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133-567: Named after the Tupiniquim tribe in Brazil, Rede Tupi was a pioneer in television programming in South America , setting the tone for the best telenovelas , news programming, sports, and entertainment in the 1950s and 1960s, such as TV de Vanguarda (Vanguard TV), O Repórter Esso (The Esso Reporter), Alô Doçura , Clube dos Artistas (1952–80), Beto Rockfeller , O Mundo é das Mulheres (The World

266-468: A Bronze Age bridge were found on the south River Thames foreshore, upstream from Vauxhall Bridge . Two of the timbers were radiocarbon dated to 1750–1285 BC. In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC, were found on the Thames' south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge. Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground River Effra flows into

399-572: A bespoke network in the same year, by means of a provisional (but fixed) network of 500 km worth of microwave lines. The network would later extend to TV Itacolomi , in Belo Horizonte , founded in November 1955. With that, the two stations started interchanging programs. With the combined efforts of the two teams, the first experimental broadcast between Rio and São Paulo took place at 5pm on July 7, 1956, when Guilherme Figueiredo, artistic director of

532-609: A history of management problems, which resulted in a financial crisis, Tupi had part of its licenses revoked by the Government of Brazil in July 1980, shutting down the network. In 1938, RCA set up a stand at its headquarters in New York , featuring a complete system for television transmission and reception. The aim was to show interest in the new technology not only in the USA, but also abroad. One of

665-529: A larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places. Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt , although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area . Beyond this

798-481: A long financing with suppliers was up to Diários Associados. The following year, Chateaubriand returned to the USA to finish the ordering of the equipments he bought. RCA and Emissoras Associadas signed a contract on May 2, 1949, in São Paulo, however, it took close to two years to receive the equipments in Brazil. S/A Rádio Tupi, who had already owned namesake radio stations in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, formalized

931-451: A new logo in celebration, replacing the old number 6 logo used in Rio during its monochrome days. The network started to experience difficulties during the 1970s, including a huge debt, which resulted in a strike by the actors of their telenovelas . Things went from bad to worse after a fire broke out in 1978. Rede Tupi was ordered by the federal government of Brazil ( military dictatorship at

1064-565: A parallel situated tribe or branch of the Tupi. In Brazil, the term "Tupiniquim" has come to colloquially mean "Brazilian" or "national". The term is used as both a noun and an adjective: cinema tupiniquim (Brazilian cinema), cantor tupiniquim (Brazilian singer), and filosofia tupiniquim (Brazilian philosophy). This article related to an ethnic group in Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . London London

1197-403: A population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare). In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as Harding, Howell & Co. —one of the first department stores —located on Pall Mall , the streets had scores of street sellers . London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to

1330-549: A population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km ). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km ) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km ). Modern London stands on

1463-564: A post- Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange , London remains a European economic powerhouse, and one of the world's major financial centres . It hosts Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions , some of which are the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world: Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences , the London School of Economics in social sciences , and

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1596-518: A requirement at the Federal Government on January 7, 1948, soliciting special authorization to operate two television channels. Television still demanded high investments, so the requirement had to be done in the name of another company of the group, with Rádio Difusora São Paulo S/A being selected. In October 1948, the buying of the RCA equipment was made official, which would later be used exclusively for

1729-537: A special program from Ilha Porchat in Santos, with the participation of American actress Julie London . By 1962, Rede Brasileira de Televisão Associada, the bespoke network created by Diários Associados, had thirteen television stations. In July 1963, the São Paulo station started a relay in São José do Rio Preto . Videotape experiments were conducted by TV Tupi São Paulo on May 1, 1960, with the recording of TV de Vanguarda , with

1862-410: A static ID of a native man, symbol of the station, with the inscription "PRG-3 - Tupi TV" and the start of formalities held by Homero Silva, Yara Lins and Walter Forster, who announced that this was the first broadcast, and the appearance of José Mujica. Television was already starting to become a reality, even though it was still in closed circuit mode. According to actor Lima Duarte , Mojica likely sang

1995-491: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew . At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893. The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and

2128-479: A theatre room. Negotiations involve independent relay stations and the rights of the name TV Tupi. The channel will targer a niche over-50 audience not covered by the larger networks. Initially the logo was an illustrated drawing of a Tupiniquim man with the callsign of the station (PRG-3) below. Since the station had excessive program breaks at the beginning, the station had to rely on a modified RCA monoscope and two intermission slides. The test pattern had, clockwise,

