58-572: The Intel Pentium brand was a line of mainstream x86 -architecture microprocessors from Intel . Processors branded Pentium Processor with MMX Technology (and referred to as Pentium MMX for brevity) are also listed here. It was replaced by the Intel Processor brand in 2023. Desktop processors based on the P6 microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Pro , Pentium II and Pentium III , as well as variations of these names. Desktop processors based on
116-425: A 30% performance improvement compared with an otherwise identical, non-simultaneous multithreading Pentium 4. Tom's Hardware states: "In some cases a P4 running at 3.0 GHz with HT on can even beat a P4 running at 3.6 GHz with HT turned off." Intel also claims significant performance improvements with a hyper-threading-enabled Pentium 4 processor in some artificial-intelligence algorithms. Overall
174-432: A 37% decrease. In 2010, ARM said it might include simultaneous multithreading in its future chips; however, this was rejected in favor of their 2012 64-bit design. ARM produced SMT cores in 2018. In 2013, Intel dropped SMT in favor of out-of-order execution for its Silvermont processor cores, as they found this gave better performance with better power efficiency than a lower number of cores with SMT. In 2017, it
232-433: A November 2009 analysis by Intel, performance impacts of hyper-threading result in increased overall latency in case the execution of threads does not result in significant overall throughput gains, which vary by the application. In other words, overall processing latency is significantly increased due to hyper-threading, with the negative effects becoming smaller as there are more simultaneous threads that can effectively use
290-481: A general purpose computer was written by Edward S. Davidson and Leonard. E. Shar in 1973. Denelcor, Inc. introduced multi-threading with the Heterogeneous Element Processor (HEP) in 1982. The HEP pipeline could not hold multiple instructions from the same process. Only one instruction from a given process was allowed to be present in the pipeline at any point in time. Should an instruction from
348-475: A given process block the pipe, instructions from other processes would continue after the pipeline drained. US patent for the technology behind hyper-threading was granted to Kenneth Okin at Sun Microsystems in November 1994. At that time, CMOS process technology was not advanced enough to allow for a cost-effective implementation. Intel implemented hyper-threading on an x86 architecture processor in 2002 with
406-437: A logical processor to borrow resources from a stalled logical core (assuming both logical cores are associated with the same physical core). A processor stalls when it must wait for data it has requested, in order to finish processing the present thread. The degree of benefit seen when using a hyper-threaded, or multi-core, processor depends on the needs of the software, and how well it and the operating system are written to manage
464-419: A malicious thread on a Pentium 4 can use a timing-based side-channel attack to monitor the memory access patterns of another thread with which it shares a cache, allowing the theft of cryptographic information. This is not actually a timing attack , as the malicious thread measures the time of only its own execution. Potential solutions to this include the processor changing its cache eviction strategy or
522-804: A maximum of 1.7 GB of memory, for resolutions up to 4096×2304 @ 60 Hz using Display Port supporting up to 3 displays. In Q1 2017 Intel released the Kaby Lake -based Pentium G4560; it is the first Pentium-branded CPU since the NetBurst -based Pentium 4 to support hyper-threading , a feature available in some " Core "-branded products. Features include a clock speed of 3.5 GHz with four threads, 3 MB of L3 cache and Intel HD 610 integrated graphics. All Coffee Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD Graphics . All Comet Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD 610 Graphics . Due to its prominence,
580-565: A new Pentium G6950 processor based on the Clarkdale design was introduced based on the Westmere refresh of Nehalem, which were followed by the mobile P6xxx based on Arrandale a few months later. On January 7, 2010, Intel launched a new Pentium model using the Clarkdale chip in parallel with other desktop and mobile CPUs based on their new Westmere microarchitecture. The first model in this series
638-400: A single core, not two, according to Intel's website. Note: Pentium 4415U was renamed to Pentium Gold 4415U (end 2017). Legacy architectures: Current architectures: Pentium Pentium is a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel from 1993 to 2023. The original Pentium was Intel's fifth generation processor, succeeding the i486 ; Pentium
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#1732852095356696-462: A specified thread, independently from the other logical processor sharing the same physical core. Unlike a traditional dual-processor configuration that uses two separate physical processors, the logical processors in a hyper-threaded core share the execution resources. These resources include the execution engine, caches, and system bus interface; the sharing of resources allows two logical processors to work with each other more efficiently, and allows
