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51-683: Born as Tadeusz Zbigniew Danielewski in Radom , Poland, he served in the Polish Underground during World War II but was captured and interred in a Nazi work camp until rescued by Patton 's forces. He and his wife, actress Sylvia Daneel (née Sylwia Jadwiga Łakomska), emigrated to the United States in 1948. They formalized their union in the United States with a civil ceremony in Los Angeles , California on June 9, 1950, and shortly after began studying at

102-447: A city or town : The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. Examples include: The words in Polish and Slovak for suburbium , podgrodzie and podhradie correspondingly, literally mean a settlement beneath a gord: the gród / hrad

153-458: A gord, which belongs to Radomir . In the second half of the 13th century, Radom was granted a Środa Śląska town charter by Prince Bolesław V the Chaste , although no documents exist to confirm the exact date of this event. The town prospered in the 14th century, when in 1350 King Kazimierz Wielki established the so-called New Town , with a royal castle, a defensive wall , and a town hall. There

204-655: A firm engaged in stage, film and TV productions. He worked at NBC as a studio supervisor and helped develop a new method for directing TV programs. In 1983, he provided the Polish translation of "Sweet Georgia Brown" for Mel Brooks 's 1983 adaptation of To Be or Not to Be . He worked at the Brigham Young University Department of Theatre and Cinematic Arts from 1975–89. He moved to head up the USC drama department in Los Angeles until his death in 1993. Danielewski

255-540: A garden, and its English descendant horticulture . In Hungarian , kert , the word for a garden, literally means encircled . Because Hungarian is a Uralic rather than an Indo-European language, this is likely a loanword . Further afield, in ancient Iran , a fortified wooden settlement was called a gerd , or certa , which also means garden (as in the suffix -certa in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., Hunoracerta ). The Persian word evolved into jerd under later Arab influence. Burugerd or Borujerd

306-499: A group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark. The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root ǵʰortós 'enclosure'. The Proto-Slavic word *gordъ later differentiated into grad ( Cyrillic : град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish , gard in Kashubian , etc. It is

357-480: A hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages. As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near

408-776: A population of 196,918 (30.06.2023) For centuries, Radom was part of the Sandomierz Province of the Kingdom of Poland and the later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Despite being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland . It was a significant center of administration, having served as seat of the Crown Council which ratified the Pact of Vilnius and Radom between Lithuania and Poland in 1401. The Nihil novi and Łaski's Statute were adopted by

459-484: A sewage system was built. Russians closed down the Benedictine monastery and established a Tsarist prison in its place. Streets were gradually paved, and in 1885, a rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza to Dęblin was completed, via Radom. In the early 20th century a power plant was built. In 1906, notable Polish independence fighter Kazimierz Sosnkowski , future politician and general, escaped from Warsaw to Radom, pursued by

510-449: Is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix -garh , meaning a fort in Hindi , Urdu , Sanskrit , and other Indo-Iranian languages , appears in many Indian place names. Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and Sanskrit vocabulary, it is plausible that garh and gord are related. However, this

561-529: Is also located close to European route E77 , here the European route E371 begins, which runs southwards, to Slovakia . The famous Radom Air Show takes place at Radom Airport , an airport located 3.5 km (2 mi) from the center of Radom. Radom is home to about 20 schools of higher education: Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Radom constituency Radom is twinned with: Former twin towns: On 28 February 2022, Radom ended its partnership with

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612-514: Is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/. A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade , and/or moats . Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding

663-522: The Auschwitz concentration camp . Deportations to concentration camps continued throughout the war, and 18,000 people passed through the local prison, mostly Polish political activists, resistance members and innocent people, plus ordinary criminals. At the large massacre sites in the present-day districts of Firlej and Kosów, the Germans murdered around 15,000 and 1,500 people, respectively. In October 1940,