2261-690: Is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the 2003 European heat wave , prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths. A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths. A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at

2394-554: Is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic ; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as * Londonjon or something similar. This was then adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English. Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the City of London , but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London . In 1993, remains of

2527-416: Is for Women) and many more. It led the way for the establishment of television stations throughout Brazil, and in 1960, beat other stations in broadcasting via satellite (the first Brazilian TV network to achieve such a feat) in honor of the formal opening of Brasilia. Its success prompted other nations in the continent to have television stations. The network added new talent to Brazilian show business, which

2660-528: Is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London , who has executive powers , and the London Assembly , which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject

2793-738: Is headquartered in Thames House on the north bank of the River Thames and the foreign intelligence service ( MI6 ) is headquartered in the SIS Building on the south bank. Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level. In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014. Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from

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2926-572: Is held by an independent . The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994, however as of 2024, the post has been vacant. Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London , is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after

3059-553: Is known as London . It is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England by convention rather than statute. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court , and thus the political capital of the nation. Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km ) an area which had

3192-701: Is near Sahy Creek. The Comboios Indigenous Territory is located on the banks of the Comboios River. A 2010 census determined the population of Tupiniquim in all three indigenous territories as 2,630. Historically, the Tupiniquim inhabited a large tract of land along Brazil's coastline from approximately 200 km south of Salvador down to the São Mateus River. This area is north of the present-day Indigenous Territories and extended for about 600 km. The Tupiniquim have inhabited these Indigenous Territories since

3325-669: Is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom , with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe , with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea , and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre ,

3458-523: Is the vast London commuter belt . Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London , and by the River Thames into North and South , with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall , are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W  /  51.50722°N 0.12750°W  / 51.50722; -0.12750 . Within London, both

3591-507: The 1950 FIFA World Cup , held in six Brazilian cities from June 24 to July 16, with the potential televised carriage of eight matches, including the inaugural match and the final, held at the Maracanã Stadium , built for the competition. The equipment came from New York on October 14, 1949, transported by cargo to Rio de Janeiro where it arrived on October 30, 90 days before the Tupi station in São Paulo got its equipment. The expectation for

3724-512: The 2012 Summer Olympics . London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium . Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium ), Old English (usually Lunden ), and Welsh (usually Llundein ), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It

3857-529: The Black Death in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population. London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. London was a centre of England's Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation. In 1264 during

3990-520: The Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s. Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea . The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and

4123-497: The City of London , was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster , to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament . London grew rapidly in the 19th century , becoming the world's largest city at the time . Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to

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4256-648: The Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew. London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925 , with

4389-553: The Georgian era , new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London . In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream. London's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century. In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House , which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During

4522-609: The King's Road , Chelsea and Carnaby Street . The role of trendsetter revived in the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army . These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with

4655-600: The London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust , the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames , which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to

4788-748: The Mediterranean was normally through Antwerp and over the Alps ; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan . The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew and monopoly traders such as the East India Company were founded as trade expanded to

4921-594: The New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century, culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population. The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings. Rebuilding took over ten years and

5054-554: The New World . London became the main North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre . Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark . Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down

5187-590: The Old Bailey bombing . Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot . Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury , with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including

5320-637: The Second Barons' War , Simon de Montfort 's rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts. During the Tudor period , the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism . Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city. In 1475, the Hanseatic League set up a main trading base ( kontor ) of England in London, called

5453-568: The Stalhof or Steelyard . It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck , Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway . Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries . Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe . The commercial route to Italy and

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5586-543: The Thames , its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a flood plain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill , Addington Hills , and Primrose Hill . Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands ; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width. Since

5719-637: The Tower of London ; the site featuring the Palace of Westminster , Church of St. Margaret , and Westminster Abbey ; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory defines the prime meridian (0° longitude ) and Greenwich Mean Time . Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , and Trafalgar Square . The city has

5852-609: The Tupi family, who now live in three indigenous territories ( Terras Indígenas in Portuguese). The indigenous territories (Caieiras Velhas, Pau-Brasil and Comboios) are located near the cities of Santa Cruz and Vila do Riacho in the municipality of Aracruz in northern Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil . Caieiras Velhas Indigenous Territory is located along the banks of the Piraquê-Açu River. The Pau-Brasil Indigenous Territory