754-414: A total of four logical processors). If the operating system's thread scheduler is unaware of hyper-threading, it will treat all four logical processors the same. If only two threads are eligible to run, it might choose to schedule those threads on the two logical processors that happen to belong to the same physical processor. That processor would be extremely busy, and would share execution resources, while
812-404: Is a form of simultaneous multithreading technology introduced by Intel, while the concept behind the technology has been patented by Sun Microsystems . Architecturally, a processor with Hyper-Threading Technology consists of two logical processors per core, each of which has its own processor architectural state. Each logical processor can be individually halted, interrupted or directed to execute
870-510: Is due to the replay system of the Pentium ;4 tying up valuable execution resources, equalizing the processor resources between the two programs, which adds a varying amount of execution time. The Pentium 4 "Prescott" and the Xeon "Nocona" processors received a replay queue that reduces execution time needed for the replay system and completely overcomes the performance penalty. According to
928-421: Is physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual (logical) cores and shares the workload between them when possible. The main function of hyper-threading is to increase the number of independent instructions in the pipeline; it takes advantage of superscalar architecture, in which multiple instructions operate on separate data in parallel . With HTT, one physical core appears as two processors to
986-809: Is the Atom line, which is an independent design. Hyper-threading Hyper-threading (officially called Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology and abbreviated as HTT or HT ) is Intel 's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation used to improve parallelization of computations (doing multiple tasks at once) performed on x86 microprocessors. It was introduced on Xeon server processors in February 2002 and on Pentium 4 desktop processors in November 2002. Since then, Intel has included this technology in Itanium , Atom , and Core 'i' Series CPUs, among others. For each processor core that
1044-625: Is the Pentium G6950. The Clarkdale chip is also used in the Core i3-5xx and Core i5-6xx series and features a 32 nm process (as it is based on the Westmere microarchitecture), integrated memory controller and 45 nm graphics controller and a third-level cache. In the Pentium series, some features of Clarkdale are disabled, including AES-NI , hyper-threading (versus Core i3), and the graphics controller in
1102-418: Is to use performance tools to understand what areas contribute to performance gains and what areas contribute to performance degradation. As a result, performance improvements are very application-dependent; however, when running two programs that require full attention of the processor, it can actually seem like one or both of the programs slows down slightly when Hyper-Threading Technology is turned on. This
1160-491: Is transparent to operating systems and programs. The minimum that is required to take advantage of hyper-threading is symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support in the operating system, since the logical processors appear no different to the operating system than physical processors. It is possible to optimize operating system behavior on multi-processor, hyper-threading capable systems. For example, consider an SMP system with two physical processors that are both hyper-threaded (for
1218-615: The 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets . In parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the P6 microarchitecture and started marketing it as the Pentium Pro for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and an integrated second-level cache on dual-chip processor package. The second P6 generation replaced
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#17328520953561276-510: The Allendale core, which includes 2 MB of native L2 cache, with half disabled leaving only 1 MB. This compares to the higher end Conroe core which features 4 MB L2 Cache natively. Intel has shifted its product lines having the Core 2 line as Mainstream/Performance, Pentium Dual-Core as Mainstream, and the new Celeron (based on the Conroe-L core) as Budget/Value. The E5000 series and E6000 series use
1334-550: The Core microarchitecture did not have hyper-threading because the Core microarchitecture was a descendant of the older P6 microarchitecture . The P6 microarchitecture was used in earlier iterations of Pentium processors, namely, the Pentium Pro , Pentium II and Pentium III (plus their Celeron & Xeon derivatives at the time). Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP SP1 have added support for hyper-threading. Intel released