714-645: The Imperial 1897 census , out of the total population of 28,700, Jews constituted 11,200 (~39%). From 1975 to 1998, it was the seat of the Radom Voivodeship . In 1954 and 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts, including Długojów Górny, Huta Józefowska, Janiszpol, Józefów, Kierzków, Kończyce, Krychnowice, Krzewień, Malczew, Mleczna, Nowa Wola Gołębiowska, Nowiny Malczewskie, Stara Wola Gołębiowska, Wincentów, Wólka Klwatecka. In 2007, two pilots died in an accident at

765-715: The November Uprising , was stationed in Radom. The city was an important center of the November Uprising. Its obsolete and ruined fortifications were destroyed upon order of Mayor Józef Królikowski. In the early days of the January Uprising , Marian Langiewicz visited Radom, preparing the rebellion. In the 19th century, Radom was one of the leading centers of the new art of photography in partitioned Poland, alongside major cities of Warsaw, Gdańsk , Kraków and Wilno. In 1867

816-610: The Polish Armed Forces . The international Radom Jazz Festival and the International Gombrowicz Theater Festival are held in the city. Radom's original settlement dates back to the 8th–9th century. It was an early medieval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (on the approximate site of present-day Old Town ). In the second half of the 10th century, it became a gord , called Piotrówka , which

867-526: The Sejm at Radom's Royal Castle in 1505. In 1976, it was a center of the June 1976 protests . The city is home to the biennial Radom Air Show , the largest air show in the country, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic FB Vis pistol, which was produced from 1935 to 1944 by Radom's Łucznik Arms Factory . The city continues to produce military firearms for

918-701: The Swedish invasion of Poland . The Swedish army captured the city without a fight in November 1655. At first the invaders behaved correctly, as King Charles X Gustav still sought alliances within the Polish-Lithuanian nobility; the situation changed, however, in early 1656, when anti-Swedish uprisings broke out in southern Lesser Poland and quickly spread across the country. Radom was looted and almost completely destroyed in August 1656. Its population shrank from some 2,000 before

969-760: The University of Iowa . They were naturalized as United States citizens on April 19, 1954 through a Special Act of Congress. The couple later divorced. After the war, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and started the Professional Actors Workshop in New York City, whose students included Martin Sheen , James Earl Jones , and Mercedes Ruehl . He was president of Stratton Productions, Inc. (NYC),

1020-457: The 1980s. Fallen Red Army soldiers rest at the local cemetery at Warszawska Street. The communists held Polish resistance members in the former German prison. In September 1945, the resistance movement attacked the communist prison and liberated nearly 500 prisoners. Up to the Second World War , like many other cities in interwar Poland , Radom had a large Jewish population. According to

1071-599: The Baptist , and the Royal Castle was built between the church and the moat. In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modern Magdeburg rights , and residents gained several privileges as a result. At that time, Radom was located along the so-called Oxen Trail , from Ruthenian lands to Silesia . In 1376, the city became the seat of a starosta , and entered the period of its greatest prosperity. King Władysław Jagiełło granted several privileges to

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1122-532: The City County of Radom was created, and the following year, its rail connection with Warsaw was completed. In the late 1930s, due to the government project known as the Central Industrial Area , several new factories were built; by 1938, the population had grown to 80,000. The city was also a military garrison, serving as headquarters of the 72nd Infantry Regiment. On September 1, 1939, the first day of

1173-596: The German invasion of Poland and World War II , the Germans air raided the city. On September 8, 1939, Radom was captured by the Wehrmacht , and was afterwards occupied by Germany . On September 21, 1939, the German Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit various crimes against the population , and afterwards its members co-formed the local German police and security forces. The Germans immediately confiscated

1224-515: The German municipalities Puttgarden , Wagria and Putgarten , Rügen . From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements * gard and * gart (as in Stuttgart ), and likely also the names of Graz , Austria and Gartz , Germany . Cognate to these are English words such as garden , yard , garth , girdle and court. Also cognate but less closely related are Latin hortus ,

1275-518: The German occupiers established a forced labour camp for Jews , and in 1941, they formed the Radom Ghetto , with a population of 34,000 Jews, most of whom perished at the Treblinka extermination camp . According to German regulations, sheltering Jews outside the ghetto was punishable by death. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in

