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82-857: Prior to the March 9, 2011 abolition of the death penalty in Illinois, the State of Illinois conducted executions by lethal injection in an execution chamber located within the CMAX section of Tamms Correctional Center. Andrew Kokoraleis , the last person to be executed in the state before Illinois suspended its death penalty, was executed at Tamms in 1999. He was the only inmate executed in Tamms death chamber. Prior to Illinois Governor George Ryan 's January 11, 2003 commutation of death row sentences, male death row inmates were housed in Tamms, Pontiac , and Menard correctional centers. After

164-438: A cardiac arrest -inducing agent, while still conscious; this has been compared to torture . Proponents often say that there is no reasonable or less cruel alternative. Lethal injection gained popularity in the late 20th century as a form of execution intended to supplant electrocution , gas inhalation , hanging and firing squad , that were considered to be less humane. It is now the most common form of legal execution in

246-508: A 2009 pardon for all remaining felons convicted for the 1983 assassination of former Senator and opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. After Australian child rapist Peter Scully was arrested in February 2015, several Filipino prosecutors called for the death penalty to be reintroduced for violent sexual crimes. During the 2016 election campaign , presidential candidate and frontrunner Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte campaigned to restore

328-527: A choice between lethal injection and the electric chair , passed a law in May 2014 which gave the state the option to use the electric chair if lethal injection drugs are either unavailable or declared unconstitutional. At the same time, Wyoming and Utah were considering the use of execution by firing squad in addition to other existing execution methods. In 2016, Pfizer joined over 20 American and European pharmaceutical manufacturers that had previously blocked

410-452: A hazard to the prison personnel in case of an accidental needle stick injury. Following connection of the lines, saline drips are started in both arms. This, too, is standard medical procedure: it must be ascertained that the IV lines are not blocked, ensuring the chemicals have not precipitated in the IV lines and blocked the needle, preventing the drugs from reaching the subject. A heart monitor

492-449: A lethal injection law. Since then, until 2004, 37 of the 38 states using capital punishment introduced lethal injection statutes (the last state, Nebraska , maintaining electrocution as its single method until adopting injection in 2009, after its Supreme Court deemed the electric chair unconstitutional). On May 11, 1977, the day after the new method had become state law, Oklahoma 's state medical examiner Jay Chapman proposed making

574-420: A lethal injection machine designed by Massachusetts -based Fred A. Leuchter consisting of two components: the delivery module and the control module. The delivery module is in the execution chamber. It must be pre-loaded with the proper chemicals and operates the timing of the dosage. The control module is in the control room. This is the portion which officially starts the procedure. This is done by first arming

656-479: A violation of medical ethics, such as the Geneva Promise , and such physicians would be thrown out of the medical community and shunned for engaging in such deeds, even if they could not lawfully be stripped of their license. On December 8, 2009, Kenneth Biros became the first person executed using Ohio's new single-drug execution protocol. He was pronounced dead at 11:47 am EST, 10 minutes after receiving

738-526: A year later. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was a vocal opponent of the death penalty. She approved a moratorium on the carrying out of capital punishment. In 2006, Congress passed Republic Act 9346, which the president signed on June 24 of that year, following an overwhelming vote in Congress on June 7 to abolish the practice. The penalties of life imprisonment and reclusion perpetua (detention of indefinite length, usually for at least 30 years) replaced

820-514: Is capital punishment , but the term may also be applied in a broader sense to include euthanasia and other forms of suicide . The drugs cause the person to become unconscious, stops their breathing, and causes a heart arrhythmia , in that order. First developed in the United States , it has become a legal means of execution in Mainland China , Thailand (since 2003), Guatemala , Taiwan ,

902-419: Is 0.2 mg/kg and the duration of paralysis is around 4 to 8 hours. Paralysis of respiratory muscles will lead to death in a considerably shorter time. Pancuronium bromide is a derivative of the alkaloid malouetine from the plant Malouetia bequaertiana . Instead of pancuronium, other drugs in use are succinylcholine chloride and tubocurarine chloride . Potassium is an electrolyte , 98% of which

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984-526: Is also in response to executions being horrifying to the public. Lethal injections are less expensive than firing squads, with a single dose costing 300 yuan compared to 700 yuan for a shooting execution. Prior to 2013, shooting was the primary method of execution in Vietnam . The use of lethal injection method was approved by the government in 2010, adopted in 2011, and then started being used in 2013. Urges to adopt other methods than lethal injection to replace

