Tamra ( Arabic : طمرة , Hebrew : טַמְרָה or תַמְרָה ) is an Arab city in the North District of Israel located in the Lower Galilee 5 kilometres (3 miles) north of the city of Shefa-Amr and approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) east of Acre . In 2022 it had a population of 35,834.
92-535: Tamra is an ancient village on a hill. Old squared stone blocks have been reused in village homes. Cisterns and tombs carved into rock have also been found here. Tamra has been identified with Kefar Tamartha, a Jewish village mentioned in the Talmud as the home of 3rd century amora Rabbi Shila of Kefar Tamarta . On a hill 3 km west of Tamra's historical core lies a ruin called in Arabic Khirbet et-Tira ("ruin of
184-560: A mortar unit. In 1986, he did reserve duty in the West Bank . In 1988, when he was called up for reserve duty in Nablus , he refused to serve on ideological grounds, as he viewed Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories as a necessity and did not want to take part in suppressing the First Intifada . He was sentenced to three weeks in military prison and was imprisoned for 19 days, with
276-469: A 'transfer solution' to the prospective Jewish state's 'Arab problem. ' " Commenting on the Revisited version of Morris'work, Karsh states that in "an implicit acknowledgement of their inaccuracy, Morris has removed some of The Birth 's most inaccurate or distorted quotations about transfer." Morris has also been criticised by Norman Finkelstein and Nur Masalha . They argue that Morris's conclusions have
368-507: A broad, long-term perspective. They see that at the moment, there are five-six-seven million Jews here, surrounded by hundreds of millions of Arabs. They have no reason to give in, because the Jewish state can't last. They are bound to win. In another 30 to 50 years they will overcome us, come what may." 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (1990) is a collection of essays dedicated to
460-468: A detailed account of the war between various factions that year that caused the creation of the modern state of Israel. The book has been described as "the most definitive study of the first Arab-Israeli war." Morris contends that there is no two-state solution to the Middle East crisis, and that the one-state solution is not viable because of Arab unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in
552-403: A dipper (this practice comes from before piped water was common). Many bathrooms even in modern houses are constructed with a small cistern to hold water for bathing by this method. The modern toilet utilises a cistern to reserve and hold the correct amount of water required to flush the toilet bowl. In earlier toilets, the cistern was located high above the toilet bowl and connected to it by
644-554: A doctorate in political science and international relations.) Sayigh urges academics to compose "robust responses [to Karsh] that make sure that any self-respecting scholar will be too embarrassed to even try to incorporate the Karsh books in his/her teaching or research because they can't pretend they didn't know how flimsy their foundations are". Morris responds that Karsh's article is a "mélange of distortions, half-truths, and plain lies that vividly demonstrates his profound ignorance of both
736-508: A large cistern was carved into bedrock beneath a palace dating to the Late Bronze Age . Similar systems were uncovered at Ta'anakh . In the Iron Age , underground water systems were constructed in royal centers and settlements throughout ancient Israel , marking some of the earliest instances of engineering activity in urban planning . The Ancient Roman impluvium , a standard feature of
828-560: A last resort to stop the Iranian nuclear program. Morris reiterated this view in an op-ed in Haaretz in June 2024, writing, "If Israel proves incapable of destroying the Iranian nuclear project using conventional weaponry, then it may not have any option but to resort to its nonconventional capabilities." In a 2019 interview with Haaretz , Morris took a pessimistic view of Israel's future, arguing that
920-401: A long pipe. It was necessary to pull a hanging chain connected to a release valve located inside the cistern in order to flush the toilet. Modern toilets may be close coupled , with the cistern mounted directly on the toilet bowl and no intermediate pipe. In this arrangement, the flush mechanism (lever or push button) is usually mounted on the cistern. Concealed cistern toilets, where the cistern
1012-434: A population of 1,111, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,258, all Muslims, in a total of 282 houses. In the 1945 statistics , Tamra had 1,830 inhabitants, all Muslims, while the total jurisdiction of the village was 30,559 dunams of land. 1,564 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 14,434 dunams for cereals, while 206 dunams were built-up (urban) land. Tamra was captured by Israeli forces from
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#17328584570451104-509: A pro-Israeli bias, in that he has not fully acknowledged that his work rests largely on selectively released Israeli documentation, while the most sensitive documents remain closed to researchers, and has more broadly treated the evidence in Israeli documents in an uncritical way, and not taking into account that they are, at times, apologetic. In relations to specific work on the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight , they assert that Morris minimised