1392-669: The Nehalem microarchitecture (Core i7) in November 2008, in which hyper-threading made a return. The first generation Nehalem processors contained four physical cores and effectively scaled to eight threads. Since then, both two- and six-core models have been released, scaling four and twelve threads respectively. Earlier Intel Atom cores were in-order processors, sometimes with hyper-threading ability, for low power mobile PCs and low-price desktop PCs. The Itanium 9300 launched with eight threads per processor (two threads per core) through enhanced hyper-threading technology. The next model,
1450-445: The NetBurst microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium 4 and Pentium D . Earlier E5xxx desktop processors based on the Core microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Dual-Core , while later E5xxx and all E6xxx models were named Pentium . Note however, that several resellers will still refer to the newer generation processors as Pentium Dual-Core. The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors, E2140, E2160, E2180, E2200, and E2220 use
1508-545: The P6 microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium II , Pentium III , Pentium M and Pentium Dual-Core , as well as variations of these names. Mobile processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium 4 . Prior mobile processors based on the Core microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Dual-Core , while the current models are named Pentium . Note however, that several resellers will still refer to them as Pentium Dual-Core. Note: The Pentium SU2X00 series processors have
1566-839: The Celeron and Core series, continuing with the Pentium Dual-Core line. In 2009, the "Dual-Core" suffix was dropped, and new x86 processors started carrying the plain Pentium name again. In 2014, Intel released the Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition , to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. These processors are unlocked and highly overclockable. In 2017, Intel split the Pentium branding into two line-ups. Pentium Silver targets low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron, while Pentium Gold targets entry-level desktops and uses existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake and Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that
1624-505: The Core microarchitecture use the Allendale and Wolfdale -3M designs for desktop processors and Merom -2M for mobile processors. In 2009, Intel changed the naming system for Pentium processors, renaming the Wolfdale-3M based processors to Pentium , without the Dual-Core name, and introduced new single- and dual-core processors based on Penryn under the Pentium name. The Penryn core is
1682-468: The Foster MP-based Xeon . It was also included on the 3.06 GHz Northwood-based Pentium 4 in the same year, and then remained as a feature in every Pentium 4 HT, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition and Pentium Extreme Edition processor since. The Intel Core & Core 2 processor lines (2006) that succeeded the Pentium 4 model line didn't utilize hyper-threading. The processors based on
1740-480: The Itanium 9500 (Poulson), features a 12-wide issue architecture, with eight CPU cores with support for eight more virtual cores via hyper-threading. The Intel Xeon 5500 server chips also utilize two-way hyper-threading. According to Intel, the first hyper-threading implementation used only 5% more die area than the comparable non-hyperthreaded processor, but the performance was 15–30% better. Intel claims up to
1798-605: The LGA1150 socket form factor. Broadwell-based Pentiums were launched in Q1 2015 using a 14 nm process (e.g. the dual-core 1.9 GHz Intel Pentium 3805U with 2 MB cache). They used the FCBGA1168 socket. Skylake-based Pentium processors support up to 64 GB RAM. Features like Turbo Boost , Intel vPro , Hyper-Threading are not available. Supports AES-NI and RDRAND . Integrated graphics are provided by Intel HD Graphics 510, utilizing
List of Intel Pentium processors - Misplaced Pages Continue
1856-564: The P6 microarchitecture named Pentium M , which was much more power-efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4, Pentium 4 M, and Pentium III M. Dual-core versions of the Pentium M were developed under the code name Yonah and sold under the marketing names Core Duo and Pentium Dual-Core . Unlike Pentium D, it integrated both cores on one chip. From this point, the Intel Core brand name was used for
1914-692: The Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for low-end versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features. In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named NetBurst , with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6-based processors. Initially, these were named Pentium 4 , and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon . As with Pentium III, there are both Mobile Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 M processors for
1972-517: The Pentium SU4000 series together with the Celeron SU2000 and Core 2 Duo SU7000 series, which are dual-core CULV processors based on Penryn-3M and using 800 MHz FSB. The Pentium SU4000 series has 2 MB L2 cache but is otherwise basically identical to the other two lines. The Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced in late 2008 as a successor to the Core microarchitecture, and in early 2010,
2030-415: The Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium and Celeron processors as well, and both brands were discontinued in 2023 in favor of "Intel Processor" branded processors. The original Intel P5 or Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to
