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42-566: T4 or T-4 may refer to: Airports and airlines [ edit ] Heathrow Terminal 4 Tiyas Military Airbase , also known as the T-4 Airbase Biology and medicine [ edit ] T4 phage , a bacteriophage Thyroxine (T 4 ), a form of thyroid hormone the T4 spinal nerve the fourth thoracic vertebrae of the vertebral column A non-small cell lung carcinoma staging for

84-503: A departure concourse over 1 ⁄ 3 mile (0.54 km) long. Lord King , then Chairman of British Airways , demanded that Terminal 4 be solely for the use of British Airways to fulfill the airline's ambition of hosting all its flights in one terminal (an ambition that still has not been achieved even with the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008). A similar demand was made on the North Terminal at Gatwick . Terminal 4's distance from

126-483: A fourth terminal at Heathrow Airport was granted. The new terminal was built south of the southern runway at a cost of £200 million over an 197 acres (80 ha) site. Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales on 1 April 1986. Best known for its yellow jet bridges, the terminal was initially designed as a facility for short-haul 'point-to-point' traffic, to compensate for its relatively long distance from

168-449: A further two opened in 2015. A new baggage system has also been installed. Refurbishment of the arrivals areas was completed in 2017. In 2020, all flights from Terminal 4 were suspended as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic . Consequently, rail and tube services to Terminal 4 station were withdrawn; TfL Rail services were diverted to T5. Heathrow also closed one of its runways in response to

210-477: A site, photographs, videos, or descriptions of damage may be utilised. The 12 categories for the TORRO scale are listed below, in order of increasing intensity. Although the wind speeds and photographic damage examples are updated, which are more or less still accurate. However, for the actual TORRO scale in practice, damage indicators (the type of structure which has been damaged) are predominantly used in determining

252-592: A small tactical nuclear bomb G7e/T4 , a Falke German torpedo The Italian name for the high explosive RDX Other uses [ edit ] Great East Road , a road in Zambia T4 road (Tanzania) , a road in Tanzania Lockheed Martin's High beta fusion reactor prototype, called T4 A T4 slip, a tax return form used in income taxes in Canada Aktion T4 , Nazi Germany's mass-murder of

294-593: A space mission Sukhoi T-4 , a Soviet aircraft Tatra T4 , a 1967 Czechoslovakian tram Thaden T-4 , a 1930s American four-seat all-metal cabin monoplane Volkswagen Transporter series IV van a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro Model T4 Cunningham experimental armored car, later the M1 Armored car Weapons and explosives [ edit ] T-4 Atomic Demolition Munition ,

336-416: A technology developed by Microsoft Tekken 4 , a 2001 fighting game Rail transport [ edit ] Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line , a Sydney Trains railway service Île-de-France tramway Line 4 T4 (Istanbul Tram) Vehicles [ edit ] Dayton-Wright T-4 , a 1918 American light, single-seat reconnaissance aircraft Kawasaki T-4 , a Japanese aircraft Soyuz T-4 ,

378-1022: A total collapse of some weak/average greenhouse structures likely. Garage roofs torn away, some to significant damage to tiled roofs and chimney stacks with many tiles missing, particularly to weak wooden framed homes, though typically thatched roofs with small eaves/smooth surface suffer only minor damage, outbuildings lose entire roofs and suffer some degree of damage to actual structure. Guttering pulled from some houses with some siding damage possible, older single glazed windows blown in or out of frames or smashed. Significant damage to most tree types, some big branches twisted or snapped off, most small and shallow rooted trees whether in leaf or not are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes overturned / badly damaged; light caravans severely damaged or destroyed; garages and weak outbuildings severely damaged or destroyed; house roof timbers considerably exposed with more strongly built brick masonry houses suffering major roof damage with chimneys at risk of collapse, though structure/walls of

420-551: A type of tumour A CD4 + T lymphocyte T4: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system Entertainment [ edit ] T4 (Channel 4) , the former daytime teen-aimed slot on Channel 4 in the UK Terminator Salvation , sometimes referred to as Terminator 4 Transformers: Age of Extinction , the fourth film in the live-action Transformers film series Software and video games [ edit ] Text Template Transformation Toolkit ,

462-518: A visible lean to one side; shallowly anchored high rises may be toppled; other steel-framed buildings buckled. Many steel-framed/concrete buildings badly damaged though some of structure may remain standing albeit shifted in position on foundation; skyscrapers toppled; locomotives or trains likely blown over and rolled a short distance from tracks with damage to its exterior, empty train cars however are likely to be flipped and rolled repeatedly some distance away from tracks with some levitation likely along