1196-498: A pro-Palestinian bias, and that with regard to the distinction between military assault and expulsion they should accept that he uses a "more narrow and severe" definition of expulsions. Morris holds to his conclusion that there was no transfer policy. Benny Morris wrote a review critical of Ilan Pappé 's book A History of Modern Palestine for The New Republic . Morris called Pappé's book "truly appalling". He says it subjugates history to political ideology, and "contains errors of
1288-700: A quantity and a quality that are not found in serious historiography". Replying, Pappé accused Morris of using mainly Israeli sources, and disregarding Arab sources, which – Pappé alleged – Morris "cannot read". Michael Palumbo, author of The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from Their Homeland , reviewing the first edition of Morris's book on Palestinian refugees, criticises Morris's decision, which Palumbo thinks characteristic of Israeli revisionist historians generally, to rely mainly on official, "carefully screened" Israeli sources, especially for radio transcripts of Arab broadcasts, while disregarding unofficial Israeli sources such as transcripts from
1380-657: A regime of apartheid " and calling on US Jewish groups to speak out against the occupation in Palestine. In an October 2023 interview, he stated that he does not consider Israel an "apartheid state", but that when signing the letter mentioned above he meant to refer to Israel's occupation of the West Bank as "an apartheid regime based on nationalism". Morris is critical of the Israeli settlements , calling it "counterproductive" because it will not assure Israel's security. He called some of
1472-514: A response to deliberate expulsions and violence by forces loyal to Israel, rather than the result of orders by Arab commanders as had often been historically claimed. Scholars have perceived an ideological shift in Morris's work starting around 2000, during the Second Intifada . Morris's perspective has been described as having become more conservative and more negative towards Palestinians, viewing
1564-434: A salaried worker in the city is ILS 2,887, a real change of −2.2% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 3,358 (no real change) versus ILS 1,977 for females (a real change of −7.6%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,763. There are 445 people who receive unemployment benefits and 5,290 people who receive an income guarantee. According to CBS, there are 13 schools and 5,779 students in
1656-550: A sizeable portion of the dairy market in Israel's Arab sector. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 27,300. In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was almost entirely Arab (99.6% Muslim ), with no significant Jewish population. See Population groups in Israel . According to CBS, in 2001 there were 11,900 males and 11,400 females. The population of
1748-409: A total storage capacity of over 11 million U.S. gallons (42 million liters) of water. These cisterns are easily spotted at street level with manholes labeled CISTERN S.F.F.D surrounded by red brick circles or rectangles. The cisterns are completely separate from the rest of the city’s water supply, ensuring that in the event of an earthquake, additional backup is available regardless of the condition of
1840-497: A world whose values are different. A world in which human life doesn't have the same value as it does in the West, in which freedom, democracy, openness and creativity are alien...Revenge plays a central part in the Arab tribal culture. Therefore, the people we are fighting and the society that sends them have no moral inhibitions." In response, Ari Shavit commented on Morris' justification for
1932-589: Is a general Arab attack on us and a situation of warfare on the front with Arabs in the rear shooting at convoys on their way to the front, acts of expulsion will be entirely reasonable. They may even be essential." Morris called the Israel–Palestinian conflict a facet of a global clash of civilisations between Islam and the Western World in the Haaretz interview, saying, "There is a deep problem in Islam. It's
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#17328584570452024-444: Is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater . To prevent leakage, the interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster. Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic meters, effectively forming covered reservoirs . Waterproof lime plaster cisterns in
2116-557: Is an inadequate water supply . The city of San Francisco , notably, maintains fire cisterns under its streets in case the primary water supply is disrupted. In many flat areas, the use of cisterns is encouraged to absorb excess rainwater which otherwise can overload sewage or drainage systems by heavy rains (certainly in urban areas where a lot of ground is surfaced and doesn't let the ground absorb water). In some southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia showers are traditionally taken by pouring water over one's body with