2088-535: The Pentium brand was split up into two separate lines using the Pentium name: Pentium Silver, aiming for low-power devices using the Atom and Celeron architectures; and Pentium Gold, aiming for entry-level desktop and using existing architectures such as Kaby Lake or Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that the Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium processors as well, and
2146-423: The Pentium runs at 533 MHz, while in the Core i3 i3-5xx series they run at 733 MHz, and Dual Video Decode that enables Blu-ray picture-in picture hardware acceleration, and support for Deep Color and xvYCC . The memory controller in the Pentium supports DDR3-1066 max, the same as the Core i3 i3-5xx series. The L3 cache is also 1 MB less than in the Core i3-5xx series. The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture
2204-425: The additional hardware resource utilization provided by hyper-threading. A similar performance analysis is available for the effects of hyper-threading when used to handle tasks related to managing network traffic, such as for processing interrupt requests generated by network interface controllers (NICs). Another paper claims no performance improvements when hyper-threading is used for interrupt handling. When
2262-423: The architecture used in Atom and that of Core processors. In the case of Atom architectures, Pentiums were the highest performance implementations of the architecture. Pentium processors with Core architectures prior to 2017 were distinguished from the faster, higher-end i-series processors by lower clock rates and disabling some features, such as hyper-threading , virtualization and sometimes L3 cache . In 2017,
2320-486: The firm's first P5-based processor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22, 1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor. The suffix -ium was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element , while the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors. In 2006,
2378-497: The first HT processors were released, many operating systems were not optimized for hyper-threading technology (e.g. Windows 2000 and Linux older than 2.4). In 2006, hyper-threading was criticised for energy inefficiency. For example, ARM (a specialized, low-power, CPU design company), stated that simultaneous multithreading can use up to 46% more power than ordinary dual-core designs. Furthermore, they claimed that SMT increases cache thrashing by 42%, whereas dual core results in
List of Intel Pentium processors - Misplaced Pages Continue
2436-410: The laptop market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rates were named Pentium 4 Extreme Edition . The Pentium D was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast Pentium Extreme Edition . In 2003, Intel introduced a new processor based on
2494-571: The mainstream Intel processors, and the Pentium brand became a low-end version between Celeron and Core. All Pentium M based designs including Yonah are for the mobile market. The Pentium Dual-Core name continued to be used when the Yonah design was extended with 64-bit support, now named the Core microarchitecture . This eventually replaced all NetBurst-based processors across the four brands Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon. Pentium Dual-Core processors based on
2552-460: The name briefly disappeared from Intel's technology roadmaps , only to re-emerge in 2007. In 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron brand for low-priced processors. With the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the company's new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. However, due to a demand for mid-range dual-core processors, the Pentium brand was repurposed to be Intel's mid-range processor series, between
2610-539: The naming convention of prior generations ( 286 , i386 , i486 ). However, as the firm wanted to prevent their competitors from branding their processors with similar names (as AMD had done with their Am486 ), Intel filed a trademark application on the name in the United States, but was denied because a series of numbers was considered to lack trademark distinctiveness . Following Intel's prior series of 8086 , 80186 , 80286 , 80386 , and 80486 microprocessors,
2668-415: The operating system to schedule two threads or processes simultaneously and appropriately. When execution resources in a hyper-threaded processor are not in use by the current task, and especially when the processor is stalled, those execution resources can be used to execute another scheduled task. (The processor may stall due to a cache miss , branch misprediction , or data dependency .) This technology
2726-478: The operating system, allowing concurrent scheduling of two processes per core. In addition, two or more processes can use the same resources: If resources for one process are not available, then another process can continue if its resources are available. In addition to requiring simultaneous multithreading support in the operating system, hyper-threading can be properly utilized only with an operating system specifically optimized for it. Hyper-Threading Technology