5985-521: The Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked , and many of its London tributaries now flow underground . The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding. The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of post-glacial rebound . London has

6118-562: The metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London , governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority . As one of the world's major global cities , London exerts a strong influence on world art , entertainment, fashion , commerce, finance, education , healthcare , media , science, technology, tourism , transport , and communications. Despite

6251-546: The "primacy" of housing the first television station in Latin America. In São Paulo, RCA-Victor engineers arrived in February 1949, with the aim of studying ideal locations for the building of the studios, the transmitter and the antenna. During the building in 1950, these engineers were joined by technicians from RCA and Mario Alderighi, who started supervising the project following the conclusion of Rádio Tupi's new technical park

6384-401: The 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey , rebuilt in Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor , was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England , but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton : "It had

6517-434: The 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday. Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming

6650-480: The 8pm slot, with a length of 40 minutes per episode. Festival de Novelas Palmolive started with Alma Cigana , broadcast between March 2 and May 8 that year. Later, O Direito de Nascer became its first hit in the genre, which was also seen as an affront to Excelsior's competing A Moça que Veio de Longe , which didn't attract enough ratings. Tupi had its own mark in news: Rede Tupi de Noticias (Tupi News Network) became one of its successful programmes. The newscast

6783-399: The American movie Sorry, Wrong Number . The station managed to gain advertising revenue, although of an irregular nature, in 1950, in December that year, a regular advertising contract was signed for the first time, and regular television advertising started on January 1, 1951. Companies would also line up to sponsor entire shows. Initially commercials were read live from art cards in a wall of

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6916-429: The Bloch Editores (Bloch Editors) publishing group of Adolpho Bloch, in June 1983. A group of businessmen revealed the process to relaunch TV Tupi, with its launch set for March 2025. Its content will initially be livestreamed on YouTube, targeting audiences over the age of 50, to attract by their affective memory of the name. A studio in São Paulo was contacted for production, and variety shows will be broadcast live from

7049-420: The City of London and the City of Westminster have city status . The City of London and the remainder of Greater London are both counties for the purposes of lieutenancies . The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex , Kent , Surrey , Essex and Hertfordshire . More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context

7182-435: The London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London , coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for

7315-430: The Rio station, introduced viewers in São Paulo. On July 9, a live broadcast from the Senate was held. Between April 20 and 23, 1960, 12 million viewers saw live broadcasts of Juscelino Kubitschek's historic trip to Brasília in alignment with its founding and that of TV Brasília , by means of an improvised microwave link to the southeastern stations. The station celebrated its tenth anniversary on September 10, 1960 with

7448-540: The São Paulo station. Twenty days after Rádio Tupi's request, on January 27, 1948, Diário da Noite reported about Chateaubriand's plans for the first time: at the top of its front page, the headline announced "Television for Rio and S. Paulo" and at the bottom of the page, a small report: after being in New York, Chateaubriand would travel to London and Paris . It was initially supposed that São Paulo would get television from November 1948 and Rio de Janeiro, from February 1949. Diário da Noite's reports in 1948 informed that

7581-409: The Thames. Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans around 47 AD, about four years after their invasion of 43 AD. This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it and burnt it to the ground. The next planned incarnation of Londinium prospered, superseding Colchester as

7714-413: The Tupi station in Rio de Janeiro was to be on air in March or April 1950. Sugarloaf Mountain was selected as the site for the Rio transmitter and antenna. This selection came after a negative result from the Catholic Church to install it in Corcovado , which would have provided the station with better video and audio quality. The technical director of the station in Rio said that the potential location of

7847-415: The United Kingdom's population and over 16% of England's population. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants as of 2011. The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants as of 2016, making London a megacity . Four World Heritage Sites are located in London: Kew Gardens ;

7980-405: The Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord , Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls . London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950. By

8113-497: The broadcast of the documentary Venceu o Brasil in NTSC format. Days later on May 9, these experiments became official. Preceding this experiment was a series of paintings by Scottish artist Norman McLaren , followed by Tupi's experimental color programs. The station started testing color broadcasts with a color test pattern between 11am and 12pm on May 13, followed by color programming for approximately one hour from 5pm, with Walter Lantz cartoons. After its founder's death in 1968,