1066-455: Is also key to achieve the desired effects in the appropriate order: administration of the pentobarbital renders the person unconscious; the infusion of the pancuronium bromide induces complete paralysis, including that of the lungs and diaphragm rendering the person unable to breathe. If the person being executed were not already completely unconscious, the injection of a highly concentrated solution of potassium chloride could cause severe pain at

1148-507: Is an ultra-short acting barbiturate, often used for anesthesia induction and for medically induced coma. The typical anesthesia induction dose is 0.35 grams. Loss of consciousness is induced within 30–45 seconds at the typical dose, while a 5 gram dose (14 times the normal dose) is likely to induce unconsciousness in 10 seconds. A full medical dose of thiopental reaches the brain in about 30 seconds. This induces an unconscious state. Five to twenty minutes after injection, approximately 15% of

1230-490: Is attached to the inmate. In most states, the intravenous injection is a series of drugs given in a set sequence, designed to first induce unconsciousness followed by death through paralysis of respiratory muscles and/or by cardiac arrest through depolarization of cardiac muscle cells. The execution of the condemned in most states involves three separate injections (in sequential order): The drugs are not mixed externally to avoid precipitation . A sequential injection

1312-478: Is given. The usual intravenous dose of 10–20 mEq per hour is given slowly since it takes time for the electrolyte to equilibrate into the cells. When used in state-sanctioned lethal injection, bolus potassium injection affects the electrical conduction of heart muscle and ultimately leads to cardiac arrest. The potassium bolus delivered for lethal injection causes a rapid onset of elevated extracellular potassium, also known as hyperkalemia , causing depolarization of

1394-407: Is intracellular. The 2% remaining outside the cell has great implications for cells that generate action potentials. Doctors prescribe potassium for patients when potassium levels in the blood are insufficient, called hypokalemia . The potassium can be given orally, which is the safest route; or it can be given intravenously, in which case strict rules and hospital protocols govern the rate at which it

1476-543: Is necessary to carry out the execution; the other is reserved as a backup in the event the primary line fails. A line leading from the IV line in an adjacent room is attached to the prisoner's IV and secured so that the line does not snap during the injections. The arm of the condemned person is swabbed with alcohol before the cannula is inserted. The needles and equipment used are sterilized. Questions have been raised about why these precautions against infection are performed despite

1558-507: Is often cited as an example of injustice during Spanish colonial rule and is considered a significant turning point in the Philippine struggle for independence. Death by hanging was another popular method of execution. Another prominent example is the execution of Philippine nationalist reformer José Rizal , who was executed by firing squad on the morning of December 30, 1896, in the park that now bears his name . The execution hastened

1640-518: Is preferred. The following is a Dutch protocol for parenteral (intravenous) administration to obtain euthanasia, with the old protocol listed first and the new protocol listed second: Capital punishment in the Philippines Capital punishment in the Philippines ( Filipino : Parusang Kamatayan sa Pilipinas ) specifically, the death penalty, as a form of state-sponsored repression,

1722-476: Is therefore about 3 times more than the dose used in euthanasia. The Ohio protocol, developed after the incomplete execution of Romell Broom , aims to ensure the rapid and painless onset of anesthesia by only using sodium thiopental and eliminating the use of Pavulon and potassium as the second and third drugs, respectively. It also provides for a secondary fail-safe measure using intramuscular injection of midazolam, followed by sufentanil or hydromorphone in

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1804-626: Is using the single drug sodium thiopental to execute someone. The first state to switch to this method was Ohio, on December 8, 2009. In 2011, after pressure by activist organizations, the manufacturers of pentobarbital and sodium thiopental halted the supply of the drugs to U.S. prisons performing lethal injections and required all resellers to do the same. In the past, the People's Republic of China executed prisoners primarily by means of shooting . In recent years, lethal injection has become more common. The specific lethal injection procedures, including

1886-536: The Action T4 euthanasia program led by Karl Brandt as one method to dispose of Lebensunwertes Leben (" life unworthy of life "). During the war, lethal injections were also administered to children detained at the Sisak concentration camp by the camp's commander, the physician Antun Najžer . Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–1953 also considered lethal injection, but eventually ruled it out after pressure from