1326-667: The King would host foreign envoys, from such countries as the Crimean Khanate , the Kingdom of Bohemia , and the Duchy of Bavaria . On November 18, 1489, Johann von Tiefen , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , paid homage to King Jagiellon at Radom Castle. Mikołaj Radomski , one of the earliest Polish composers, comes from Radom. In 1468, the complex of a Bernardine church and monastery

1377-652: The Polish resistance, for which one was even arrested and sent to a concentration camp. In April 1943, the resistance successfully assassinated the chief of the local German police. In 1944, following the Polish Warsaw Uprising , the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Radom. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. 3,500 Poles expelled from Warsaw stayed in

1428-725: The Russian Okhrana . In Radom, he continued his secret activities, and became the commander of the local Combat Organization , before he eventually had to escape again, this time to the Dąbrowa Basin . During World War I, the city was captured by the Austro-Hungarian Army in July 1915. An Austrian garrison remained until November 1918. In the Second Polish Republic Radom became part of Kielce Voivodeship . In 1932

1479-672: The Russian city of Ozyory and the Belarusian city of Homyel as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Notable people who have been born, have lived or have worked in Radom: Gord (archaeology) A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe . A typical gord consisted of

1530-951: The Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the Third Partition of Poland (1795). For a few years (1795–1809) it was part of the Austrian province of West Galicia . After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw , which named it capital of the Radom Department . From 1815

1581-539: The air show, resulting in the cancellation of the rest of the event. On 30 August 2009, also during the air show, another two pilots who represented Belarus were killed when their plane crashed. Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007. Radom has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Radom is an important railroad junction, where two lines meet: east–west connection from Lublin to Łódź , and north–south from Warsaw to Kielce , and Kraków . The city

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1632-615: The camp. From October 1939 to January 1940, the Germans carried out several public executions of Polish civilians in various locations in Radom, killing 111 people. The Germans also operated a heavy prison in the city, and carried mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, who were then held in the prison. Many Poles expelled from Gdynia in 1939 were placed in a temporary transit camp in a local church, before they were sent to nearby settlements. The occupiers liquidated local cultural and social life. All sports clubs and high schools were closed, and teaching of literature, geography and history in

1683-569: The city belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland , remaining a regional administrative center. In 1816–1837 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, whose capital, despite the name, was at Radom. In 1837–1844 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Governorate , and from 1844 until the outbreak of World War I , the capital of the Radom Governorate . The Polish 5th Line Infantry Regiment, which later fought against Russia in

1734-570: The city, as of November 1, 1944. In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached Częstochowa , while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej. On January 16, 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army , and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in

1785-460: The city. Radom was a center of Polish resistance, with various organizations, such as Service for Poland's Victory , Independent Poland  [ pl ] , Union of Armed Struggle , Bataliony Chłopskie , Grey Ranks and numerous Home Army units operating in the area. The resistance carried out various actions, which included sabotage, stealing weapons, secret education , etc. Poles were even able to produce weapons for Polish partisans in

1836-604: The city. Jagiełło himself frequently travelled from Kraków to Vilnius , and liked to stay at Radom Castle en route. On March 18, 1401, the Pact of Vilnius and Radom was signed, which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union . Immediately after the Pact, preparations for the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War began. King Casimir IV Jagiellon frequently visited Radom, along with his wife, Elizabeth of Austria . Here,

1887-536: The food stored in warehouses in Radom and nearby settlements, and carried out requisitions in the city council. The occupiers established a special court in Radom, and two temporary prisoner-of-war camps for captured Polish soldiers, one in the pre-war military barracks and one in the Tadeusz Kościuszko Park. There were poor conditions in the camp in the barracks, and hunger and diseases were common. The local civilian population helped many POWs escape from

1938-407: The gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a suburbium (literally "undercity") ( Polish : podgrodzie ). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the suburbium acquired its own fence or wall. In

1989-519: The local arms factory, even though it was seized by the Germans. In 1942, the Germans discovered the activity, and then publicly hanged 50 Poles, including 26 employees of the arms factory, and a pregnant woman. Scouts from the Gray Ranks who worked at the local post office stole and destroyed anonymous letters to the Gestapo , thus possibly saving many lives. Two German doctors from a local hospital helped

