104-514: Tandragee (from Irish Tóin re Gaoith , meaning 'backside to the wind') is a town in County Armagh , Northern Ireland. It is built on a hillside overlooking the Cusher River , in the civil parish of Ballymore and the historic barony of Orior Lower . Earlier spellings of the name include Tanderagee and Tonregee . It had a population of 3,545 people in the 2021 census . Overlooking
208-455: A Supermarine Spitfire BL325 crashed near Cordraine Orange Hall in Tandragee. The aircraft was involved in a coordinated training exercise alongside ground forces. During a low-altitude flight, the pilot clipped a tree, resulting in the plane landing upside down in a field. Just over a year later, life in the town would experience a significant transformation with the arrival of American GIs from
312-540: A unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. With a writing system , Ogham , dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in Western Europe . On the island, the language has three major dialects: Connacht , Munster and Ulster Irish . All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography . There
416-697: A bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg . Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of
520-560: A better future for Ireland and all her citizens." The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the Government of Ireland details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It
624-552: A ceremonial purpose, featuring reviews and shooting competitions. The Tandragee Volunteers played a notable role at Lisnagade in 1791, when a significant faction conflict occurred. A group known as the Defenders established themselves at Fort Lisnagade with the intent to confront a group of Peep O' Day Boys who were commemorating King William's triumph at the Battle of the Boyne . This inspired
728-490: A corn and flour mill along the banks of the Cusher River . It is now Northern Ireland’s largest oat miller and breakfast cereal producer. In 2023, Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council approved plans for White's Oat's to move to new premises in Craigavon . Irish language Irish ( Standard Irish : Gaeilge ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik ),
832-472: A cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards,
936-541: A degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE / GCSE examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with dyslexia . NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of
1040-499: A few words that alter the political perspective. In the lyrics, the singer expresses to those witnessing his departure from Tandragee his desire for the Orange flag to soon be raised over its hills. He reflects on the birds and landscapes of Tandragee, hoping for peace and that "the time soon come around when I return". Folk musician , from the nearby Portadown , Robin Morton speaking about
1144-460: A fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora , chiefly to Great Britain and North America, but also to Australia , New Zealand and Argentina . The first large movements began in
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#17328527050741248-413: A lease for a parcel of land measuring 1 rood and 27 perches, which housed an existing structure. The lease term was set for 91 years at an annual rate of 30 shillings (£1.50). It was agreed that the chapel would measure 60 feet by 30 feet, constructed with stone sourced from the nearby Tullyhue quarry. The roof, made of slate, was to be supported by pine beams and lined internally with pine boards. Initially,
1352-585: A major role in suppressing the rebellion of 1798, was completely disbanded in 1838. For the next thirty years, the Yeomanry Force was retained as a second line of support for the regular cavalry within Britain. Recruiting difficulties led to serious consideration being given to the disbandment of the entire force in 1870, but instead measures were taken the following year to improve its effectiveness. These included requirements that individual yeomanry troopers attend
1456-505: A mill in town in the 1880s, an expansion of his firm from its original premises at nearby Laurelvale – a model village which he built. Sintons' Mill , at the banks of the Cusher River , remained in production until the 1990s. The mill caught fire in October 2024 with 6 appliances from the NI Fire and Rescue Service in attendance. White's Mill was established by Thomas Henry White in 1841 as
1560-463: A minimum number of drills per year in return for a "permanent duty" allowance, and that units be maintained at a specific strength. Yeomanry officers and permanent drill instructors were required to undergo training at a newly established School of Instruction and the Secretary of State for War took over responsibility for the force, from individual Lords Lieutenant of counties. While these reforms improved
1664-574: A paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority. Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in
1768-554: A pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga , the Irish language ombudsman). The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on
1872-588: A prosecution file in November 2020 for conducting services that violated COVID-19 restrictions . Tandragee Methodist Church was built in 1835 and is located on Market Street. Schools in the area include: The Tandragee 100 is a motorcycle race that has been held in the area since 1958. This event, a 100-mile handicap race, has involved a number of notable motorcycle road racers, including: Guy Martin , Joey Dunlop , Ryan Farquhar and Michael Dunlop . The race did not take place during 2020 or 2021 due to COVID-19 ,
1976-611: A religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman Muircheartach Ó Cíonga , commissioned by Bishop Bedell , was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 monoglot Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by