2208-403: Is built into the wall behind the toilet, are also available. A flushing trough is a type of cistern used to serve more than one WC pan at one time. These cisterns are becoming less common, however. The cistern was the genesis of the modern bidet . At the beginning of the flush cycle, as the water level in the toilet cistern tank drops, the flush valve flapper falls back to the bottom, stopping
2300-615: Is found in San Francisco , which has historically been subject to devastating fires . As a precautionary measure, in 1850, funds were allocated to construct over 100 cisterns across the city to be utilized in case of fire. The city's firefighting network, the Auxiliary Water Supply System (AWSS) maintains a network of 177 independent underground water cisterns, with sizes varying from 75,000 US gallons (280,000 L) to over 200,000 US gallons (760,000 L) depending on location with
2392-575: Is indeed commendable, were it not for his tendency to choose sources which support his views, while avoiding those document collections which contain information inconsistent with his principal arguments. His decision not to use the testimony of Israeli veterans is unfortunate, since some of them have spoken candidly about Israeli atrocities and expulsion of civilians at Deir Yassin, Lydda–Ramle and Jaffa. In an article in HNN, Baruch Kimmerling discusses Morris' 2004 Haaretz interview in which Morris states: if he
2484-660: The Arab Liberation Army and the Syrian Army in 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a part of Operation Dekel . On 20 May 1948 the civilian population had been evacuated on orders from Arab irregular forces. According to Benny Morris it was feared that the village would surrender to the Yishuv . The city grew rapidly in the period of Israel's first years as a nation due to the influx of Palestinian refugees from destroyed nearby villages such as al-Birwa or al-Damun . Large percentages of
2576-501: The BBC and CIA , many of which point to a policy of expulsion. He says Morris failed to supplement his work in Israeli archives, many still classified, by U.N., American, and British archival sources that Palumbo considers objective on such issues as IDF atrocities, as well as oral testimonies of Palestinians and Israelis, which can be reliable if their substance can be independently verified. Palumbo commends Morris' regard for documentation
2668-620: The Mamluk period seems to have persisted until the late 16th to early 17th centuries CE. Around this time, immigrants belonging to the Zu'abiyah clan settled in what is now known as Tamra, the place where their descendants reside to this day. Tamra, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village was located in the Nahiya of Acca, part of Safad Sanjak . The population
2760-471: The PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tamra as: "A large village, with a small mosque on the east and well on the north. There is a rock-cut tomb west of the houses. South of the village, in the valley, a fine olive-grove extends as far as er Rueis ." A population list from about 1887 showed that Tamra had about 535 inhabitants, all Muslims. At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine Tamra had
2852-513: The Palestinian rejection of President Clinton's peace accords and the outbreak of the Second Intifada . He had originally viewed the First Intifada as a legitimate uprising against foreign occupation, and was imprisoned for refusing to serve in the occupied territories as a reservist. In contrast, he has characterized the Second Intifada as a war waged by the Palestinians against Israel with
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2944-515: The domus house, generally had a cistern underneath. The impluvium and associated structures collected, filtered, cooled, and stored the water, and also cooled and ventilated the house. In the Middle Ages, cisterns were often constructed in hill castles in Europe, especially where wells could not be dug deeply enough. There were two types: the tank cistern and the filter cistern. Such a filter cistern
3036-559: The 1948 expulsions as a justified act. Morris was born on 8 December 1948 in kibbutz Ein HaHoresh , Israel, the son of Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom. His father, Ya'akov Morris, was an Israeli diplomat, historian, and poet, while his mother, Sadie Morris, was a journalist. According to The New Yorker , Benny Morris "grew up in the heart of a left-wing pioneering atmosphere." His parents moved to Jerusalem when Morris
3128-553: The 1980s, Morris began reading through Israeli government archives , at first looking at the history of the Palmach , then turning his attention to the origins of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight . Mainstream Israeli historiography at the time explained the 1948 Palestinian exodus from their towns and villages as having been driven by fear, or by instructions from Arab leaders. Morris found evidence that there had been expulsions in some cases. Another event that Morris revealed for
3220-430: The 21st century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide —the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing. Morris criticised David Ben-Gurion for not fully carrying out such a plan, saying: "In the end, he faltered. ... If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleansed the whole country ... If he had carried out a full expulsion—rather than a partial one—he would have stabilized
