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17-685: He is well known from his sarcophagus , decorated with two separate and unrelated inscriptions – one in Egyptian hieroglyphics and one in Phoenician script . It was created in the 6th century BC, and was unearthed in 1887 by Osman Hamdi Bey at the Ayaa Necropolis near Sidon together with the Alexander Sarcophagus and other related sarcophagi. Tabnit's body was found floating in the original embalming fluid and almost perfectly preserved, save for

34-479: A peculiar fluid". Whilst Hamdi Bey was at lunch, the workmen overturned the sarcophagus and poured the fluid out, such that the "secret of the wonderful fluid was again hidden in the Sidon sand". Notably, after the "peculiar fluid" left the sarcophagus, the body started to become un-preservable. Hamdi Bey noted in 1892 that he had kept a portion of the sludge that remained in the bottom of the sarcophagus. The inscription

51-497: A permit from the local authorities to quarry stone for the construction of a new building. On 2 March 1887, Cherif reported to the Kaymakam of Sidon, Sadik Bey, that he had discovered a well at the bottom of which there might be tombs. Sadik Bey examined the site and spotted a vault containing two sarcophagi through a hole in the eastern wall of the well. He escalated the matter to the Vali of

68-645: Is known as KAI 13 . The Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription shows that the sarcophagus was originally intended for an Egyptian general named "Pen-Ptah" (pꜣ-n-pth). Transcribed in equivalent Hebrew letters, the Phoenician text is readable by a modern Hebrew speaker, with a few distinctions: as is customary in Phoenician, the direct object marker is written אית (ʾyt) instead of את (ʾt) in Hebrew, and relative clauses ('which', 'who') are introduced with אש (ʾš) instead of אשר (ʾšr) in Hebrew. Among less common words in modern Hebrew,

85-465: Is the sarcophagus of the Phoenician King of Sidon Tabnit (ruled c. 549–539 BC), the father of King Eshmunazar II . It is decorated with two separate and unrelated inscriptions – one in Egyptian hieroglyphs and one in the Phoenician alphabet . The latter contains a curse for those who open the tomb, promising impotency and loss of an afterlife. It has been dated to early fifth century BC, and

102-551: The British Museum to "take immediate measures to secure these treasures and prevent their falling into the hands of the vandal Turk". This alerted the new curator of the fledgling Istanbul Archaeological Museum , Osman Hamdi Bey , who arranged for a full excavation and the transfer of the sarcophagi to Istanbul. During the excavation, the workmen opened the Tabnit sarcophagus and found "a human body floating in perfect preservation in

119-1535: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon

136-652: The Syria vilayet , Rashid Nashid Pasha , and the Governor of Beirut Nassouhi Bey, and entrusted the well to the care of Essad Effendi from the gendarmerie of Sidon. According to the American missionary narrative, the tombs were discovered in 1887 by the American Presbyterian minister William King Eddy (the father of William A. Eddy ). William Wright sent a letter to The Times with news of Eddy's discovery and imploring

153-715: The Elder Siamun Psusennes II Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef ( Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Tabnit sarcophagus The Tabnit sarcophagus

170-609: The Sidonians following their participation in the Battle of Pelusium during the First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt , and served as models for later Phoenician sarcophagi. The Phoenician text is considered to have a "remarkable" similarity to that of the Shebna inscription from Jerusalem . At the beginning of 1887, Mehmed Sherif Effendi, the owner of a piece of land known as Ayaa, obtained

187-616: The Sidonians following their participation in the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC) , and served as models for later Phoenician sarcophagi. Both the Tabnit sarcophagus and the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II are thought to originally date from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt , which had its capital at Sais . This is partially due to their resemblance to similar sarcophagi such as the Psamtik II -era Horkhebit sarcophagus from Saqqara , now in

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204-423: The Tabnit sarcophagus and the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II are thought to originally date from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt , which had its capital at Sais . This is partially due to their resemblance to similar sarcophagi such as the Psamtik II -era Horkhebit sarcophagus from Saqqara , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Amenemnisu Neferkare Amenemnisu was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh ,

221-473: The face and neck which were not submerged, but Bey's men spilled all the fluid and left the body to rot in the desert sun, at which point it quickly decomposed to little more than bones and withered viscera. Both the sarcophagus and Tabnit's decomposed skeleton are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums . The sarcophagus, together with the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II , was possibly acquired by

238-577: The inscription uses חרץ for gold (Biblical ‏חָרוּץ) and אר for the verb 'to gather' (אָרוּ 'they gathered', Biblical ‏אָרָה). 2 ʼEšmûn‛azar kôhén ‛Aštart milk Ṣîdônîm šôkéb bâʼarôn 3 zè miya ʼatta kul ʼadom ʼéš tapîq ʼiyat hâʼarôn zè ʼal ʼal 4 taptaḥ ‛alôtiya weʼal targizénî ka ʼî ʼarû lanî kasp ʼî ʼarû lanî 5 ḥarûṣ wekul mî-numma mašr biltî ʼanôkî šôkéb bâʼarôn zè ʼal ʼal taptaḥ 6 ‛alôtiya weʼal targizénî ka tôʽîbot ʽAštart haddabor hûʼa weʼîm patôḥ 7 taptaḥ ‛alôtiya weragôz targizénî ʼal yakûn lakâ zar‛ baḥayyîm taḥt šamš 8 wemiškob ʼét rapaʼîm. Both

255-554: The memory of his short rule as the second pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty was preserved in Manetho 's Epitome as a king Nephercheres who is assigned a short reign of four years. While his reign is generally obscure, the then High Priest of Amun at Thebes , Menkheperre , is known to have pardoned several leaders of a rebellion against the High Priest's authority during Amenemnisu's reign. These rebels had previously been exiled to

272-462: The second king of the 21st Dynasty . Amenemnisu's existence was only confirmed in 1940 when the Tanite tomb of his successor Psusennes I was discovered by Pierre Montet : a gold bow cap inscribed with both Amenemnisu's royal name, Neferkare, and that of his successor Psusennes I was found within the tomb. Previously, his existence had been doubted as no objects naming him had been discovered. However,

289-500: Was unearthed in 1887 by Osman Hamdi Bey at the Royal necropolis of Ayaa east of Sidon together with the Alexander Sarcophagus and other related sarcophagi . Tabnit's body was found floating perfectly preserved in the original embalming fluid . Both the sarcophagus and Tabnit's decomposed skeleton are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums . The sarcophagus, together with the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II , were possibly acquired by

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