2040-484: The most important urban centers of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, and was also the seat of the Treasure Tribunal in 1613–1764, which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, including Stephen Bathory and his wife Anna Jagiellon , Sigismund III Vasa , and Augustus III of Poland . In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire. The period of prosperity ended during

2091-492: The oldest still-extant church in Radom is St. Wacław, founded in the 13th century by Prince of Sandomierz Leszek I the White . The first documented mention of Radom comes from the year 1155, in a bull of Pope Adrian IV ( villam iuxta Rado, que vocatur Zlauno , or a village near Radom, called Sławno ). By 1233, Radom was the seat of a castellan . The name of the city comes from the ancient Slavic given name Radomir , and Radom means

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2142-618: The reign of Alexander Jagiellon , the Nihil novi act was adopted by the Polish Sejm in a meeting at Radom Castle. Furthermore, at the same meeting, the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted. Radom was a royal city , county seat and castellany , administratively located in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . It remained one of

2193-517: The remaining schools was prohibited. In March and May 1940, the Germans carried out massacres of 210 Poles, including teenagers, from Radom and nearby settlements in the city's Firlej district. Around 100 Poles from Radom were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. In July, August and November 1940, the Germans carried out deportations of Poles from the local prison to

2244-408: The root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадз іць, Ukrainian horod yty, Slovak o hrad iť, Czech o hrad it, Russian o grad it, Serbo-Croatian o grad iti, and Polish o grad zać, grod zić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for a garden in certain languages. Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for

2295-415: The war, to 395 in 1660, with only 37 houses still standing. Swedish soldiers burned the royal castle and the monastery. With the Polish population in decline, the number of Jewish settlers grew by the early 18th century. In 1682 the first Piarists arrived, and in 1737–1756, opened a college. The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army was stationed in Radom at various times. Radom remained within

2346-416: Was also a market square and a grid plan of the streets, patterned after Gothic German towns. The area of New Town was 9 hectares , and the length of the defensive wall was 1,100 meters. Radom had three gates, named after main merchant roads: Iłża Gate , Piotrków Trybunalski Gate , and Lublin Gate . The defensive wall was further protected by 25 fortified towers . New Town had the Church of John

2397-452: Was founded here by King Jagiellon, with support of the local starosta , Dominik z Kazanowa. The complex was originally made of wood (until 1507). In 1481, Radom became the residence of Prince Kazimierz , the son of King Jagiellon, who ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The young prince died of tuberculosis , and later became patron saint of both the city of Radom (since 1983), and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom (since 1992). During

2448-411: Was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the podgrodzie / podhradie at its foot. (The Slavic prefix pod- , meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root pṓds , meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin sub- ). The word survives in the names of several villages ( Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship ) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn ), as well as in the names of

2499-520: Was married three times: first to actress Sylvia Daneel (née Sylvia Jadwiga Łakomska; born June 20, 1927), with whom he had a son, Christopher Danielewski; second to Priscilla Decatur Machold (later Mrs. Loeb), with whom he had two children: the novelist Mark Z. Danielewski , of House of Leaves fame, and the musician Poe (Anne Danielewski); third to Lillian Danielewski–that union was childless and ended with Tad Danielewski's death. Danielewski died of cancer in 1993 in Los Angeles, California, aged 71. He

2550-444: Was protected by a rampart and a moat . Due to convenient location on the edge of a large wilderness, and its proximity to the border of Lesser Poland and Mazovia , Radom quickly emerged as an important administrative center of the early Kingdom of Poland . Piotrówka was probably named after St. Peter church, which in 1222 was placed under the authority of a Benedictine Abbey in nearby Sieciechów . The church no longer exists;

2601-421: Was survived by his widow, Lillian, as well as his former wives, and his three children from his first two marriages. Radom Radom is a city in east-central Poland , located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of the capital, Warsaw . It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship . Radom is the fifteenth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in its province with

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