3312-512: The Arab states, there was no choice but to expel the Palestinian population. To uproot it in the course of war." He sees the Jews as the greater victims, as they are "a small minority in a large sea of hostile Arabs who want to eliminate us." According to him, "Arab people gained a large slice of the planet. [...They] have 22 states . The Jewish people did not have even one state. There was no reason in
3404-619: The Crusaders in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun . Scholars have suggested that Khirbet et-Tira may be the site of Tatura , a Crusader period settlement belonging to the Templar order . The name of the ruin might be a corruption of the Arabic toponym "Turat Tamra", from the same period. Excavation at the site revealed remains of Crusader structures destroyed by fire in the 13th century. The village from
3496-696: The Goldman Visiting Israeli Professor in Georgetown University 's Department of Government. He lives in Srigim (Li On) and is married with three children. After graduation from the University of Cambridge he returned to Jerusalem and worked as a correspondent for The Jerusalem Post for 12 years. He covered the 1982 Lebanon War for The Jerusalem Post , a war he also fought in as a reservist. While working at The Jerusalem Post in
3588-576: The Israeli-Palestinian conundrum" and suggested it is likely to become "the most definitive study of the first Arab-Israeli war." However, Ben-Ami criticised Morris' drawing of an "awkward symmetry" between the Palestinian refugee crisis and the " forced emigration " of Jews from the Arab world. Like Yoav Gelber , he was also unconvinced by Morris' characterization of the 1948 conflict as an Islamic Jihad. In his own book Scars of War, Wounds of Peace , Ben-Ami observed that Morris' "thesis about
3680-561: The Jordan River. It may yet turn out that this was his fatal mistake. If he had carried out a full expulsion - rather than a partial one - he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations... Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in
3772-696: The Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Beersheba , Israel. Morris was initially associated with the group of Israeli historians known as the " New Historians ", a term he coined to describe himself and historians Avi Shlaim , Ilan Pappé and Simha Flapan . Morris's 20th century work on the Arab–Israeli conflict and especially the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has won praise and criticism from both sides of
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3864-643: The Middle East and cultural differences including less Arab respect for human life and rule of law . He suggests the possibility of something like a three-state solution in the form of a Palestinian confederation with Jordan. The book describes the Ottoman /Turkish destruction of the Armenian , Greek and Assyrian communities by the successive Ottoman, Young Turks ' and Atatürk regimes, in which some two million Christians were murdered by their Muslim neighbors. Morris has won praise and criticism from both sides of
3956-539: The Palestinian Refugee Problem is an "outstandingly original, scholarly, and important contribution" to the study of the issue. Shlaim writes that many of Morris's critics cling to the tenets of "Old History", the idea of an Israel born untarnished, a David fighting the Arab Goliath. He argues that these ideas are simply false, created not by historians but by the participants in the 1948 war, who wrote about
4048-565: The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited']". Efraim Karsh , professor of Mediterranean Studies at King's College London , writes that Morris engages in what Karsh calls "five types of distortion". According to Karsh, Morris "misrepresents documents, resorts to partial quotes, withholds evidence, makes false assertions, and rewrites original documents... [he] tells of statements never made, decisions never taken, events that never happened ... at times [he] does not even take
4140-469: The Palestinian exodus of 1948 and subsequent events. It analyses Mapai and Mapam policy during the exodus, the IDF report of July 1948 on its causes, Yosef Weitz's involvement in the events, and some cases of expulsions that occurred in the fifties. In his 1989 book, Morris retraces the stages of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight . He meticulously examines the fate of each abandoned Palestinian village,
4232-487: The Palestinians would not compromise and that ultimately "a situation in which we rule an occupied people that has no rights cannot persist in the 21st century, in the modern world". He claimed that as soon as the Palestinians did have rights, Israel would no longer be a Jewish state, and that it would descend into intercommunal violence with Jews ultimately becoming a persecuted minority and those who could emigrating. According to Morris, "the Palestinians look at everything from
4324-419: The State of Israel for generations." Morris also said: "I feel sympathy for the Palestinian people, which truly underwent a hard tragedy. I feel sympathy for the refugees themselves. But if the desire to establish a Jewish state here is legitimate, there was no other choice. It was impossible to leave a large fifth column in the country. From the moment the Yishuv was attacked by the Palestinians and afterward by