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504-528: A wind speed scale, whereas the Fujita scale relies on damage for classification, but in practice, damage is utilised almost exclusively in both systems to infer intensity. That is because such a proxy for intensity is usually all that is available, although users of both scales would prefer direct, objective, quantitative measurements. The scale is primarily used in the United Kingdom whereas the Fujita scale has been

546-781: Is accessed from Junction 14 of the M25 motorway via the A3113 and then the Southern Perimeter Road. It is also accessible from Central London via the M4 , exiting at Junction 3. There is a short stay car park directly opposite the terminal and a long stay car park on the other side of the twin rivers . Terminal 4 is served by the London Underground 's Piccadilly line trains at Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station and by Elizabeth line trains at Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station . All trains between

588-427: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminal 4 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport , the main airport serving London , England, situated to the south of the southern runway, next to the cargo terminal. It is connected to Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 by the vehicular Heathrow Cargo Tunnel , and by rail with

630-487: Is served by some local buses, coach services and car parking. [REDACTED] Media related to Heathrow Terminal 4 at Wikimedia Commons 51°27′35″N 0°26′51″W  /  51.45972°N 0.44750°W  / 51.45972; -0.44750 TORRO scale The scale was tested from 1972 to 1975 and was made public at a meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society in 1975. The scale sets T0 as

672-922: Is the base for SkyTeam members except Aeroméxico , Delta Air Lines , Middle East Airlines , Virgin Atlantic and China Airlines (all Terminal 3 only). Three Oneworld members fly out of Terminal 4, Malaysia Airlines , Royal Air Maroc and Qatar Airways . All have joined the alliance since moving to Terminal 4. Sri Lankan Airlines formerly operated from Terminal 4 but shortly after it joined Oneworld in 2014 it transferred its flights to Terminal 3. The principal non-aligned airlines are KM Malta Airlines , China Southern Airlines , El Al , Etihad Airways , Gulf Air , Oman Air and Royal Brunei Airlines . Other non-aligned airlines are Air Algerie , Air Astana , Air Serbia , Azerbaijan Airlines , Biman Bangladesh Airlines , Bulgaria Air , Kuwait Airways , Tunisair , Uzbekistan Airlines , Vueling and WestJet . Terminal 4

714-465: Is used when available, and sometimes photogrammetry or videogrammetry estimates wind speed by measuring tracers in the vortex. In most cases, aerial and ground damage surveys of structures and vegetation are utilised, sometimes with engineering analysis. Also sometimes available are ground swirl patterns ( cycloidal marks) left in the wake of a tornado. If an on site analysis is not possible, either for retrospective ratings or when personnel cannot reach

756-563: The Heathrow Terminal 4 tube and Heathrow Terminal 4 railway stations . Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales on 1 April 1986. British Airways was the main airline operating from the terminal from 1986 until its move to Terminal 5 on 29 October 2009, eventually making Terminal 4 the Heathrow base for airlines of the SkyTeam airline alliance. In 1979, approval for

798-482: The CTA and design were ill-suited for British Airways' long-haul operations. Passengers had to transfer between Terminal 4 and the CTA by bus rather than by a short moving walkway (as between Terminals 1 and 3 for example) and once inside Terminal 4, the gate areas were not large enough for the 300-400 passengers waiting to board the waiting Boeing 747s . Passengers' baggage also had to make the trip by van, sometimes resulting in

840-490: The Heathrow terminals are free. The Piccadilly line has up to six trains per hour (about every 10 minutes) in the direction of Cockfosters via central London. Trains to central London run via Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station . They may wait at Heathrow Terminal 4 for up to eight minutes. Although the journey takes longer, fares are much cheaper than on the Elizabeth Line and Heathrow Express services. Terminal 4

882-401: The airport's central terminal area (CTA). The layout of the terminal, with passenger boarding gates very close to the check-in and security halls, was designed to facilitate rapid movement of passengers through the building (a requirement for short-haul, business-focused flights). Upon opening, it boasted other innovations including the complete segregation of arriving and departing passengers and

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924-527: The associated damage. However, the EF Scale, having been designed based on construction practices in the United States, is not necessarily applicable across all regions. The EF-scale and variants thereof are officially used by the United States, Canada, France, and Japan, as well as unofficially in other countries, such as China. Unlike with the F scale, no analyses have been undertaken at all to establish