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8246-437: The centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. Following a fire in 1838, the Royal Exchange was redesigned by William Tite and rebuilt in 1844. The repeal of

8379-425: The city's metropolis. The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs , causing "London" to be defined several ways. Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town , in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses. The London telephone area code (020) covers

8512-412: The city, to intimidate the inhabitants. In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall , near the abbey. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster . In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster , although

8645-414: The closure of the station, including Rede Bandeirantes . Tupi's São Paulo, Porto Alegre and Belém channels became the nuclei of SBT (Brazilian Television System, then TVS, TV Studios Channel 4) of the Grupo Silvio Santos (Silvio Santos Group) of Silvio Santos later in August 1981. Its Rio, Belo Horizonte, Recife and Fortaleza outlets became the nucleus of Rede Manchete (Manchete Network Channel 9), of

8778-443: The combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA). The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London, run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . It is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by

8911-405: The comprehensive University College London . It is the most visited city in Europe and has the world's busiest city airport system . The London Underground is the world's oldest rapid transit system. London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages. The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million made it Europe's third-most populous city , accounting for 13.4% of

9044-547: The content would be shown in the evening hours. Only from September 27 would Diário da Noite publish the schedules. From then on, programming produced by TV Tupi would gradually appear. Only the first program of the day had a fixed starting time (8pm). The remaining programs still had uncertain starting times, meaning that in such situations, either the test pattern or the filler films would take its place. The first televised news program, Imagens do Dia , in newsreel format, aired on September 28, 1950. Early editions paid attention to

9177-500: The creation of the Greater London Authority . To mark the 21st century, the Millennium Dome , London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics , as the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks . In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong , hailing them as

9310-419: The creation of the London Underground , the world's first urban rail network . The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital. From the early years of the 20th century onwards, teashops were found on High Streets across London and

9443-414: The direct involvement of Diários Associados. In July 1944, Chateaubriand visited the United States , a country he hadn't visited until then. One of the aims of the trip was to talk with David Sarnoff , who had prepared a stand showing the advances in radio and television in the world, something that, especially for radio, would be beneficial in the post-war world, perfecting the existing technology. One of

9576-545: The drawing of the Indian, the channel frequency (channel 3), the RCA logo and the callsign (PRF-3 TV). These slides and the test pattern led to the creation of the iconic phrase "mais chato que o índio da TV" (more boring than the TV indian, sometimes "mais chato que o índio da Tupi"). Technicians working for the radio stations complained over the constant technical difficulties, as they were used to radio's punctuality. An RCA Gray-Telop machine

9709-713: The driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm). The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City . Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to climate change , and there is concern among hydrological experts that households may run out of water before 2050. Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981. Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported

9842-468: The earlier formalities. Stars from the radio stations owned by Associadas were invited and presented in small sketches, but since they had no experience in television, they thought that the show wouldn't go as planned. The first night had a stressful situation, of which several versions exist. Ahead of the start of TV na Taba, the RCA TK-30 camera at studio B wasn't working. The version that is most circulated

9975-849: The end of June 1950, RCA and Emissoras Associadas technicians were finishing the process of installation of the studios at the Sumaré and Banespa buildings. Finishing touches for equipment used for the station were also on the order. According to the Catholic Church's calendar, 1950 was considered to be a "holy year" and numerous activities were being held in that period. Aside from that, Insústrias Alimentícias Carlos de Britto S/A had just turned 50, and to coincide with these two special occasions, Chateaubriand brought Mexican religious singer Friar José Mojica to Brazil, to perform live on Rádio Tupi São Paulo, Rádio Tupi Rio de Janeiro and Rádio Farroupilha (Porto Alegre) - all of which were under Associadas' control. Mojica

10108-463: The end of the program, at 11:30pm, Lolita Rodrigues sang "Canção da TV", especially composed for the station, after Hebe Camargo declined. The show lasted until 12:20am. At closing time, during the performance of Dorval Caymmi 's song Acalanto , Homero Silva gave one last message: "A televisão é tudo isso, em espetáculos diários que irão ter no recesso do lar de um imenso público. A televisão é alegria, é cultura, é divertimento!" In subsequent days,