4416-632: The Suez Canal area and was discharged from active service four months later, but continued to serve in the military reserve until 1990. He completed his undergraduate studies in history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and received a doctorate in modern European history from the University of Cambridge . Morris served in the 1982 Lebanon War as an army reservist, taking part in the Siege of Beirut in
4508-610: The U.S. Virgin Islands, have strict laws requiring that rainwater harvesting systems be built alongside any new construction, and cisterns can be used in these cases. In Bermuda, for example, its familiar white-stepped roofs seen on houses are part of the rainwater collection system, where water is channeled by roof gutters to below-ground cisterns. Other countries, such as Japan, Germany, and Spain, also offer financial incentives or tax credit for installing cisterns. Cisterns may also be used to store water for firefighting in areas where there
4600-578: The Umayyad and Abbasid periods before it was finally abandoned. An inscription using the hijra calendar discovered on the church's floor can be dated to AD 725. In the 1253, during the Crusader period , John Aleman , Lord of Caesarea , sold several villages, including Tamra, to the Hospitallers . In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders, according to the hudna (temporary truce ) between
4692-479: The aforementioned clans, whose presence in Tamra predates the state of Israel, the city is home to internally displaced Palestinians and their descendants from the nearby villages of al-Damun , Hadatha , Mi'ar and al-Ruways , which were depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war . According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,908 salaried workers and 375 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for
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#17328584570454784-518: The best they could hope for is that Israel's conventional air assault will destroy their nuclear facilities. To be sure, this would mean thousands of Iranian casualties and international humiliation. But the alternative is an Iran turned into a nuclear wasteland." In an interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard in May 2008, Morris argued that a pre-emptive nuclear strike on Iran may have to be used as
4876-479: The birth of the Palestine refugee problem being not by design but by the natural logic and evolution of war is not always sustained by the very evidence he himself provides: 'cultured officers ... had turned into base murderers and this not in the heat of battle ... but out of a system of expulsion and destruction; the less Arabs remained, the better; this principle is the political motor for the expulsions and atrocities' [quoting from Morris' major 2004 work 'The Birth of
4968-599: The castle") and in Hebrew Horbat Tirat Tamra ("Tamra castle ruin"), which has been studied by European and Israeli archaeolgists since the 19th century. The site is dated through its finds to the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Medieval periods. The site is bisected by Highway 70 and is covered the modern city's agricultural lands. A church constructed in Tamra during the Byzantine era remained active through
5060-620: The city are Maccabi Tamra and F.C. Tzeirei Tamra, both play in Liga Gimel , the fifth tier of Israeli football . Maccabi Tamra and Hapoel Bnei Tamra (which is now defunct), played in the past in Liga Artzit , having been promoted from Liga Alef in 1988 and 2006 respectively. Cistern A cistern (from Middle English cisterne ; from Latin cisterna , from cista 'box'; from Ancient Greek κίστη ( kístē ) 'basket' )
5152-668: The city was spread out, with 48.5% 19 years of age or younger, 18.0% between 20 and 29, 19.7% between 30 and 44, 9.0% from 45 to 59, 1.6% from 60 to 64, and 3.0% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.3% and 2005 had dropped to 2.5%. The largest and most influential clan in Tamra is the Diab, which consists of several branches. Other clans include the Hejazi, and the smaller clans of Abd al-Hadi, Abu Na'ama, Abu Rumi, Amar, Arshid, Awwad, Kanaan, Muhsin, Nasser, Natour, Ourabi, Radi, Shama, Shaqir, Sheikh Ali and Yassin. In addition to
5244-485: The city's farming land was expropriated by Israeli authorities and allocated to farming cooperatives and nearby Jewish settlement towns such as Mitzpe Aviv . Tamra achieved local council status in 1956 and was declared a city in 1996. In 2020 the Israeli government approved plans to construct 5,270 housing units in the southern quarter. The plan includes public and transport infrastructure. The city became famous for its large dairy factory named "Rajeb-Tamra", accounting for
5336-407: The city's mainline water system. Some cisterns sit on the top of houses or on the ground higher than the house, and supply the running water needs for the house. They are often supplied by wells with electric pumps , or are filled manually or by truck delivery, rather than by rainwater collection. Very common throughout Brazil, for example, they were traditionally made of concrete walls (much like