2080-538: A result of linguistic imperialism . Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's Gaeltacht regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022. The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within
2184-588: A role in the establishment of a proposed 'Orange Army' in 1886. Tandragee also had a strong representation in the Ulster Defence Union . In the central assembly of 600 members appointed on 21 October 1886, the southern region, including Armagh, Cavan, and Monaghan, was represented by eight local representatives: Rev. P.A. Kelly, Rev. W. McEndoo, Rev. R.J. Whan, Maynard Sinton, Thomas White, William O’Brien, John Atkinson, and Rev. George Laverty. The Unionist Club movement, which initially emerged in 1893 to resist
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#17328527050742288-660: A sermon at the Temperance Hall, leading to the formation of the Tandragee Free Presbyterian Church. On 18 October 2008, a new church complex spanning 16,000 square feet was opened to serve the growing congregation, located off the Portadown Road in the Willowfield housing estate. This facility features a sanctuary with seating for 450, a church hall that can accommodate 350 people, a prayer room for 130, and
2392-495: A sub-unit of a larger unit: In 1907 the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry was established as an all female volunteer organisation to provide a link between field hospitals and the front line, with their primary role being to rescue the wounded, rather than provide nursing care. Because the organisation as initially formed was mounted it adopted the yeomanry name. The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry is an independent charity that
2496-537: A wider meaning, including the Gaelic of Scotland and the Isle of Man , as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as Gaeilge na hAlban , Gaeilge Mhanann and Gaeilge na hÉireann respectively. In English (including Hiberno-English ), the language is usually referred to as Irish , as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic . The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss
2600-456: A youth fellowship area designed for 70 participants. Additionally, the complex includes a minister's office, a space for parents with infants during services, a committee room, a garage, storage areas, a recording studio and two kitchens. Tandragee Baptist Church was formed on 29 February 1864 and is located on the Madden Road. About 2 and a half years following the establishment of the church,
2704-584: Is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family . It is a member of the Goidelic language group of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous to the island of Ireland . It was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as
2808-635: Is a designation used by a number of units and sub-units in the British Army Reserve which are descended from volunteer cavalry regiments that now serve in a variety of different roles. In the 1790s, following the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte , the perceived threat of invasion of the Kingdom of Great Britain was high. To improve the country's defences, Volunteer regiments were raised in many counties from yeomen . While
2912-448: Is also An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , a standardised written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet , a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters , has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords ). Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of
3016-511: Is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including: The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968. Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years
3120-510: Is located beside Tandragee Castle on Church Street. The church has a history spanning over 650 years, connected to the Dukes of Manchester until the mid-1950s. The church was mentioned in 14th-century records but it was burnt down by Edmond O'Hanlon in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. It was reconstructed in 1812 as it had become inadequate for the congregation's needs. During construction, remnants of
3224-567: Is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. According to data compiled by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht , Sport and Media , only 1/4 of households in Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology , described
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3328-412: Is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language . These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht (plural Gaeltachtaí ). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it
3432-570: Is the only district to hold such an event. Tandragee District No.4 hosts The Twelfth every 11 years, as part of a rotation in which each district lodge in County Armagh takes its turn to organise the event. The district has its origins in 1796, the year following the establishment of the Orange Order . By 1834, the district was home to 27 lodges with a total of 810 members. In 1900, this number had decreased to 25 lodges with 750 members, while as of
3536-659: The Fíor-Ghaeltacht (true Gaeltacht ), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. There are Gaeltacht regions in the following counties: Gweedore ( Gaoth Dobhair ), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The Act
3640-577: The 6th Cavalry . In 1943, Alexander Montagu, the 10th Duke of Manchester , leased Tandragee Castle to the United States Army for use during World War II. Tandragee's links to the primary Belfast-Dublin railway , along with its proximity to the River Cusher and Newry Canal , positioned it as a strategic staging area for the United States Army in 1943. Tandragee railway station experienced
3744-619: The Republic of Ireland , and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official [Written] Standard ")