1968-588: The British Medical Association (BMA). On May 10, 1977, Oklahoma became the first U.S. state to approve lethal injection as Governor David Boren signed a bill into law. Episcopal Reverend Bill Wiseman had introduced the method into the Oklahoma legislature, where it passed and was quickly sent to the Governor's desk (Title 22, Section 1014(A)). The next day, Texas became the second U.S. state to approve

2050-514: The Maldives , Nigeria , and Vietnam , though Guatemala abolished the death penalty in civil cases in 2017 and has not conducted an execution since 2000 and the Maldives has never carried out an execution since its independence. Although Taiwan permits lethal injection as an execution method, no executions have been carried out in this manner; the same is true for Nigeria. Lethal injection was also used in

2132-546: The Oklahoma University Medical School, the On August 29, 1977, Texas adopted the new method of execution, switching from electrocution. On December 7, 1982, Texas became the first U.S. state and territory in the world to use lethal injection to carry out capital punishment, for the execution of Charles Brooks, Jr. The People's Republic of China began using this method in 1997, Guatemala in 1996,

2214-531: The Philippines in 1999, Thailand in 2003, and Taiwan in 2005. Vietnam first used this method in 2013. The Philippines abolished the death penalty in 2006, with their last execution being in 2000. Guatemalan law still allows for the death penalty and lethal injection is the sole method allowed, but no penalties have been carried out since 2000 when the country experienced the live televised double executions of Amílcar Cetino Pérez and Tomás Cerrate Hernández . The export of drugs to be used for lethal injection

2296-540: The Philippines until the country re-abolished the death penalty in 2006. Although primarily introduced as a more "humane" method of execution, lethal injection has been subject to criticism, being described by some as cruel and unusual . Opponents in particular critique the operation of lethal injections by untrained corrections officers and the lack of guarantee that the victim will be unconscious in every individual case. There have been instances in which condemned individuals have been injected with paralytics, and then

2378-578: The 1967 abduction and gang-rape of young actress Maggie de la Riva . The state ordered that the executions be broadcast on national radio. Under the Marcos regime, drug trafficking also became punishable by death by firing squad, such as in the case with Lim Seng, whose execution on January 15, 1973, was also ordered broadcast on national television. Future President and then-Chief of the Philippine Constabulary General Fidel V. Ramos

2460-511: The Maximum Security Compound of New Bilibid. The Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) Museum previously served as the lethal injection chamber. President Fidel V. Ramos promised during his campaign that he would support the re-introduction of the death penalty in response to increasing crime rates. The new law (Republic Act 7659), drafted by Ramos, was passed in 1993, restoring capital punishment on December 31, 1993. This law provided

2542-748: The Philippine Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate saying, "International law does not permit a State that has ratified or acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to denounce it or withdraw from it." Zaid asserted that there is no "denunciation clause" in the protocol, "thereby guaranteeing the permanent non-reintroduction of the death penalty by States that ratified the Protocol." The bill passed

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2624-710: The Philippines became a party to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights regarding the abolition of the death penalty. The Optional Protocol commits its members to the abolition of the death penalty within their borders. The Philippines signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on September 20, 2006, and ratified it on November 20, 2007. President Arroyo pardoned many prisoners during her presidency, including

2706-473: The Philippines the first Asian country to abolish capital punishment. The death penalty was replaced by reclusion perpetua . When the Philippines had the death penalty, male inmates condemned to death were held at New Bilibid Prison , and female inmates condemned to death were held at Correctional Institution for Women (Mandaluyong) . The death chamber for inmates to be electrocuted was in Building 14, within

2788-547: The Philippines the only other country to employ this method. The last colonial-era execution took place under Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt Jr. in February 1932. There were no executions under Manuel L. Quezon , the first President of the Commonwealth . The capital crimes after regaining full sovereignty in July 1946 were murder, rape , and treason. However, no executions took place until April 25, 1950, when Julio Gullien

2870-523: The Spanish government. Numerous Philippine parks, monuments, learning institutions, roads, and local government units are named after Jose Rizal and other martyrs executed by the Spanish as a constant reminder of Spanish atrocities through the imposition of the death penalty. After the execution of Imperial Japanese Army General Tomuyuki Yamashita in Laguna, Philippines in 1946 and the formal establishment of

2952-475: The United States. Lethal injection was proposed on January 17, 1888, by Julius Mount Bleyer , a New York doctor who praised it as being cheaper than hanging . Bleyer's idea was never used, due to a series of botched executions and the eventual rise of public disapproval in electrocutions. Lethal injections were first used by Nazi Germany to execute prisoners during World War II . Nazi Germany developed

