47-599: [REDACTED] Look up तित्तिरि or sa:तैत्तिरीय in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Taittirīya may refer to: Taittiriya Shakha , a shakha (school) of the Black Yajurveda ( Krishna Yajurveda ), a scripture of Hinduism Taittiriya Samhita , a rescension of the Black Yajurveda according to this shakha Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa , an expository text on
94-455: A means ( tra ) of worship ( naksha ) or approach... The Nakshatras dispense the fruits of karma ... For this reason Vedic rituals and meditations to the present day follow the timing of the Nakshatras... [which] are of prime [importance] in muhurta or electional astrology for determining favorable times for actions, particularly sacramental or sacred actions like marriage'. Reference to
141-895: A more eastern presence- around Tirupati and Chennai . The Vadhulas are present currently in Kerala and earlier in adjacent parts of Tamil Nadu . The Agniveshyas, a subdivision of the Vadhula immigrants from Malabar , are found around Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The Apastamba, Hiranyakeshin, Vaikhanasa and Baudhayana schools have survived with all their texts intact, it consists of the Taittirīya Samhita ('TS'), Taittirīya Brahmana ('TB'), Taittirīya Aranyaka ('TA'), and Taittirīya Pratisakhya ('TP'). The ' Taittiriya Shakha' can be loosely translated as 'Branch or School of (the sage) Tittri' or 'Branch or School of Taittiriya' or 'School of
188-577: A teacher; whence the term Taittiríya, for a grammatical rule explains it to mean, 'The Taittiríyas are those who read what was said or repeated by Tittiri'.' Yaska , attributed as the teacher of Taittiri, is also attributed as the author of the Nirukta , a study of etymology concerned with correct interpretation of Sanskrit words in the Vedas . This is significant as the Nirukta references and quotes extensively from
235-462: A thousand arms'. The Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art (volume 13) states 'in the ‘Taittiriya Aranyaka’, the earth is said to have been raised by a black boar with a hundred arms (‘ varahena krsnena satabahuna uddhrta ’). It is an easily understandable step to the making of the boar an incarnation of Visnu himself, a step which is finally taken in the epics and the Puranas '. This legend
282-438: Is a complex "huge polygon or irregular multilateral figure" that was unified by Sanskrit literature . He stated that "no description of Hinduism can be exhaustive which does not touch on almost every religious and philosophical idea that the world has ever known." Monier-Williams compiled a Sanskrit –English dictionary, based on the earlier Petersburg Sanskrit Dictionary , which was published in 1872. A later revised edition
329-636: Is also contained in the Mahanarayana Upanishad (p rapāṭhaka 10 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka): bhūmi rdhenurdharaṇī lokadh āriṇī uddhṛtāsi varāheṇa kṛṣṇena śatabāhunā The earth [Bhumi] is the giver of happiness like the milk cow, the sustainer of life and support for all living beings. (Represented as such the earth is addressed:) Thou wert raised up by Kṛṣṇa in His incarnation of the boar having hundred hands. As 'Krishna' also means 'black',
376-506: Is placed below the uttara-vedi [altar]. In it Prajapati or his juice the Tortoise is called Arunaketu (one who had red rays)': The waters, this (universe), were salilam (chaotic liquid) only. Prajapati alone came into being on a lotus leaf. Within his mind, desire ( Kama ) around as 'Let me bring forth this (universe).' Therefore what man gets at by mind that he utters by word and that he does by deed... He (Prajapati desired to bring forth
423-463: Is primarily a theological text consisting of ten chapters (p rapāṭhakas ). J. Dowson states that 'Aranyaka' means 'belonging to the forest' as this type of text is intended to 'expound the mystical sense of the [ sacrificial ] ceremonies, discuss the nature of God [etc.]. They are attached to the Brahmanas , and [are] intended for study in the forest by people who have retired from the distractions of