10241-400: The equipment for the Rio station provided by General Electric had finally arrived, whereas for the São Paulo station, from RCA, had arrived in late January 1950. Rádio e Televisão do Brasil, which had vowed for the channel 2 frequency in Rio de Janeiro, revoked its contract with General Electric at a time the proposed station was facing financial uncertainties (the station's preliminary license

10374-578: The equipment would arrive to Brazil in June 1949, with the transmitter to be installed at the Banco do Estado de São Paulo building , at the time the tallest in the continent, and with studios in the Sumaré neighborhood, where Diários Associados had built Cidade do Rádio (Radio City) for its radio studio compound in 1942. On May 3, 1949, the day following the signing of the contract and Diário da Noite's revealing reports about

10507-603: The first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan , which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation . They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, social services , local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management , are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010

10640-452: The foreign invitees was Diários Associados. Who went to New York to represent the company was its director at the time, Dário de Almeida Magalhães. Upon returning, he wrote in an editorial at the group's main newspaper of the time, O Jornal do Rio de Janeiro, about the experiment. The first television demonstration was held on June 3, 1939 with the help of the German company Telefunken but without

10773-455: The founding of Santa Cruz and Nova Almeida (then Reis Magos). During the first two centuries after the arrival of Europeans, indigenous populations were the predominant majority in both Santa Cruz and Nova Almeida. Their tribe was one of the first to meet the Portuguese in April 1500 at Porto Seguro . The expression Tupin-i-ki means the Tupi next door, side neighbor . Tupinã-ki means

10906-459: The group's two radio stations. The name "Tupi" came from a desire Assis Cheateaubriand had for years, using native Brazilian names to represent the roots of Brazilian culture. The station was set to be launched on September 5, but was later delayed to September 7 (Brazil's Independence Day), and subsequently the second half of September (starting from September 16). The official launch date was announced on September 13: September 18, 1950. That day,

11039-478: The latter of which had its first telecast on November 10, 1951 from the Cidade Jardim hippodrome. Out of all these broadcasts, football matches were the main source of attraction. TV Tupi Rio de Janeiro broadcast the first televised kiss on Brazilian television in its first telenovela, Sua Vida Me Pertence (Your Life Belongs to Me), on February 8, 1952. Facing competition not only in the city alone but also in

11172-622: The location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police . First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the custodian helmet has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement". Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue police telephone box (basis for the TARDIS in Doctor Who )

11305-480: The long program breaks. Airton Rodrigues gave him the name Tupiniquim, which was approved by Cassiano Gabus Mendes. In Rio de Janeiro a different figure was used, a female character, inside a 6. Other secondary logos were used mainly in print ads in newspapers in the latter years of its monochrome operation. Tupiniquim people Tupiniquim (also Tupinã-ki , Topinaquis , Tupinaquis , Tupinanquins ; plural: Tupiniquins ) are an indigenous people of Brazil of

11438-455: The mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall , Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan ,

11571-718: The most museums , art galleries, libraries, and cultural venues in the UK, including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and numerous West End theatres. Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final , the Wimbledon Tennis Championships , and the London Marathon . It became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games upon hosting

11704-650: The most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank . The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956 , which ended the " pea soup fogs " for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke". Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture , exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with

11837-534: The network, due to a crisis with its owners, transitioned itself becoming the first national television network in 1970, composed of its two main stations, Channels 4 and 6, its 7 other stations and 17 affiliate stations nationwide. In 1972, Tupi joined other Brazilian stations in the move to full color TV broadcasts. On March 31, that very year Tupi's special program, Mais Cor em Sua Vida (More Color in Your Life) officially kicked off its color transmissions, and debuted

11970-467: The old Roman city. By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed. The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by

12103-454: The people present was Vladimir Zworykin , who answered some of Chateaubriand's questions, and demanded Sarnoff to build licenses for the first television stations in the Americas outside of the USA. Chateaubriand's ambitions were to build two television stations, one in Rio de Janeiro and one in São Paulo. However, in order to gain the equipment, Chateaubriand had to wait for the end of the war, as

12236-442: The play Esta Noite é Nossa . The system was officially inaugurated on September 26 with Grande Teatro Tupi and its special performance of Hamlet . The arrival and massification of videotapes have led to the increase in the quality of its telenovelas. In 1963, TV Excelsior produced its first daily novela, 2-5499 Ocupado . Facing the competition, in early 1964, Tupi received a proposal from Palmolive to create daily telenovelas in