3034-421: The claims. In 2010, U.S. District Judge G. Patrick Murphy ruled that inmates must be allowed to challenge their transfer to Tamms at a formal hearing and wrote in his decision that "Tamms imposes drastic limitation on human contact, so much so as to inflict lasting psychological and emotional harm on inmates confined there for long periods." During its operation Tamms operated at about 50% capacity. According to

3116-502: The commutations, only Pontiac continued to hold death row prisoners. As with other supermax prisons, prison reformers advocated for its closing. The Tamms Year Ten campaign was established in 2008 to push for reforms and closure of the prison. Brutal conditions were reported by several Illinois newspapers, the American Civil Liberties Union , and reform advocates. A report by Illinois Department of Corrections validated

3198-522: The death penalty in the Philippines. Duterte theatrically vowed "to litter Manila Bay with the bodies of criminals." During the second presidential debate in March 2016, Duterte and Senator Grace Poe were the only candidates who said they favored the partial restoration of the death penalty. Duterte supported the restoration of the death penalty by hanging for criminals involved in illegal drugs , gun-for-hire syndicates, and those who commit "heinous crimes" such as rape , robbery or car theft where

3280-466: The death penalty stalled in the Senate in April 2017, where it did not appear to have enough votes to pass. In July 2019, bills seeking to reinstate capital punishment in the Philippines were revived in the Senate ahead of the opening of the 18th Congress. After the 2020 Tarlac shooting , Senators Ronald dela Rosa and Manny Pacquiao urged considering the revival of the death penalty. The Philippines

3362-477: The death penalty. Critics of Arroyo's initiative called it a political move meant to placate the Roman Catholic Church , some sectors of which were increasingly vocal in their opposition to her rule. On April 15, 2006, the sentences of 1,230 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment , in what Amnesty International believes to be the "largest ever commutation of death sentences". In 2007,

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3444-417: The drug is in the brain, with the rest in other parts of the body. The half-life of this drug is about 11.5 hours, and the concentration in the brain remains at around 5–10% of the total dose during that time. When a 'mega-dose' is administered, as in state-sanctioned lethal injection, the concentration in the brain during the tail phase of the distribution remains higher than the peak concentration found in

3526-504: The drug or drugs used, are a state secret and not publicly known. Lethal injection in China was legalized in 1996. The number of shooting executions slowly decreased; and, in February 2009, the Supreme People's Court ordered the discontinuation of firing squads by the following year under the conclusion that injections were more humane to the prisoner. It has been suggested that the switch

3608-494: The event intravenous administration of the sodium thiopental proves problematic. The first state to switch to use midazolam as the first drug in a new three-drug protocol was Florida on October 15, 2013. Then on November 14, 2013, Ohio made the same move. In the brief for the U.S. courts written by accessories, the State of Ohio implies that they were unable to find any physicians willing to participate in development of protocols for executions by lethal injection, as this would be

3690-447: The execution of Charles Frederick Warner . In August 2017, the State of Florida first used the drug in the execution of Mark James Asay using a combination of etomidate , rocuronium bromide , and potassium acetate as part of a new protocol. In the United States, the typical lethal injection begins with the condemned person being strapped onto a gurney ; two intravenous cannulas ("IVs") are then inserted, one in each arm. Only one

3772-410: The executioner(s) (either prison staff or private citizens depending on the jurisdiction) then manually inject the three drugs in sequence. During the execution, the condemned's cardiac rhythm is monitored. Death is pronounced after cardiac activity stops. Death usually occurs within seven minutes, although, due to complications in finding a suitable vein, the whole procedure can take up to two hours, as

3854-496: The first phase of hyperkalemia. This progresses into a broadening and lengthening of the P wave and PR interval, then eventually disappearance of the P wave, widening of the QRS complex, and finally, asystole . This process can occur in the span of 30 to 60 seconds, but there have been cases of 'botched' procedures, leading to one inmate gasping for air for approximately 10 to 13 minutes. Sodium thiopental (US trade name: Sodium Pentothal)

3936-414: The full House of Representatives in February 2017. In a 2017 poll by Pulse Asia, 67% of 1,200 Filipino respondents supported the death penalty. Actress and rape victim Maggie de la Riva expressed dismay in a 2017 interview that only drug-related crimes were included in crimes subject to the death penalty, and that heinous crimes such as rape were not included in the proposed bill. The bill reinstating