470-696: Is the reason of the Purusha-hood of Purusha . He (the tortoise) sprang forth, becoming the Purusha of a thousand heads, thousand eyes, thousand feet. He (Prajapati) told him, 'you have been from before and so you the Before make this ( idam purvah kurushva ).'... From the waters indeed was this (universe) born. All this is Brahman Svayambhu (Self-Born). The Vātaraśanāḥ Rishis (or Munis ) created are also mentioned in RigVeda 10.136, where Shiva drank water/poison, linking to
517-633: Is worked into the account of the stated origin of the School of Tittri in the Vishnu Purana (Book 3, Chapter 5). Following a division between Brahmins at Mount Meru - including Vaiśampáyana (whose pupil, Tittiri, is attributed to the Krishna (black) Yajurveda ) and Yajnavalkya (attributed to the Shukla (White) Yajurveda ) – 'The other scholars of Vaiśampáyana, transforming themselves to partridges (Tittiri), picked up
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#1732848687114564-472: The 1860 election campaign for the Boden Chair of Sanskrit at Oxford University , in which he stood against Max Müller . The vacancy followed the death of Horace Hayman Wilson in 1860. Wilson had started the university's collection of Sanskrit manuscripts upon taking the chair in 1831, and had indicated his preference that Williams should be his successor. The campaign was notoriously acrimonious. Müller
611-640: The Black Yajurveda Taittiriya Aranyaka , a philosophical treatise on the Black Yajurveda Taittiriya Upanishad , a mystical text on the Black Yajurveda , part of the Aranyaka Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Taittirīya . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
658-621: The Dashavatara , or ten primary incarnation of Vishnu) is primarily associated with the Puranic legend of lifting the Earth out of the cosmic ocean . A.A. Macdonell and R. Janmajit both state that the origin and development of the boar avatar is found in the Taittiriya Samhita, albeit initially as a form of Prajapati : This was in the beginning the waters, the ocean. In it Prajapati becoming
705-587: The Isle of Wight where he and his family lived until at least 1881. (The 1881 census records the occupant was 61-year-old Professor Monier Monier-Williams; his wife, Julia; and two children, Montague (20) and Ella (22).) Monier Williams taught Asian languages at the East India Company College from 1844 until 1858 when company rule in India ended after the 1857 rebellion . He came to national prominence during
752-517: The Nakṣhatra Sūktam (star positions relating to new and full moon ceremonies), occurs in kāṇḍa (book) 3, prapāṭhaka (chapter) 5, anuvākaḥ (section) 1 (3.5.1). The Shri Rudram Chamakam and Namah Shivaya , homages to Rudra / Shiva (the supreme deity in Shaivism ), occur in kāṇḍa (book) 4, prapāṭhakas (chapters) 5 and 7 (4.5 and 4.7). Varaha, the boar avatar of Vishnu (listed in
799-569: The Purushamedha , Kaukili-Sutramani, Ashvamedha , and Agnicayana . Recorded around 300-400 BCE, it was prevalent in southern India in areas such in Andhra Pradesh , south and east of Narmada (Gujarat), and areas on the banks of the Godavari river down to the sea in the states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Maharashtra and Telangana . A.B Keith states that 'at a comparatively early period
846-629: The avatars (or incarnations) and their associated legends of the RigVedic god Vishnu , the supreme being in Vaishnavism. A. Daniélou states that a hundred-armed black boar lifts the earth out of the waters in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (TA 10.1.8). J. Eggeling in note 451:1 to the Shatapatha Brahmana (relating to the Shukla or White Yajurveda ) incorrectly states it was 'a black boar with
893-450: The wind moved. He saw her, and becoming a boar he seized her. Her, becoming Viçvakarma, he wiped. She extended, she became the earth, and hence the earth is called the earth (lit. 'the extended'). In her Prajapati made effort. He produced the gods, Vasus , Rudras , and Adityas . Another extract attributed to the early development of the Varaha avatar by Macdonell is: Now a boar, stealer of