12369-462: The presses of the Associados' newspapers and people listening to radio, followed an initial slide. Homero Silva introduced the station as "something so exceptional, so revolutionary". As the camera aimed at one of the women in the studio asking about what would the station offer, Homero Silva said that music was one of the key elements of the new station, before starting a succession of performances. Near

12502-442: The previous day, The Rio station signed off for the last time on midday of the 18th. The final days of broadcasts at the network's Rio de Janeiro studios are the 18-hour long vigil. The network rebroadcast the mass attended by Pope John Paul II (during his visit to Brazil) at Rio de Janeiro . Its sounds was replaced by a voiceover appealing to president João Figueiredo , accompanied by emotional background music. Then, it switched to

12635-469: The previous year. The building was authorized on September 18, 1949 - exactly one year ahead of the start of the São Paulo station. The equipment left the USA on January 11, 1950, this time from Philadelphia , arriving in São Paulo from Santos on March 24. The arrival of the equipment to Rio de Janeiro was reported by the American and Argentine press. The initial goal was to have the equipment ready in time for

12768-486: The principal city of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000. With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450. From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly west of

12901-462: The resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital ." After winning the Battle of Hastings , William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William built the Tower of London , the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of

13034-624: The rest of Britain, with Lyons , who opened the first of their chain of teashops in Piccadilly in 1894, leading the way. The tearooms, such as the Criterion in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement. The city was the target of many attacks during the suffragette bombing and arson campaign , between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral bombed. London

13167-454: The royal treasury came to rest in the Tower . While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London , remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London . In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. With

13300-482: The sea. London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom . Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street , are based close to the Palace of Westminster , particularly along Whitehall . There are 75 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of June 2024 , 59 are from the Labour Party , 9 are Conservatives , 6 are Liberal Democrats and one constituency

13433-456: The song "Júrame", his greatest hit in his secular phase, however, said song wasn't listed in the repertory. It's unknown if Mojica sang the song live, creating an urban legend. The first test night in the closed-circuit system had great image quality, and had lived up to what Diário de São Paulo called "the greatest happening in bandeirante broadcasting". Mujica did further appearances in further test broadcasts during July. The first broadcast of

13566-438: The staff of the station who they turned emotional. "Até breve, telespectadores amigos" (See you soon, friendly viewers) and its network's name under the words, was appeared on the screen in capital letters. This was switched to its logo in a black background, with the theme song of American documentary series " Victory at Sea ", composed by Richard Rodgers , as its background music, then to static. Various networks in Brazil covered

13699-424: The start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved. However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than other major cities around the world. London, also known as Greater London , is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of

13832-427: The station faced another problem: obtaining content to fill the schedule. Such need arose in the hours following the inaugural broadcast. From September 19, the schedule would be filled by educational films and documentaries, as well as cartoons without translation, and content prepared for the experimental phase. Cassiano Gabus Mendes invented the catchphrase "de noite tem" (there is [content] at night), representing that

13965-417: The station went on the air at 5pm with solemn formalities. At 6pm, a private cocktail for invitees was held, without being broadcast. At 9pm, broadcasts resumed with the launch show TV na Taba , featuring a variety of talents that already worked for the group's radio stations, running for two hours. All the events were held at the studios in Sumaré, which had become the "cradle" of television. The test pattern

14098-399: The station, covering the hours of the private cocktail, would put the test pattern back on the air, and would also promote the 9pm show. Over time, some of the visitors who attended the ceremony entered the sectors of the station to view its facilities. TV na Taba was scheduled to at 9pm. Produced by Cassiano Gabus Mendes and Luiz Gallon, it was presented by Homero Silva, who did the same in

14231-410: The station, other newspapers owned by the group put the then-upcoming TV Tupi, specifically the São Paulo station as "South America's vanguard in the field of television". From then to the end of August that year, phrases regarding the upcoming station were published, one of them being "Aguardem as instalações de televisão dos Associados" (Wait for Associados' television facilities). On October 29, 1949,