5428-427: The city. They are spread out as 9 elementary schools and 4000 elementary school students, and 3 high schools and 2,324 high school students. 54.6% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. During the late 1990s sociologist As'ad Ghanem set up an NGO in Tamra. It was called Ibn Khaldun and campaigned for more Arab history to be taught in Israeli schools. The current football teams in
5520-531: The enemy that is among us. They are a potential fifth column." On the subject of the potential expulsion of Israeli-Arabs, he stated that "in the present circumstances it is neither moral nor realistic. The world would not allow it, the Arab world would not allow it, it would destroy the Jewish society from within. But I am ready to tell you that in other circumstances, apocalyptic ones, which are liable to be realized in five or ten years, I can see expulsions. If we find ourselves with atomic weapons around us, or if there
5612-409: The events they had taken part in without the benefit of access to Israeli government archives, which were first opened up in the early 1980s. Shlomo Ben-Ami , a historian and former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs, praised Morris' book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited' (2008) . He called it "the single most important work on the thorniest moral and political issue underlying
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#17328584570455704-484: The expulsion of the Arabs in 1948 by contrasting (the more recent) "citizen" Morris with (the earlier) "historian" Morris, and noting that, at times "citizen Morris and historian Morris worked as though there is no connection between them, as though one was trying to save what the other insists on eradicating." Morris later denied the term "ethnic cleansing" with regard to the actions undertaken by Jewish forces in Israel during
5796-568: The first time based on his archive study was the contacts between the Israeli officials and the Lebanese Kataeb Party figures, including Elias Rababi , in the period 1948–1951. The related news reports were also published in The Jerusalem Post in 1983. In 2004, Haaretz published an interview with Morris conducted by Ari Shavit that has generated significant controversy. Morris told Shavit that his views changed in 2000 after
5888-503: The floors of houses are features of Neolithic village sites of the Levant at, for instance, Ramad and Lebwe, and by the late fourth millennium BC, as at Jawa in northeastern Lebanon, cisterns are essential elements of emerging water management techniques in dry-land farming communities. Early examples of ancient cisterns, found in Israel , include a significant discovery at Tel Hazor , where
5980-412: The government introduced another program named "One Land, Two Water Program" (Uma Terra, Duas Águas, P1 + 2), which provides a farmer with another slab cistern to support agricultural production. [REDACTED] Media related to Cisterns at Wikimedia Commons Benny Morris Benny Morris ( Hebrew : בני מוריס ; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian. He was a professor of history in
6072-451: The ground source. City water has up to 1ppm (parts per million) chlorine added to the water to keep it clean. If there is any question about the water supply at any point (source to tap), then the cistern water should not be used for drinking or cooking. If it is of acceptable quality and consistency, then it can be used for (1) toilets , and housecleaning; (2) showers and handwashing; (3) washing dishes, with proper sanitation methods, and for
6164-507: The highest quality, (4) cooking and drinking. Water of non-acceptable quality for the aforementioned uses may still be used for irrigation. If it is free of particulates but not low enough in bacteria , then boiling may also be an effective method to prepare the water for drinking. Many greenhouses rely on a cistern to help meet their water needs, particularly in the United States. Some countries or regions, such as Flanders , Bermuda and
6256-466: The houses themselves), with a similar concrete top (about 5 cm/2 inches thick), with a piece that can be removed for water filling and then reinserted to keep out debris and insects. Modern cisterns are manufactured out of plastic (in Brazil with a characteristic bright blue color, round, in capacities of about 10,000 and 50,000 liters (2641 and 13,208 gallons)). These cisterns differ from water tanks in
6348-438: The intention of bringing Israeli society to a state of collapse. According to Morris, "The bombing of the buses and restaurants really shook me. They made me understand the depth of the hatred for us." Morris said that Israel was justified in uprooting the Palestinian ' fifth column ' after the Arabs attacked the infant state, and that proportion should be employed when considering the "small war crimes " committed by Israel. In
6440-403: The interview, Morris stated that: There is no justification for acts of rape. There is no justification for acts of massacre. Those are war crimes. But in certain conditions, expulsion is not a war crime. I don't think that the expulsions of 1948 were war crimes. [...] There are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of