940-623: The Kapishthala-Katha Samhita, Maitrayani Samhita, and the Taittiriya Samhita'. The Taittiriya Samhita ('TS') consists of seven kandas (or 'books') of hymns, mantras, prayers, and three Anukramanis (indexes ). In translations such as that by A.B. Keith , this Samhita is presented as the Krishna (black) Yajurveda . M. Winternitz adds that the Samhita also includes Brahmana passages (i.e. instructions and explanations of sacrificial ceremonies). The chapters ( prapāṭhakas ) for each of
987-489: The Taittiriya Samhita was collected together in the Taittiriya Brahmana, which in part contains matter more recent than the Samhita, but in part has matter as old as, at any rate, the later portions of that text'. Based on information provided by Kashyap and R. Mitra, the chapters ( prapāṭhakas ) for each of the books ( ashṭakas or sometimes referred to as kandas ) are as follows: The Taittiriya Aranyaka ('TA')
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#17328486871141034-808: The Taittiriya texts (e.g. as listed in Appendix 1 of the Nirukta). The Taittiriya school of the Krishna (black) Yajurveda produced several types of texts constituting Sruti Vedic literature (of the YajurVeda). These are the: According to B.R. Modak, the scholar Sayana (died 1387 CE), notable for his commentaries on Vedic literature including the Taittirīya texts, was a member of the Taittiriya Shakha. According to G.R. Garg, Apastamba , notable for his Shrautasutras ,
1081-512: The Taittirīya texts (and others). According to N. Sharva, the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa was also commented upon by Bhava Swāmī (circa 700 CE or earlier); Kauśika Bhaṭṭa Bhāskara Miśra (preceding and referred to by Sayana in the Nirukta and by Devarāja Yajvā in the Nighantu ); and Rāmānḍara / Rāmāgnichitta. R. Dalal states that 'The Yajur Veda consists of passages in verse and prose, arranged for
1128-644: The abode for Gods ( devas ). Devas only seek shelter in them and only depend on them. The Taittirīya Brāhmaņa ('TB') is considered by academics to be an appendix or extension of the Taittirīya Samhita . The first two books ( ashṭakas ) largely consist of hymns and mantras to the Vedic -era Devas , as well as mythology , astronomy , and astrology (i.e. the Nakshatras ); the third book contains commentaries and instructions on Vedic sacrificial rites such as
1175-819: The book along with India, and India Missions: Including Sketches of the Gigantic System of Hinduism, Both in Theory and Practice : Also Notices of Some of the Principal Agencies Employed in Conducting the Process of Indian Evangelization When Monier Williams founded the University's Indian Institute in 1883, it provided both an academic focus and also a training ground for the Indian Civil Service . Since
1222-511: The books ( kandas ) of the Taittiriya Samhita are as follows: D.M. Harness states that 'The Vedic Nakshatras [stars] arose from a spiritual perception of the cosmos . Nakshatras are the mansions of the Gods or cosmic powers and of the Rishis or sages. They can also project negative or anti-divine forces, just as certain planets like Saturn have well known malefic effects. The term Nakshatra refers to
1269-527: The conversion of India to the Christian religion should be one of the aims of orientalist scholarship. In his book Hinduism , published by SPCK in 1877, he predicted the demise of the Hindu religion and called for Christian evangelism to ward off the spread of Islam. According to Saurabh Dube this work is "widely credited to have introduced the term Hinduism into general English usage" while David N. Lorenzen cites
1316-453: The early 1870s Monier Williams planned this institution. His vision was the better acquaintance of England and India. On this account he supported academic research into Indian culture . Monier Williams travelled to India in 1875, 1876 and 1883 to finance his project by fundraising. He gained the support of Indian native princes . In 1883 the Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone; the building
1363-594: The formulae [i.e. mantras from the Samhitas of the YajurVeda] were accompanied by explanations, called Brahmanas , texts pertaining to the Brahman or sacred lore, in which the different acts of the ritual were given symbolical interpretations, the words of the texts commented on, and stories told to illustrate the sacrificial performance... a mass of old material, partly formulae, partly Brahmana, which had not been incorporated in