14364-452: The studio, before changing to slides or live advertising. The station awarded its definitive license on March 7, 1951. The Rio station started its experimental broadcasts on October 5, 1950, callsign PRG-3. The station signed on for the first time on January 20, 1951, seven days before awarding its license. Over time, outside broadcasts in the São Paulo station started to become more frequent, with football matches, Sunday services and turf,

14497-400: The technological field, TV Tupi reacted to TV Record and, with its updated equipment, would carry a test from São Caetano do Sul , which consisted of a friendly match between São Bento and Palmeiras. The first experiment was satisfactory, mostly due to the proximity of the two municipalities, as well as the possibility of sending the signal direct to the São Paulo studios. A similar experiment

14630-571: The terrestrial station, on channel 3, took place on July 24, 1950 - eight days after XHTV in Mexico City did the same. The first tests used had the RCA Indian-head test pattern, which would end up being used by other stations in Brazil, including those that didn't rely on RCA for its equipment. Said test pattern would be used during the entirety of the run of monochrome television in Brazil. This experiment lasted for 23 days. Another technical challenge

14763-727: The test pattern gave way to Sônia Maria Dorce, who became the first face seen on the regular service, saying "Boa tarde! Está no ar a televisão do Brasil!", dressed up in a Tupiniquim outfit, alluding to the channel's name. Yara Lins followed, mentioning the names and callsigns of all of the Associadas radio stations, more than twenty, and introduced "the first television program in Latin America". The first commercials were read out by Homero Silva and Lia Borges de Aguiar, with congratulatory messages from four brands that invested in its building: Guaraná Antarctica , Lãs Sams, Sul América and Prata Wolff. The succession of speeches ended at 6pm, during which

14896-725: The theatres in the 1640s. The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane , opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district. By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605. In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in

15029-571: The then-upcoming presidential elections, which were ultimately won by Getúlio Vargas , who returned to presidency. Often, after the news, they aired cartoons: Woody Woodpecker and Andy Panda , both creations by Walter Lantz . The first feature film broadcast by Tupi was the 1947 Italian production Tragic Hunt on September 24 - Sundays were dedicated to feature-length films and Mondays were rest days. Movies were either in their original language, yet few of them had subtitles. In rare cases, dubs coming from Portugal were ordered. The first football match

15162-462: The time) to cease its operations. This happened from the 16th to the 18th, in July 1980, when its two stations in São Paulo (Tupi Channel 4) and Rio de Janeiro (Tupi Channel 6) shut down, together with its 7 other stations nationwide. The Department of National Telecommunications did not approve the planned extension of Rede Tupi's television licenses. Following the closure of Rede Tupi's seven stations

15295-488: The transmitter in Corcovado, which was ultimately rejected, gave proof that "science and the church have never maintained good relations". Transporting the equipment to Sugarloaf Mountain was a challenge in itself, and by then, projections for the Rio station's sign-on were aimed at June 1950. The World Cup would have been the first content seen on the station. Camera tests were conducted in Rio de Janeiro during April 1950. At

15428-691: The unique governmental status of the City . In the English Civil War , the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green , London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication . The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when

15561-419: The war had affected the production of television equipment. Once the war was over, in 1946, Chateaubriand convinced Sarnoff and Zworykin to obtain financial means for the stations, in exchange for extensive advertising contracts, with a varying length between 12 and 18 months. The equipment bought weighed in at US$ 5 million. Such sponsors had to take part in a portion of the costs of building the station, whereas

15694-625: The world's three most influential global cities . In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939. During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union , but most London constituencies voted for remaining. However, Britain's exit from the EU in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre. The administration of London

15827-1014: Was bombed by the Germans in the First World War , and during the Second World War , the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. The tomb of the Unknown Warrior , an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920. The Cenotaph , located in Whitehall ,

15960-493: Was conducted in Santos for a live telecast of a match between Santos FC and Palmeiras on December 18, that same year. In July 1956, a relay station opened in Santos. From then on, TV Tupi started broadcasting live football matches from Santos in addition to those already played in São Paulo. When TV Record linked up its stations between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 1956, Tupi again lagged behind. The two Tupi stations decided to form

16093-443: Was determined that the São Paulo station (PRF-3) would operate on VHF channel 3 under the revised callsign PRF3-TV . The number 3 had no relation to the channel's frequency and was already existent in the radio station's callsign by default. Regarding the name of the station, the name "Tupi" was secondary, as the preferred name was PRF-3 and sometimes TV-3 . At a later stage the channel was also known as TV Tupi-Difusora , referring to