4018-591: The heart, and midazolam for sedation. Pancuronium bromide (Trade name: Pavulon): The related drug curare , like pancuronium, is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (a paralytic agent) that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the motor end-plate of the neuromuscular junction . Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the end-plate causes depolarization and contraction of the muscle fiber; non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents like pancuronium stop this binding from taking place The typical dose for pancuronium bromide in capital punishment by lethal injection

4100-504: The independence movement that led to the 1898 independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule. In 1902, the Philippine Commission abolished the use of garrote as a means of executing criminals and substituted in place thereof execution by hanging. In 1926, the electric chair ( Spanish : silla eléctrica ; Filipino : silya eléktrika ) was introduced by the United States ' colonial Insular Government , making

4182-427: The induction dose for anesthesia, because repeated doses—or a single very high dose as in lethal injection—accumulate in high concentrations in body fat, from which the thiopental is gradually released. This is the reason why an ultra-short acting barbiturate, such as thiopental, can be used for long-term induction of medical coma . Historically, thiopental has been one of the most commonly used and studied drugs for

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4264-413: The induction of coma. Protocols vary for how it is given, but the typical doses are anywhere from 500 mg up to 1.5 grams. It is likely that this data was used to develop the initial protocols for state-sanctioned lethal injection, according to which one gram of thiopental was used to induce the coma. Now, most states use 5 grams to be absolutely certain the dosage is effective. Pentobarbital

4346-480: The injection. On September 10, 2010, Washington became the second state to use the single-drug Ohio protocol with the execution of Cal Coburn Brown , who was proclaimed dead within two minutes after receiving the single-drug injection of sodium thiopental. Seven states ( Arizona , Georgia , Idaho , Missouri , Ohio, South Dakota , and Texas ) have used the single-drug execution protocol. The state of Washington used this single drug method, but stopped when execution

4428-497: The lethal drugs for the main line and syringes 1, 3 and 5 containing the injections for the backup line. The system was used in New Jersey before the abolition of the death penalty in 2007. Illinois previously used the computer, and Missouri and Delaware use the manual injection switch on the delivery panel. Eleven states have switched, or have stated their intention to switch, to a one-drug lethal injection protocol. A one-drug method

4510-530: The machine, and then with station members simultaneously pressing each of their buttons on the panel to activate the delivery. The computer then deletes who actually started the syringes, so the participants are not aware if their syringe contained saline or one of the drugs necessary for execution (to assuage guilt in a manner similar to the blank cartridge in execution by firing squad ). The delivery module has eight syringes. The end syringes (i.e., syringes 7 and 8) containing saline, syringes 2, 4 and 6 containing

4592-604: The mentioned shortening of the refractory period. At approximately 8 mEq/L and beyond, the shortened refractory period and increased resting membrane potential diminishes the quantity of voltage-gated sodium channels ready to contribute to rapid phase 0 depolarization due to the inactivation gate requiring further repolarization to open back up. At potassium concentrations beyond 14mEq/L, enough sodium channels remain inactivated to no longer generate an action potential, ultimately leading to no heart beat. Heart potassium levels after lethal injection can reach 160.0 mEq/L. Depolarizing

4674-426: The most common methods of execution were death by firing squad (especially for treason/military crimes, usually reserved for independence fighters) and garrote . A notable case of execution through garrote by the repressive Spanish government in the Philippines is the execution of three Filipino Catholic martyr priests, Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora , also known as Gomburza . The execution

4756-473: The murder of a political opponent. Ultimately, Lacson was never executed. In total, 51 people were electrocuted up to 1961. Execution numbers climbed under President Ferdinand Marcos , who himself was sentenced to death in 1939—for the murder of his father Mariano 's political rival Julio Nalundasan —but was acquitted on appeal. A controversial triple execution took place on May 17, 1972, when Jaime José, Basilio Pineda, and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for

4838-415: The muscle cell inhibits its ability to fire by reducing the available number of sodium channels (they are placed in an inactivated state). ECG changes vary depending on serum potassium concentrations and on the individual. Peaked T-waves signifying faster repolarization and potentially instances of early-repolarization and phase 2 re-entry (Brugada, Short QT, and Early-Repolarization Syndromes) are evident in