1410-501: The good, keeps the wealth of the Asuras which is to be won beyond the seven hills. Him smite, if thou art he who smites in the stronghold. He [Indra] plucked out a bunch of Darbha grass, pierced the seven hills, and smote him. He said, 'Thou art called he who brings from the stronghold; bring him.' So the sacrifice bore off the sacrifice for them; in that they won the wealth of the Asuras which
1457-779: The hyphenated "Monier-Williams". In 1822, he was sent to England to be educated at private schools at Hove, Chelsea and Finchley. He was educated at King's College School , Balliol College, Oxford (1838–40), the East India Company College (1840–41) and University College, Oxford (1841–44). He took a fourth-class honours degree in Literae Humaniores in 1844. He married Julia Grantham in 1848. They had six sons and one daughter. He died, aged 79, in Cannes , France . In 1874 he bought and lived in Enfield House, Ventnor , on
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1504-552: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taittirīya&oldid=1228319128 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Taittiriya Shakha Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Taittirīya Shakha ( Sanskrit , loosely meaning 'Branch or School of
1551-399: The last four are Upanishads , and the first six, are Aranyaka strictly so-called'. The 10 chapters (p rapāṭhakas ) of the Taittiriya Aranyaka, including numbers of anuvakas (sections) for each, are as follows: The Mahanarayana Upanishad is classified as a Vaishnava Upanishad. In addition to this, the Taittiriya Aranyaka is also considered significant by academics in the development of
1598-870: The legend of Kurma and the churning of the Ocean of Milk , referred to as the Samudra manthan . Prajapati then encounters a tortoise (Kurma/Arunaketu) that existed even before he, the creator of the universe, came into being. The Taittiriya Pratisakhya ('TP') is concerned with phonetics , i.e. the correct pronunciation of words. The 24 chapters of the Taittiriya Pratisakhya are as follows: sacred-texts.com: Full e-text (Keith) (Kashyap; partial translation; limited preview) (S. Jamadagni; partial translation; limited preview) Monier Monier-Williams Sir Monier Monier-Williams KCIE ( / ˈ m ɒ n i ər / ; né Williams ; 12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899)
1645-665: The performance of yajnas (sacrifices)... The two main versions of the Yajur are known as the Shukla (or "white") Yajur Veda and the Krishna (or 'Black') Yajur Veda... of the black Yajur Veda, five shakhas are known: the Taittiriya (Apastamba), Kapishthala (Hiranyakesi), Katha, Kathaka (school of the Kaṭhas), and Maitrayani (Kalapa), with four closely related recensions , known as the Kathaka Samhita ,
1692-573: The pupils of Tittiri'. According to Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary , Taittiri was a pupil of Yaska (estimated 4th-5th century BCE). According to the Vishnu Purana, Yaska was in turn a pupil of Vaiśaṃpāyana (estimated 6th century BCE). Taittiri is also stated in the Mahabharata to have attended 'the Yajña conducted by Uparicaravasu '. 'Tittiri' also means 'partridge'. This meaning
1739-507: The sage Tittiri'), is a shakha (i.e. 'branch', 'school', or rescension ) of the Krishna (black) Yajurveda . The Taittiriyas are themselves divided into numerous sub-schools. Among these, the followers of Baudhayana and Apastamba were found all over South India (including Maharashtra ), while the Hiranyakeshins were found mainly in Konkan and Western Maharashtra. The Vaikhanasas have
1786-526: The texts which he [Yájnawalkya] had disgorged, and which from that circumstance were called Taittiríya'. This indicates both Yaska and Taittiri were pupils of Vaiśampáyana. The translator, H.H. Wilson , states in his commentary to this chapter that 'the term Taittiríya is more rationally accounted for in the Anukramańí or index of the black Yajush [Krishna YajurVeda]. It is there said that Vaiśampáyana taught it to Yaska , who taught it to Tittiri, who also became