3848-705: The Royal Irish Constabulary as early as 1912 as one of only ten locations where military drills were occurring. When the Ulster Volunteer Force was formed, the community welcomed it with enthusiasm. The population of the Tandragee area ultimately became a majority of what would later develop into an eight-company strong Third Battalion of the County Armagh Regiment U.V.F. - also known as the Tandragee Volunteers. Tandragee Castle served as
3952-689: The Second Boer War , companies of Imperial Yeomanry were formed to serve overseas from volunteers from the Yeomanry. In 1901, all yeomanry regiments were redesignated as "Imperial Yeomanry", and reorganised. In 1908, the Imperial Yeomanry was merged with the Volunteer Force to form the Territorial Force , of which it became the cavalry arm. The "Imperial" title was dropped at the same time. On
4056-713: The Second Home Rule Bill , had seen a decline over the years but experienced a resurgence in 1910. Branches were swiftly established in Tandragee, Clare , Scarva , Poyntzpass , and Ballyshiel. In September, under the supervision of William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester , members of the Tandragee Club engaged in drills prior to the Ulster Covenant . After the Ulster Covenant, the Unionist leadership opted to unite
4160-528: The Tayto potato-crisp factory since 1956, after being bought by businessman Thomas Hutchinson. On 23 October 1641, the fortified town of Tandragee was attacked and taken by Patrick and Edmond O'Hanlon as a part of the O'Hanlon clan's efforts to reclaim their territory. The O'Hanlons and their Rebels set fire to the church of Ballymore, as well as Captain Oliver St John 's castle (Tandragee Castle), resulting in
4264-515: The UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade and as part of an ongoing Loyalist feud between the UVF and LVF . Tandragee District No.4 is one of 11 Orange Districts within County Armagh , comprising 21 private lodges and nearly 650 members. Every year on The Twelfth (12 July), the lodges within the district participate in the "Ring Ceremony" at the square, which includes a brief religious service. Tandragee
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4368-611: The 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies . Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine . This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English
4472-534: The 1940s and for later for dances, until it eventually transitioned to function as Tandragee District Hall. The hall also holds other events throughout the year. On New Year's Day 2008, the hall was the target of an arson attack, during which the door was forcibly opened, the interior was ignited and the hall sustained significant smoke damage. A song written about the town, The Hills of Tandragee, originates from as early as 1970. It shares similarities with The Hills of Glensuili , differing mainly in place names and
4576-769: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement , the language gradually received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the 2006 St Andrews Agreement the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved legislation to recognise Irish as an official language alongside English. The bill received royal assent on 6 December 2022. The Irish language has often been used as
4680-403: The 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh , including ecclesiastical terms : examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus , and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica ). By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish , which
4784-563: The Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. The Official Languages Scheme
4888-463: The European Union , only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish
4992-536: The Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". The Irish Times , referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse , quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but
5096-597: The Republic of Ireland ), new appointees to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland , including postal workers , tax collectors , agricultural inspectors, Garda Síochána (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement ,
5200-802: The Tandragee Yeomanry, along with the County Armagh Yeomanry, played a key role in suppressing the 1798 United Irishmen Rebellion . With the Irish Volunteers disbanded and the United Irishmen defeated, the Acts of Union 1800 dissolved the all-Ireland Parliament. From the introduction of the First Home Rule Bill , the Protestant community in Tandragee strongly opposed the idea and played
5304-459: The Tandragee region. The Tandragee Volunteers, organised by Captain Nicholas Johnston, were fitted with scarlet uniforms faced with white details. Johnston established another company in Tandragee known as the Tandragee Invincibles. In the churchyard, there is a grave dedicated to one of its volunteers, John Whitten, who died in 1785. Additional companies included the Tandragee Light Dragoons, led by James Craig. Volunteer activities primarily served
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#17328527050745408-437: The Ulster Volunteer Force into Kitchener's new Army , with hundreds enlisting from the Tandragee District, with a number joining the Armagh Volunteer Battalion of the 9th Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers . A remembrance mural commemorating the Third Battalion of the County Armagh Regiment U.V.F. and 9th Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers is located at the junction of Montague Street and Ballymore Road in Tandragee. On 25 May 1942,
5512-437: The afternoon of Sunday, 22 April 2001. Shortly after, in early May 2001, the structure was demolished. The building had been deemed outdated and structurally unsound. It lacked proper foundations, the pine beams were severely affected by dry rot, and several beams were precariously positioned on the wall above the windows without adequate support. A new church building was opened in 2002. The church encountered criticism and faced