4920-465: The needle, while a second prison employee orders, prepares, and loads the drugs into the lethal injection syringes. Two other staff members take each of the three syringes and secure them into the IVs. After the curtain is opened to allow the witnesses to see inside the chamber, the condemned person is then permitted to make a final statement. Following this, the warden signals that the execution may commence, and

5002-413: The post-World War II Philippines government, capital punishment was mainly used as an "anti-crime" measure during the widespread crime that dominated the Philippines leading to the declaration of martial law in 1972. The Philippines, together with Cambodia, are the only Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states that have abolished the death penalty. During Spanish colonial rule ,

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5084-479: The process a new, less painful method of execution, known as Chapman's protocol: "An intravenous saline drip shall be started in the prisoner's arm, into which shall be introduced a lethal injection consisting of an ultrashort-acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic ." The Chapman protocol was approved by anesthesiologist Stanley Deutsch, formerly Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology of

5166-518: The purpose of the injection being death. The several explanations include: cannulae are sterilized and have their quality heavily controlled during manufacture, so using sterile ones is a routine medical procedure. Secondly, the prisoner could receive a stay of execution after the cannulae have been inserted, as happened in the case of James Autry in October 1983 (he was eventually executed on March 14, 1984). Third, use of unsterilized equipment would be

5248-491: The readoption of shootings. The first prisoner in Vietnam to be executed by lethal injection, on August 6, 2013, was 27-year-old Nguyen Anh Tuan, arrested for murder and robbery. Between 2013 and 2016, 429 prisoners were executed by this method in the country. Typically, three drugs are used in lethal injection. Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) is used to cause muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest, potassium chloride to stop

5330-433: The reinstatement of the death penalty. The next execution saw an embarrassing mishap when President Estrada decided to grant a last-minute reprieve but failed to get through to the prison authorities in time to stop the execution. Following a personal appeal by his spiritual advisor, Bishop Teodoro Bacani, Estrada called for a moratorium in 2000 to honor the bimillennial anniversary of Christ's birth . Executions were resumed

5412-576: The resting membrane potential of the heart muscle cells, particularly impacting the heart's pacemaker cells. However, potassium's effect on membrane potential is concentration dependent and ultimately occurs in two phases. Given the reference range for serum potassium is 3.5-5.5 mEq/L, concentrations up to 8 mEq/L shorten action potential duration and the refractory period due to an allosteric effect of potassium ions on potassium channels, leading to increased conduction velocity and subsequently quicker potassium efflux which contributes to quicker repolarization and

5494-698: The sale of their drugs for use in lethal injections, effectively closing the open market for FDA -approved manufacturers for any potential lethal execution drug. In the execution of Carey Dean Moore on August 14, 2018, the State of Nebraska used a novel drug cocktail comprising diazepam , fentanyl , cisatracurium , and potassium chloride , over the strong objections of the German pharmaceutical company Fresenius Kabi . Potassium acetate had been incorrectly used in place of potassium chloride in Oklahoma in January 2015 for

5576-408: The shooting execution began earlier, in 2006, after concerns of the mental state of the firing squad members after executions. The drugs used consist of pancuronium bromide (paralytic), potassium chloride (cardiotoxin), and sodium thiopental (anesthetic). The production of these substances, however, is low in Vietnam. This led to drug shortages and to considering using other domestic poisons or

5658-399: The site of the IV line, as well as along the punctured vein; it interrupts the electrical activity of the heart muscle and causes it to stop beating, bringing about the death of the person being executed. The intravenous tubing leads to a room next to the execution chamber, usually separated from the condemned by a curtain or wall. Typically, a prison employee trained in venipuncture inserts

5740-445: The state's appeal. On January 4, 2013 the prison officially closed. 37°15′00″N 89°16′55″W  /  37.250°N 89.282°W  / 37.250; -89.282 Lethal injection Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate , paralytic , and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing rapid death . The main application for this procedure

5822-686: The state, this relatively low occupancy percentage reflected officials being selective about who was imprisoned there. Critics of the facility argued that it was built too large and that it was too costly. During late February 2012 Illinois Governor Pat Quinn announced the planned closing of the Tamms Correctional Center due to budget cuts, triggering a political debate in the state about its future. Shortly thereafter The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees filed suit in Alexander County Circuit Court; this