2784-669: The original P5 with the Pentium II and rebranded the high-end version as Pentium II Xeon . It was followed by a third version named the Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were also present in the Pentium MMX. Versions of these processors for the laptop market were initially named Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III , later versions were named Pentium III-M . Starting with
2842-428: The other processor would remain idle, leading to poorer performance than if the threads were scheduled on different physical processors. This problem can be avoided by improving the scheduler to treat logical processors differently from physical processors, which is, in a sense, a limited form of the scheduler changes required for NUMA systems. The first published paper describing what is now known as hyper-threading in
2900-416: The performance history of hyper-threading was a mixed one in the beginning. As one commentary on high-performance computing from November 2002 notes: Hyper-Threading can improve the performance of some MPI applications, but not all. Depending on the cluster configuration and, most importantly, the nature of the application running on the cluster, performance gains can vary or even be negative. The next step
2958-417: The processor efficiently. Hyper-threading works by duplicating certain sections of the processor—those that store the architectural state —but not duplicating the main execution resources . This allows a hyper-threading processor to appear as the usual "physical" processor plus an extra " logical " processor to the host operating system (HTT-unaware operating systems see two "physical" processors), allowing
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#17328520953563016-488: The same 45 nm Wolfdale-3M core as the E7000 series Core 2s, which has 3 MB L2 cache natively. 1 MB of L2 cache is disabled, for a total of 2 MB L2 cache, or twice the amount in the original Allendale Pentiums. The Wolfdale core is capable of SSE4, but it is disabled in these Pentiums. Pentium E2210 is an OEM processor based on Wolfdale-3M with only 1 MB L2 cache enabled out of the total 3 MB. Mobile processors based on
3074-628: The successor to the Merom core and Intel's 45 nm version of their mobile series of Pentium processors. The FSB frequency is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz, and the voltage is lowered. Intel released the first Penryn Core, the Pentium T4200, in December 2008. In June 2009, Intel released the first single-core processor to use the Pentium name, a Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) Penryn core named Pentium SU2700. In September 2009, Intel introduced
3132-510: The term " Pentium-compatible " is often used to describe any x86 processor that supports the IA-32 instruction set and architecture. Even though they do not use the Pentium name, Intel also manufactures other processors based on the Pentium series for other markets. Most of these processors share the core design with one of the Pentium processor lines, usually differing in the amount of CPU cache , power efficiency or other features. The notable exception
3190-446: Was Intel's flagship processor line for over a decade until the introduction of the Intel Core line in 2006. Pentium-branded processors released from 2009 onwards were considered entry-level products positioned above the low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Core lineup and workstation/server Xeon series. The later Pentiums, which have little more than their name in common with earlier Pentiums, were based on both
3248-474: Was discontinued around the same time laptops stopped using Pentium processors in favor of "Intel Processor" processors in 2023. During development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames , such as Prescott , Willamette , Coppermine , Katmai , Klamath , or Deschutes . These usually become widely known, even after the processors are given official names on launch. The original Pentium-branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, to follow
3306-582: Was released in the Pentium line on May 22, 2011. Currently, there exist Ivy Bridge models G2010, G2020, G2120, G2030, and G2130. All are dual-core and have no hyper-threading or Turbo Boost. Several Haswell-based Pentium processors were released in 2013, among them the G3258 "Anniversary Edition", first released in 2014 by Intel to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the line. As with prior-generation Pentium processors, Haswell and Haswell Refresh-based parts have two cores only, lack support for hyper-threading, and use
3364-646: Was revealed that Intel's Skylake and Kaby Lake processors had a bug in their implementation of hyper-threading that could cause data loss. Microcode updates were later released to address the issue. In 2019, with Coffee Lake , Intel temporarily moved away from including hyper-threading in mainstream Core i7 desktop processors except for highest-end Core i9 parts or Pentium Gold CPUs. It also began to recommend disabling hyper-threading, as new CPU vulnerability attacks were revealed which could be mitigated by disabling HT. In May 2005, Colin Percival demonstrated that
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