16226-532: Was installed in March 1951, six months after the São Paulo station was founded. Mario Fanucchi arrived at Tupi in December 1950, replacing other artists who made such slides. He then designed the iconic mascot, a child version of the extant logo, of which the head was used as a branding device on several of its stations starting in 1951, sparking interest not only in children but also among viewers who weren't comfortable with

16359-437: Was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail , London Underground , Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. The Ministry of Defence Police is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public. The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service ( MI5 )

16492-476: Was revoked by order of Decree nº 30583 on February 22, 1952). In May 1950, 2,400 television sets were made available in Rio de Janeiro, mainly aimed at stores, some aimed at the company. The initial goal of starting the station in late June failed, numerous delays occurred, and with the first experimental broadcasts (weeks later converted to regular broadcasts) of XHTV in Mexico City , Rio de Janeiro no longer had

16625-404: Was subsequently invited to perform in the experimental broadcasts of TV Tupi in São Paulo, whose first test was conducted on July 4, 1950, with equipment brought in from the mobile unit and the Sumaré studio. The test broadcast with Mojica's performance was seen on two monitors totalling around 600 viewers. Said experiment started at 10pm that evening starting with an RCA test pattern followed by

16758-459: Was supervised by polymath Robert Hooke . In 1710, Christopher Wren 's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral , was completed, replacing its medieval predecessor that burned in the Great Fire of 1666. The dome of St Paul's dominated the London skyline for centuries, inspiring the artworks and writing of William Blake , with his 1789 poem " Holy Thursday " referring to 'the high dome of Pauls'. During

16891-457: Was switched on at 4pm. During the solemn ceremony, Assis Chateaubriand was in the studio alongside Catholic figure Paulo Rolim Loureiro; poet Rosalina Coelho Lisboa Larragoiti, chosen as the "godmother" of PRF3-TV; young actress Sônia Maria Dorce; presenter Homero Silva; and actresses Yara Lins and Lia de Aguiar. Numerous civil, military and religious figures also attended the event. Said event started thirty minutes later than planned (at 5:30pm) when

17024-582: Was televised on October 15, 1950 at 3:30pm. The match was for São Paulo's state championship in which Palmeiras defeated São Paulo 2-0 at the Pacaembu Stadium . Diário de São Paulo reported the good quality of the match and soon would also air horse racing from the São Paulo Jockey Club. A competing newspaper, however, noted that such broadcast had technical issues. On November 29, the first televised stage play aired: A Vida por um Fio , adapted from

17157-414: Was that Chateaubriand broke the camera with a champagne bottle. Contrary to popular belief, the camera was damaged after the priest who attended the blessing ceremony threw holy water to it. Due to the issue that damaged one of the three cameras, TV na Taba started 40 minutes later than scheduled. A two-minute film showing footage of São Paulo, troops (recorded on Independence Day less than two weeks earlier),

17290-533: Was the possibility of having its signal received in Jundiaí and Campinas in inland São Paulo. Experimental programming over the terrestrial signal started on August 16, 1950, airing from 5pm to 7pm. The line-up consisted of some filmed content produced by Diários Associados, including musical performances, with the length of about three to five minutes, documentaries on general topics, including football, and cartoons without subtitles in Portuguese. On August 5, 1950, it

17423-525: Was then a thriving industry depending on films and radio. During the 1960s, its programs revolutionized television through animation, humor, comedy and children's shows plus the telenovelas that gave rise to the launch in 1965 of its rival network in Rio de Janeiro, Rede Globo . The network was formed in the 1970s, with members as co-brothers of the Diários Associados and affiliates. Its flagships were TV Tupi São Paulo and TV Tupi Rio de Janeiro. Due to

17556-494: Was unique because it was broadcast three times each night. Ana Maria Braga was the main presenter. It had three sections: sports, local news and national/world news. In 1963, it became Brazil's second television network to experiment with television programmes broadcasting in color following Rede Excelsior in 1962. To this end, the São Paulo station promoted "The Biggest Night of the Year" on May 1, 1963. The first experiment consisted of

17689-516: Was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday , the closest Sunday to 11 November. The 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium , while London was still recovering from the war. From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, making London one of

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