5904-421: The use of the electric chair until the gas chamber (chosen by the government to replace electrocution) could be used. In 1996, Republic Act 8177 was passed, prescribing the use of lethal injection as the method of carrying out capital punishment. Executions resumed in 1999, starting with Leo Echegaray , who was put to death by lethal injection under President Joseph Estrada , marking the first execution after

5986-556: The victim is murdered. Poe stated that capital punishment should apply to criminals convicted of "drugs and multiple crimes where involved people can no longer be rehabilitated." In December 2016, the bill to resume capital punishment for certain "heinous offenses" passed at the justice committee level in the House of Representatives . Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein , the UN Commissioner for Human Rights, responded with an open letter addressed to

6068-575: Was abolished. Five additional states ( Arkansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , North Carolina , and Tennessee ) announced that they would switch to a single-drug protocol but, as of April 2014, had not executed anyone since switching protocols. After sodium thiopental began being used in executions, Hospira , the only American company that made the drug, stopped manufacturing it due to its use in executions. The subsequent nationwide shortage of sodium thiopental led states to seek other drugs to use in executions. Pentobarbital, often used for animal euthanasia ,

6150-606: Was banned by the European Union (EU) in 2011, together with other items under the EU Torture Regulation. Since then, pentobarbital followed thiopental in the European Union's ban. By early 2014, a number of botched executions involving lethal injection, and a rising shortage of suitable drugs, had some U.S. states reconsidering lethal injection as a form of execution. Tennessee , which had previously offered inmates

6232-504: Was executed for attempting to assassinate President Manuel Roxas . Other notable cases includes Marciál "Baby" Ama, electrocuted at the age of 16 on October 4, 1961, for murders committed while in prison for lesser charges. Ama notably became the subject of a 1976 film adaptation, Bitayin si... Baby Ama! (Execute Baby Ama!). Former Governor of Negros Occidental , Rafael Lacson, and 22 of his allies, were condemned to die in August 1954 for

6314-412: Was introduced and widely practiced by the Spanish government in the Philippines. A substantial number of Filipino national martyrs like Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (also known as GomBurZa ), Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite (Trece Martires), Thirteen Martyrs of Bagumbayan, Fifteen Martyrs of Bicol (Quince Martires de Bicolandia), Nineteen Martyrs of Aklan and Jose Rizal were executed by

6396-512: Was introduced at the end of 2010 due to a shortage of sodium thiopental, and has since become the primary sedative in lethal injections in the United States. Barbiturates are the same class of drug used in medically assisted suicide. In euthanasia protocols, the typical dose of thiopental is 1.5 grams; the Dutch Euthanasia protocol indicates 1-1.5 grams or 2 grams in case of high barbiturate tolerance. The dose used for capital punishment

6478-485: Was present at the execution. The electric chair was used until 1976 when execution by firing squad eventually replaced it as the sole method of execution. Under Marcos' 20-year authoritarian rule, however, many people were summarily executed, tortured, or disappeared for opposition to his rule. After Marcos was deposed in 1986, the newly drafted 1987 Constitution prohibited the death penalty but allowed Congress to reinstate it "hereafter" for "heinous crimes"; making

6560-519: Was temporarily effective in blocking the closure of the prison. On September 4, 2012, the judge in that matter, Charles Cavaness, granted a 30-day injunctive order preventing transfers outside of the prison. On September 6, 2012, the state appealed to the Illinois Fifth District Appellate Court. Justice Melissa A. Chapman delivered the opinion for the court, with Justices Thomas M. Welch and Stephen L. Spomer in concurrence, denying

6642-453: Was the case with the execution of Christopher Newton on May 24, 2007. According to state law, if a physician 's participation in the execution is prohibited for reasons of medical ethics , then the death ruling can be made by the state medical examiner 's office. After confirmation that death has occurred, a coroner signs the condemned's death certificate. Missouri and, before the abolition of capital punishment, Delaware , uses or used

6724-676: Was used as part of a three-drug cocktail for the first time on December 16, 2010, when John David Duty was executed in Oklahoma . It was then used as the drug in a single-drug execution for the first time on March 10, 2011, when Johnnie Baston was executed in Ohio. Lethal injection has also been used in cases of euthanasia to facilitate voluntary death in patients with terminal or chronically painful conditions. Euthanasia can be accomplished either through oral, intravenous, or intramuscular administration of drugs. In individuals who are incapable of swallowing lethal doses of medication, an intravenous route

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