented by other legislation to regulate the granting of permanent resident status to others, qualifications to be held by a permanent resident, and conditions under which that status may be withdrawn. According to the most recent 2016 census, 78.2% of Cook Islanders are of Cook Island Māori descent, 7.62% are Part-Māori from

500-519: The French arrived on 2 April 1768 with the ships Boudeuse and Etoile captained by Louis-Antoine de Bougainville . In the 1790s European whalers arrived bringing with them alcohol and prostitution and missionaries with their religion. In the 1820s Protestantism became the main religion on Tahiti. The European ships brought such diseases for which Tahitians had little or no acquired immunity , such as dysentery , smallpox , scarlet fever , typhoid fever , venereal disease and tuberculosis . As

525-571: The beliefs of North Pentecost island , Tagaro appears as a destructive trickster, while in other areas, he is an eternal creator figure, and names cognate with Tagaro (such as Apma Takaa ) are applied nowadays to the Christian God. In the mythology of the Moriori of the Chatham Islands , Tangaroa is a fish deity alongside Pou . Cook Islanders Cook Islanders are residents of

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550-401: The bulk of population and included some members who played essential roles in the society. It is estimated that by the first contact with Europeans in 1767 the population of Tahiti was most probably around 110,000 or even reached 180,000. Other Society Islands held probably 15,000-20,000 people. Tahitians divided the day into the periods of daylight ( ao ) and darkness ( pō ). There was also

575-437: The father of birds , trees , and humans, is an indication that the Māori thought of the ocean and the land as opposed realms. When people go out to sea to fish or to travel, they are in effect representatives of Tāne Mahuta, entering the realm of Tāne Mahuta's enemy. For this reason, it was important that offerings were made to Tangaroa before any such expedition. The Kāi Tahu version of the origin of Takaroa maintains that he

600-473: The father of many sea creatures. Tangaroa's son, Punga , has two children, Ikatere , the ancestor of fish , and Tū-te-wehiwehi (or Tū-te-wanawana), the ancestor of reptiles . Terrified by Tāwhirimātea's onslaught, the fish seek shelter in the sea, and the reptiles in the forests. Ever since, Tangaroa has held a grudge with Tāne Mahuta , the atua of forests, because he offers refuge to his runaway children. The contention between Tangaroa and Tāne Mahuta,

625-508: The native Polynesian people of the islands and 14.18% other ethnic origins. Cook Islands Māori share many ancestral links with the Māori of New Zealand and the native people (Mā'ohi) of French Polynesia . Other Cook Islanders are also of Pacific Islander (primarily Polynesian), European ( Papa'a ), or Asian descent. Results for the usual resident population. The official languages of the Cook Islands are English and Cook Islands Māori , an Eastern Polynesian language . Cook Islands Māori

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