5616-435: The amalgamation of some pairs of yeomanry regiments. There was a major reduction in reserve forces in 1967 with the formation of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve; all existing yeomanry regiments were reduced to squadron, company or battery sub-units. A number of further reorganisations have taken place since then. In the current Army Reserve , several remnants of former Yeomanry regiments are still serving, usually as
5720-477: The arrival of thousands of soldiers during World War II. The 6th Cavalry unit conducted its final parade in Tandragee on 31 December 1943. Following this, the regiment transitioned to become the 6th Mechanized Cavalry Group, which was comprised of the 6th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 28th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron. Reports suggest that General George S. Patton was a visitor to Tandragee Castle in 1943. While inspecting troops in Northern Ireland, he
5824-577: The beginning of the following academic year. For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern. In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few Irish speakers in Dublin , and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He
5928-425: The civil power over the previous decade. A number of independent troops were also dissolved. Following these reductions, the yeomanry establishment was fixed at 22 corps (regiments) receiving allowances and a further 16 serving without pay. During the 1830s, the number of yeomanry units fluctuated, reflecting the level of civil unrest in any particular region at any particular time. The Irish Yeomanry, which had played
6032-401: The creation of a ballad known as Lisnagade ("Ye Protestants of Ulster"). The Ulster Volunteers established the first and only all-Ireland Parliament, but their influence declined after the American Revolutionary War as new government-sanctioned groups emerged, such as the Yeomanry . Following the Battle of the Diamond , the Yeomanry became a predominantly Orange force. Established in 1796,
6136-438: The destruction of the entire town. Additionally, they reportedly executed Protestant settlers living in Tandragee. In April 1642, Felim O'Neill , leading the rebellion, commanded that his forces gather at Tandragee to confront the Scotch, specifically Colonel Robert Monro . Approximately 2,000 soldiers responded to his call. On 12 May 1643, Colonel Robert Monro arrived in Tandragee with a force of 4,000 troops and set fire to
6240-422: The early 21st century, there are 21 lodges with over 700 members. The inaugural Orange parades in Tandragee occurred on 12 July 1796, coinciding with the first Twelfth demonstration held at Lurgan Park. At that time, the district comprised 14 lodges. Tandragee District Hall was constructed in 1912 and initially established as a Protestant Temperance Hall . The building later functioned as a picture house during
6344-664: The education system. Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in Ireland outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the Gaeltacht and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of Northern Ireland , 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 Irish Americans reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of
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#17328527050746448-414: The end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911. Irish is recognised by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of Republic of Ireland (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde , was inaugurated as
6552-416: The eve of World War I in 1914, there were 55 Yeomanry regiments (with two more formed in August 1914), each of four squadrons instead of the three of the regular cavalry. Upon embodiment, these regiments were either brought together to form mounted brigades or allocated as divisional cavalry. For purposes of recruitment and administration, the Yeomanry were linked to specific counties or regions, identified in
6656-430: The first President of Ireland . The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect. In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication. From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see History of
6760-437: The first half of the nineteenth century, Yeomanry Regiments were used extensively in support of the civil authority to quell riots and civil disturbances, including the Peterloo Massacre ; as police forces were created and took over this role, the Yeomanry concentrated on local defence. In 1827, it was decided for financial reasons to reduce the number of yeomanry regiments, disbanding those that had not been required to assist
6864-427: The funds raised were sufficient only to construct the walls, leading to a temporary halt in progress. However, work resumed shortly after a generous donation from Mr. E D Atkinson allowing for the completion of the roof. By the close of 1867, the church was opened without any outstanding debts, although certain tasks were still pending completion as late as 1871. The final service at the old church building took place on
6968-438: The headquarters for the Tandragee Volunteers, with records indicating that the 9th Duke of Manchester occasionally inspected the troops and permitted the use of his estate. On 4 August 1914, the UK entered WWI, prompting thousands of Ulster Volunteers to join the British Army . Some were returning officers, while others, including former soldiers, felt compelled to fight against the ' Hun '. A public initiative formed to integrate
7072-409: The homes in O'Neilland . Felim O'Neill's forces, comprising both cavalry and infantry, engaged Monro's men. During this confrontation, the lieutenant of Colonel Monro's cavalry, along with two captains and several soldiers, lost their lives. Ultimately, the O'Hanlons lost their hold of Tandragee, with the castle left in a state of disrepair as a result of the conflict. In the late 18th century, Britain