1833-713: The universe) performed tapas (austere religious contemplation). Having performed tapas, he shook his body. From his flesh sprang forth Aruna-Ketus, (red rays as) the Vatarasana Rishis, from his nakhas, nails, the Vaikhanasas , from his valas, hair, the Valakhilyas, and his rasa , juice, (became) a bhutam (a strange being, viz.,) a tortoise moving in the middle of the water. He [Prajapati] addressed him thus 'you have come into being from my skin and flesh.' 'No,' he replied, 'I have been here even from before ( purvan eva asam ).' This
1880-413: The verse can also be interpreted as 'black boar' or 'raised up by the black boar', as stated by Daniélou and Eggeling. However, the translation given above clearly shows how Krishna is linked with Varaha . N. Aiyangar states that the following verse from the Taittiriya Aranyaka (p rapāṭhaka 1.23-25) 'is narrated in connection with the ritual called Arunaketuka-kayana , in which the tortoise [' Kurma ']
1927-638: The world'. As illustrated below, the Taittiriya Aranyaka contains a Brahmana text of its own, the Pravargya Brahmana , as well as two Upanishads , the Taittiriya Upanishad (a Muktika or primary Upanishad) and the Mahanarayana Upanishad (a minor Vaishnava Upanishad). R. Mitra states that the Taittiriya Aranyaka is 'by far the largest of the Aranyakas . It extends altogether to ten p rapāṭhakas or 'Great Lessons', i.e. books or chapters, of which
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1974-423: Was a British scholar who was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University , England. He studied, documented and taught Asian languages , especially Sanskrit , Persian and Hindustani . Monier Williams was born in Bombay , the son of Colonel Monier Williams, surveyor-general in the Bombay presidency . His surname was "Williams" until 1887, when he added his given name to his surname to create
2021-474: Was also a member. The 'Śrauta Sútras' (or Shrautasutras ) of Apastamba (450–350 BCE), Bodhayana (500–200 BCE), and Vaikhanasa .(300–100 BCE) are theological texts concerned with procedures and ceremonies of Vedic ritual practice. All are attached to the Taittiriya Samhita. There are other commentaries written by Sanskrit scholars and philosophers on the works of the Taittiriya Shakha. Most notably, according to B.R. Modak, Sayana wrote commentaries on
2068-409: Was inaugurated in 1896 by Lord George Hamilton . The Institute closed on Indian independence in 1947. In his writings on Hinduism Monier Williams argued that the Advaita Vedanta system best represented the Vedic ideal and was the "highest way to salvation" in Hinduism. He considered the more popular traditions of karma and bhakti to be of lesser spiritual value. However, he argued that Hinduism
2115-428: Was known for his liberal religious views and his philosophical speculations based on his reading of Vedic literature. Monier Williams was seen as a less brilliant scholar, but had a detailed practical knowledge of India itself, and of actual religious practices in modern Hinduism. Müller, in contrast, had never visited India. Both candidates had to emphasise their support for Christian evangelisation in India, since that
2162-405: Was the basis on which the professorship had been funded by its founder. Monier Williams' dedication to Christianisation was not doubted, unlike Müller's. Monier Williams also stated that his aims were practical rather than speculative. "Englishmen are too practical to study a language very philosophically", he wrote. After his appointment to the professorship Williams declared from the outset that
2209-515: Was to be won (védyam), that alone is the reason why the Vedi is so called. The Asuras indeed at first owned the earth, the gods had so much as one seated can espy. When the completion of yajna does not happen in a year ( samvatsara ) then everything is not stable. Then one has to seek the grace of Vishnu ( Vamana ) by performing a special rite on the ekadashi day. Yajna means Vishnu (worshipping Vishnu). They perform yajna only for stabilising. They depend on Indra and Agni . Indra and Agni give
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