6532-977: The main flow to the flush tube. Because the tank water level has yet to reach the fill line, water continues to flow from the tank and bowl fill tubes. When the water again reaches the fill line, the float will release the fill valve shaft and water flow will stop. In Northeastern Brazil , the One Million Cisterns Program ( Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas or P1MC ) has assisted local people with water management. The Brazilian government adopted this new policy of rainwater harvesting in 2013. The Semi-Arid Articulation (ASA) has been providing managerial and technological support to establish cement-layered containers, called cisterns, to harvest and store rainwater for small farm-holders in 34 territories of nine states where ASA operates ( Minas Gerais , Bahia , Sergipe , Alagoas , Pernambuco , Paraíba , Rio Grande do Norte , Ceará and Piauí ). The rainwater falling on
6624-562: The number of expulsions, with Finkelstein noting than many events classified by Morris as "abandonment" or "military assault on settlement" were actually expulsions, and that when the conclusions of Morris' evidence are harsh for the Israelis he has tended to give them a less incriminating spin. In a reply to Finkelstein and Masalha, Morris answers he "saw enough material, military and civilian, to obtain an accurate picture of what happened", that Finkelstein and Masalha draw their conclusions with
6716-610: The original diary of Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel. Yezid Sayigh , professor of Middle East Studies in the Department of War Studies at King's College London, writes of Karsh's criticism, "[t]his is not the first time that Efraim Karsh has written a highly self-important rebuttal of revisionist history. He is simply not what he makes himself out to be, a trained historian (nor political/social scientist)." (Karsh responds that he has an undergraduate degree in modern Middle Eastern history, and Arabic language and literature, and
6808-444: The political divide. Despite regarding himself as a Zionist , he writes, "I embarked upon the research not out of ideological commitment or political interest. I simply wanted to know what happened." One of Morris major works is the 1989 book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1948 which based on then recently declassified Israeli archives, demonstrated that the 1948 exodus of Palestinian refugees were in large part
6900-439: The political divide. Some commentators criticised Morris for being reluctant to accept the implications of the evidence he presents in his work. Avi Shlaim , retired professor of international relations at the University of Oxford , and himself a New Historian, writes that Morris investigated the 1948 exodus of the Palestinians "as carefully, dispassionately, and objectively as it is ever likely to be", and that The Birth of
6992-510: The reason for its depopulation, and its subsequent fate. Morris also considers Israel's decision to bar the refugees' return and the international context. This book laid the foundation for Morris' reputation as the preeminent historian of the 1948 War . Published in 2004, the book documents new archival material revealed during 25 years since Morris' earlier work. His work considers what happens in urban communities, such as Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa. Morris demolishes misconceptions and provides
7084-423: The remaining two deducted for good behavior. He was subsequently discharged from reserve service. After publishing The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in 1987, Morris considered leaving Israel, because he found that no university in Israel would hire him ("the establishment turned its back on me"). It was Ezer Weizman , then Israel's president, who convinced him to stay. From 2015–18, Morris served as
7176-454: The rest refer to studies by major historians...." Morris elsewhere argues that Karsh "belabor[s] minor points while completely ignoring, and hiding from his readers, the main pieces of evidence" and argued, "... Karsh, while claiming to have 'demolished' the whole oeuvre, in fact deal[t] with only four pages of Birth . These pages tried to show that the Zionist leadership during 1937–38 supported
7268-553: The restrictions under the Netanyahu government of access to historical documents related to the 1948 Palestinian Arab exodus, referring to them as "totalitarian." At the same time, Morris pointed out that much of the criticism of this policy is hypocritical, because the archives of the Arab states remain entirely closed. In August 2023, Morris was one of more than 1,500 U.S., Israeli, Jewish and Palestinian academics and public figures who signed an open letter stating that Israel operates "
7360-489: The rooftops is directed through pipelines or gutters and stored in the cistern. The cistern is covered with a lid to avoid evaporation. Each cistern has a capacity of 16,000 liters. Water collected in it during 3–4 months of the rainy season can sustain the requirement for drinking, cooking, and other basic sanitation purposes for rest of the dry periods. By 2016, 1.2 million rainwater harvesting cisterns were implemented for human consumption alone. After positive results of P1MC,