7176-498: The language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. Endonyms of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] in Galway, Gaeilg / Gaeilic / Gaeilig [ˈɡeːlʲəc] in Mayo and Ulster , Gaelainn / Gaoluinn [ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] in West/Cork, Kerry Munster , as well as Gaedhealaing in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford Munster to reflect local pronunciation. Gaeilge also has
7280-410: The language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language. This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of
7384-425: The language. For most of recorded Irish history , Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people , who took it with them to other regions , such as Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx . It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada , with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of Newfoundland ,
7488-404: The members resolved to construct a meeting house, contingent upon securing a suitable location. During a church meeting held on 11 October 1866, with thirteen members in attendance, it was decided to accept a site from William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester and to "solicit subscriptions towards the building of the chapel by means of letter and personal solicitation". The Duke of Manchester granted
7592-563: The mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the United States and Canada was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed
7696-771: The name of the language is Gaeilge , from the South Connacht form, spelled Gaedhilge prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the genitive of Gaedhealg , the form used in Classical Gaelic . The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent ⟨dh⟩ in Gaedhilge . Older spellings include Gaoidhealg [ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] in Classical Gaelic and Goídelc [ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] in Old Irish . Goidelic , used to refer to
7800-463: The new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the Great Famine were Irish speakers. Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them
7904-639: The number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht . Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara , the west of the Dingle Peninsula , and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as
8008-515: The old walls were found, showing signs of fire damage from the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Tandragee Presbyterian Church was established, by Rev. Dr. Henry Cooke, in March 1829. The church building, which is located on the Markethill Road, was built in 1828 and renovated in 1977. The church hall serves as the venue for the 1st Tandragee Boys' Brigade and Girls' Brigade. Tandragee Free Presbyterian Church
8112-498: The other official language, if not already passed in both official languages. In November 2016, RTÉ reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app. Irish president Michael D. Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project". There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish
8216-539: The political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament , the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After
8320-429: The professionalism of the Yeomanry Force, numbers remained low (only 10,617 in 1881). In 1876, the role of the Yeomanry Force was fixed as that of light cavalry . During the previous decades, horse artillery troops had been raised to be attached to a number of yeomanry regiments and dismounted detachments appeared where horses were not available in sufficient numbers. These supernumerary units were now abolished. During
8424-658: The regimental title. Some of the units still in existence in 1914 dated back to those created in the 1790s, while others had been created during a period of expansion following on the Boer War. After the First World War, the Territorial Force was disbanded and later reformed and redesignated as the Territorial Army . Following the experience of the war, only the fourteen senior yeomanry regiments retained their horses, with
8528-487: The relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" ( / ɜːr s / URS )
8632-432: The requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see Education in the Republic of Ireland ). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge . As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need
8736-605: The rest being re-designated as armoured car companies , artillery , engineers , or signals . Two regiments were disbanded. The converted units retained their yeomanry traditions, with some artillery regiments having individual batteries representing different yeomanry units. On the eve of the Second World War in 1939, the Territorial Army was doubled in size, with duplicate units formed; this led to some regiments being de-amalgamated. The last mounted regiment of yeomanry
8840-625: The revival was the Gaelic League ( Conradh na Gaeilge ), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in
8944-482: The song, "Here's a fairly modern Orange song, and a great favorite among 'the brethren' because they can all join in on the last line of each verse. Dick Bamber, who gave it to me, is generally credited as the writer, but he tells me this is not correct. An old lady who lived beside him in Ballylisk, near Tandragee, 'wrote it years ago.' Just how long ago she wrote it he doesn't remember, but he says she gave it to him and he
