The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ( TNM ) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system . Most common tumors have their own TNM classification. The TNM staging system is sometimes referred to as the AJCC/UICC staging system or the UICC/AJCC staging system . Several revisions have been published, the latest being the eighth edition in 2017.
21-509: TNM may refer to: TNM staging system , a cancer staging system Teniente R. Marsh Airport , the main airport in Antarctica Telekom Networks Malawi , a Malawian mobile telecommunications company Tetranitromethane , an organic oxidizer The Nameless Mod , a total conversion mod released in 2009 for the game Deus Ex Thomas Nelson (publisher) (NYSE stock symbol),
42-438: A better prognosis. Sometimes the overall survival is reported as a death rate (%) without specifying the period the % applies to (possibly one year) or the period it is averaged over (possibly five years), e.g. Obinutuzumab: A Novel Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia . When someone is interested in how survival is affected by the disease, there is also the net survival rate , which filters out
63-539: A publishing firm that began in Scotland in 1798 Tokyo National Museum , the oldest and largest museum in Japan The News Minute , an Indian online publication Texas Nationalist Movement , a Texan political organization Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TNM . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
84-463: A result, a given stage may have quite a different prognosis depending on which staging edition is used, independent of any changes in diagnostic methods or treatments, an effect that has been termed "stage migration". The technologies used to assign patients to particular categories have also changed, and increasingly sensitive methods tend to cause individual cancers to be reassigned to higher stages, making it improper to compare that cancer's prognosis to
105-423: A study or treatment group who have not died from a specific disease in a defined period of time. The time period usually begins at the time of diagnosis or at the start of treatment and ends at the time of death. Patients who died from causes other than the disease being studied are not counted in this measurement." Median survival, or "median overall survival" is also commonly used to express survival rates. This
126-414: A whole and cannot be applied directly to an individual. There are various types of survival rates (discussed below). They often serve as endpoints of clinical trials and should not be confused with mortality rates , a population metric. Patients with a certain disease (for example, colorectal cancer ) can die directly from that disease or from an unrelated cause (for example, a car accident ). When
147-413: Is a part of survival analysis . It is the proportion of people in a study or treatment group still alive at a given period of time after diagnosis. It is a method of describing prognosis in certain disease conditions, and can be used for the assessment of standards of therapy. The survival period is usually reckoned from date of diagnosis or start of treatment. Survival rates are based on the population as
168-569: Is adopted with the intention that categories within each group are more or less homogeneous in respect of survival, and that the survival rates are distinctive between groups. The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) uses the term Stage to define the anatomical extent of disease. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) uses the term Prognostic Stage Group which may also include additional prognostic factors in addition to anatomical extent of disease. While most Stage I tumors are curable, most Stage IV tumors are inoperable. Some of
189-455: Is below. The values in parentheses give a range of what can be used for all cancer types, but not all cancers use this full range. The Mx designation was removed from the 7th edition of the AJCC/UICC system, but referred to cancers that could not be evaluated for distant metastasis. For the T, N and M parameters exist subclassifications for some cancer-types (e.g. T1a, Tis, N1i) The TNM system
210-512: Is frequently used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel cancer treatment. Studies find that new cancer drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration improve overall survival by a median of 2 to 3 months depending on the sample and analyzed time period: 2.1 months, 2.4 months, 2.8 months. Five-year survival rate measures survival at five years after diagnosis. In cancer research , various types of survival rate can be relevant, depending on
231-400: Is the amount of time after which 50% of the patients have died and 50% have survived. In ongoing settings such as clinical trials , the median has the advantage that it can be calculated once 50% of subjects have reached the clinical endpoint of the trial, whereas calculation of an arithmetical mean can only be done after all subjects have reached the endpoint. The median overall survival
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#1732858386196252-464: Is used to record the anatomical extent of disease. It is useful to condense these categories into groups. Carcinoma in situ is categorized stage 0; often tumors localized to the organ of origin are staged as I or II depending on the extent, locally extensive spread, to regional nodes are staged as III, and those with distant metastasis staged as stage IV. However, in some tumor types stage groups do not conform to this simplified schema. The stage group
273-683: The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). It is also used by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). In 1987, the UICC and AJCC staging systems were unified into the single TNM staging system. TNM is a notation system that describes the stage of a cancer, which originates from a solid tumor, using alphanumeric codes: The TNM staging system for all solid tumors
294-442: The cancer type and stage . These include the disease-free survival (DFS) (the period after curative treatment [disease eliminated] when no disease can be detected), the progression-free survival (PFS) (the period after treatment when disease [which could not be eliminated] remains stable, that is, does not progress), and the metastasis-free survival (MFS) or distant metastasis–free survival (DMFS) (the period until metastasis
315-563: The aims for adopting a global standard are to: Since the number of combinations of categories is high, combinations are grouped to stages for better analysis. The criteria used in the TNM system have varied over time, sometimes fairly substantially, according to the different editions that AJCC and UICC have released. The dates of publication and adoption for use of the UICC and AJCC editions are summarized here; past editions are available from AJCC for web download. UICC editions: AJCC editions: As
336-399: The disease. Relative survival is calculated by dividing the overall survival after diagnosis of a disease by the survival as observed in a similar population that was not diagnosed with that disease. A similar population is composed of individuals with at least age and gender similar to those diagnosed with the disease. Disease-specific survival rate refers to "the percentage of people in
357-425: The effect of mortality from other causes than the disease. The two main ways to calculate net survival are relative survival and cause-specific survival or disease-specific survival . Relative survival has the advantage that it does not depend on accuracy of the reported cause of death; cause specific survival has the advantage that it does not depend on the ability to find a similar population of people without
378-474: The historical expectations for that stage. A further important consideration is the effect of improving treatments over time. Essential TNM is a simplified form of TNM designed specifically to enable cancer registries in low and middle income countries to collect stage information when complete details of the extent of disease are not available for collection by the registry. It is not designed to replace TNM for patient care. Survival rates Survival rate
399-402: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNM&oldid=1122359386 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages TNM staging system TNM was developed and is maintained by
420-403: The precise cause of death is not specified, this is called the overall survival rate or observed survival rate . Doctors often use mean overall survival rates to estimate the patient's prognosis. This is often expressed over standard time periods, like one, five, and ten years. For example, prostate cancer has a much higher one-year overall survival rate than pancreatic cancer , and thus has
441-474: Was devised by Pierre Denoix of the Institut Gustave Roussy between 1943 and 1952, using the size and extension of the primary tumor, its lymphatic involvement, and the presence of metastases to classify the progression of cancer. The TNM classification comprises staging algorithms for almost all cancers, with the primary exception of pediatric cancers. The general outline for the TNM classification
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