7452-461: The sense that they are not entirely enclosed and sealed with one form, rather they have a lid made of the same material as the cistern, which is removable by the user. To keep a clean water supply, the cistern must be kept clean. It is important to inspect them regularly, keep them well enclosed, and to occasionally empty and clean them with a proper dilution of chlorine and to rinse them well. Well water must be inspected for contaminants coming from
7544-632: The settlers "right-wing fanatics", who are violent towards their Palestinian neighbors. According to him, Israel should have withdrawn from the West Bank immediately after the Six-Day War , allowed the Jordanians to reoccupy the territory. In an op-ed piece in The New York Times in July 2008, Morris wrote: "Iran's leaders would do well to rethink their gamble and suspend their nuclear program. Bar this,
7636-511: The source material (his piece contains more than fifty footnotes but is based almost entirely on references to and quotations from secondary works, many of them of dubious value) and the history of the Zionist–Arab conflict. It does not deserve serious attention or reply." Anita Shapira , Dean of Tel Aviv University , argues "thirty of [Karsh's] references actually refer to writings by Shlaim and Morris, and fifteen others cite primary sources, and
7728-470: The suicide bombings as isolated acts. They express the deep will of the Palestinian people. That is what the majority of the Palestinians want." On the subject of "people the Palestinian society sends to carry out the terrorist attacks," he calls them "serial killers" and "barbarians who want to take our lives". In the same interview, Morris called Israeli Arabs "a time bomb," claiming that "their slide into complete Palestinization has made them an emissary of
7820-422: The trouble to provide evidence..... He expects his readers to take on trust his assertions that fundamental contradictions exist between published accounts and the underlying documents.....he systematically falsifies evidence. Indeed, there is scarcely a document that he does not twist. This casts serious doubt on the validity of his entire work." In addition he claimed to expose a serious gap between Morris' text and
7912-441: The water is intended for consumption. It is not uncommon for a cistern to be open in some manner in order to catch rain or to include more elaborate rainwater harvesting systems. It is important in these cases to have a system that does not leave the water open to algae or to mosquitoes , which are attracted to the water and then potentially carry disease to nearby humans. One particularly unique modern utilization of cisterns
8004-417: The world why it should not have one state. Therefore, from my point of view, the need to establish this state in this place overcame the injustice that was done to the Palestinians by uprooting them." Morris told Shavit that he still describes himself as being left-wing because of his support for the two-state solution , but he believes his generation will not see peace in Israel. He has said, "I don't see
8096-439: The year 1948. He said that possibly, the term might apply in a limited or partial context to Lod and Ramla. He says that according to historical records, approximately 160,000 Arabs remained within the territories of Israel post-1948 and that while many were indeed expelled, a significant number managed to return and retained their status as citizens of the newly established Jewish state. In July 2019, Morris has sharply criticized
8188-514: Was 22 Muslim households. They paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, occasional revenues, beehives and winter pastures; a total of 2,929 akçe . In 1799 it was named Tomrat on the map of Pierre Jacotin . In 1859 the British Consul Rogers estimated the population to be 1,200, all Muslims, and the cultivated area 80 feddans , while Victor Guérin found it in 1875 to have 800 inhabitants, all Muslim. In 1881,
8280-705: Was a one-year-old. He later accompanied his parents to New York, where his father was an envoy in Israel's foreign service. Morris served in the Israel Defense Forces as an infantryman, including in the Paratroopers Brigade , from 1967 to 1969. He saw action on the Golan Heights front during the Six-Day War and served on the Suez Canal during the War of Attrition . He was wounded in 1969 by an Egyptian shell in
8372-401: Was already engaged in expulsion, maybe he should have done a complete job. I know that this stuns the Arabs and the liberals and the politically correct types. But my feeling is that this place would be quieter and know less suffering if the matter had been resolved once and for all. If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleaned the whole country - the whole Land of Israel, as far as
8464-766: Was built at the Riegersburg in Austrian Styria , where a cistern was hewn out of the lava rock. Rain water passed through a sand filter and collected in the cistern. The filter cleaned the rain water and enriched it with minerals. Cisterns are commonly prevalent in areas where water is scarce, either because it is rare or has been depleted due to heavy use. Historically, the water was used for many purposes including cooking, irrigation , and washing. Present-day cisterns are often used only for irrigation due to concerns over water quality. Cisterns today can also be outfitted with filters or other water purification methods when
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