9048-754: The town is Tandragee Castle . Originally the seat of the Chief of the Name of the O'Hanlon Irish clan and Lord of Orior , the castle and surrounding countryside were confiscated and granted to Oliver St John and his heirs during the Tudor conquest of Ireland and the Plantation of Ulster . Tandragee Castle was rebuilt in about 1837, after having previously been destroyed during the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , for George Montagu, 6th Duke of Manchester . Its grounds have been home to
9152-705: The vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish. Misneach staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh , a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at
9256-640: The various organisations involved in drilling efforts. By December 1912, the County Armagh Committee included several figures from the business sector, the legal field, and the local aristocracy . The representatives from Tandragee were Rev. R.J. Whan and George Davison. These people played a role in the eventual formation of a local battalion of the Ulster Volunteers . The emergence of the Third Home Rule Crisis saw Tandragee identified by
9360-469: The word "yeoman" in normal use meant a small farmer who owned his land, Yeomanry officers were drawn from the nobility or the landed gentry, and many of the men were the officers' tenants or had other forms of obligation to the officers. At its formation, the force was referred to as the Yeomanry Cavalry . Members of the yeomanry were not obliged to serve overseas without their individual consent. During
9464-594: The work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating , is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: The change was characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By
9568-523: Was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as Primitive Irish . These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish underwent a change into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from
9672-613: Was cancelled in 2023 due to insurance costs and again in 2024 due to lack of course resurfacing. Tandragee Rovers play in the Mid-Ulster Football League . There is a golf course within the grounds of Tandragee Castle . It is 5,589 metres, par 71, and a hilly parkland course. The Tayto Tandragee Soapbox Derby was established in 2015 and has since raised funds for the Royal British Legion in Tandragee, attracting over 7,500 visitors in 2019. Thomas Sinton opened
9776-643: Was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the Official Languages Act 2003 . The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the Department of the Taoiseach, it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build
9880-559: Was engaged in the American Revolutionary War . This situation heightened the risk of invasion by French and Spanish forces, especially in Ireland. In response, private groups of Volunteers were formed throughout Ireland and were equipped and managed independently, predominantly consisting of Protestants, mainly from the Church of Ireland . A number of these Irish Volunteers originated from Ulster, with several companies established in
9984-487: Was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. Yeomanry Yeomanry
10088-479: Was formed in 1967 and is located off the Portadown Road in the Willowfield housing estate. In February 1967, Rev. Ian Paisley was invited by a group of Bible-believing Christians from the Tandragee area to lead a gospel campaign at the Protestant Temperance Hall. Each evening, the hall was filled to capacity. To manage the large turnout during the final two Sunday meetings, Cargans Memorial Orange Hall
10192-495: Was guest of honour at a dance in the castle. The war memorial in Tandragee stands at nearly 25 feet, overlooking the town at The Square adjacent to the castle gates, commemorating the names of soldiers who served in both World War I and World War II. In 2000, Tandragee was scene of the Murders of Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine , two teenaged local Protestants who were unaffiliated with any paramilitary organization, by three members of
10296-465: Was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the An Coimisinéir Teanga (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in
10400-678: Was spoken throughout Ireland, Isle of Man and parts of Scotland . It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle . From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man . Early Modern Irish , dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in
10504-608: Was the Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons , who were converted to an armoured role in March 1942, and later converted into an infantry battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry —KOYLI. Volunteers from the Yeomanry served in the Long Range Desert Group from 1940 through to 1943, incorporated into "Y Patrol". There were reductions in the size of the TA in both 1957 and 1961, which led to
10608-672: Was the first to sing it in public. Now it's an Orange standard." Lambeg drumming is an important element of the County Armagh Orange Districts. A particular drumming rhythm linked to this tradition, named after Tandragee, is known as Tandragee Time and is commonly featured throughout County Armagh. There are Tandragee five churches in Tandragee: Ballymore Parish Church , Tandragee Presbyterian, Tandagee Free Presbyterian, Tandragee Baptist and Tandragee Methodist. Ballymore Parish Church dates to 1343 and
10712-491: Was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla . There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009,
10816-454: Was utilized as an overflow venue, allowing the congregation to participate in the services via closed circuit television. The enthusiasm for this style of preaching was so significant that, as the mission drew to a close, several members of the congregation approached Rev. Paisley with a request to establish a separate Protestant witness, specifically a Free Presbyterian Church , in Tandragee. On Easter Sunday, 26 March 1967, Rev. Paisley delivered
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