966-1101: The building below roof itself mostly intact except for windows breaking especially from any small flying objects. Most large healthy trees lose many big branches and many are snapped or uprooted, lighter cars flipped. Cars levitated. Mobile homes/lighter caravans airborne / destroyed; garden sheds obliterated and airborne for considerable distances; entire roofs removed from some houses; roof timbers of stronger brick or stone houses completely exposed; gable ends torn away. "Weak" framed wooden houses will receive some damage to structure though most of structure still standing. Numerous strong trees uprooted or snapped with all trees within damage path receiving some debranching. Heavy vehicles such as buses/lorries (trucks) overturned or overturned and displaced some distance in excess of 10 metres though with minimal levitation, lighter vehicles such as passenger cars thrown large distances. Wind turbines built from strong material suffer significant blade damage with blades ending up shredded or broken/ possibly suffering permanent deformation of tower/blades with winds on

1008-509: The drop in flights. In June 2021, Terminal 4 reopened as a terminal for passengers arriving from red-list countries only. The rail and underground station remained closed back then. On 23 February 2022, Heathrow CEO John Holland Kaye announced that Heathrow Terminal 4 was to reopen in time for the summer travel peak in July. It was later announced that the Terminal would reopen on June 14. Terminal 4

1050-524: The equivalent of 8 on the Beaufort scale and is related to the Beaufort scale (B), up to 12 on the Beaufort scale, by the formula: and conversely: The Beaufort scale was first introduced in 1805, and in 1921 quantified. It expresses the wind speed as faster than v in the formula: Most UK tornadoes are T6 or below with the strongest known UK tornado estimated as a T8 (the London tornado of 1091 ). For comparison,

1092-755: The evergreen variety. Moderate damage to trees, with a few medium sized branches in leaf snapping on the upper bound of T1, trees without leaves on them likely remaining mostly unscathed except for significant twig breakage, although for some a few small branches could break. Very weak/unhealthy trees, particularly those in leaf and of softwood variety such as conifers are likely to be nearly or completely uprooted. Heavy mobile homes displaced with some damage to exterior, light caravans lose majority of roof and/or are blown over, particularly from upper bound winds of T2, bonnets blown open on some vehicles, average strength sturdy garden sheds destroyed, greenhouses of weak/average construction lose entire plastic/glass roofing cover with

1134-547: The fact that the F scale is a damage scale, not a wind speed scale. Tornadoes are rated after they have passed and have been examined, not whilst in progress. In rating the intensity of a tornado, both direct measurements and inferences from empirical observations of the effects of a tornado are used. Few anemometers are struck by a tornado, and even fewer survive, so there are very few in-situ measurements. Therefore, almost all ratings are obtained from remote sensing techniques or as proxies from damage surveys. Weather radar

1176-656: The lower floors. Trains whether stationary or not are blown over. All large branches torn/stripped from trees down to the trunk, some small-medium sized trees are thrown. Noticeable debarking of any standing tree trunks from flying debris. Cars and other larger/heavier vehicles such as trucks hurled great distances. Strong wooden-framed houses and their contents dispersed over long distances; strong stone or brick masonry buildings severely damaged or largely destroyed with one or two sections of walls blown away; steel reinforced concrete homes/large buildings suffer significant to major structural damage. Skyscrapers badly twisted and may show

1218-565: The luggage being mislaid, although this problem was somewhat alleviated in the late 1990s by the construction of an automated transfer tunnel between the CTA and Terminal 4. Following the transfer of most of British Airways' flights to Terminal 5 during 2008, Terminal 4 underwent a £200m upgrade to enable it to accommodate 45 airlines and serve as the base for the SkyTeam airline alliance. The departures forecourt has been upgraded to reduce traffic congestion and improve security and an extended check-in area opened in late 2009. Most internal areas of

1260-435: The mentally and physically disabled Normal space in topology Version 4 of Traveller role-playing game T4, one of several fluorescent-lamp formats A tornado intensity rating on the TORRO scale SPARC T4 , a microprocessor introduced by Oracle Microelectronics in 2011 See also [ edit ] The Four T's (disambiguation) 4T (disambiguation) TTTT [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

1302-777: The primary scale used in North America, continental Europe, and the rest of the world. At the 2004 European Conference on Severe Storms, Dr. Meaden proposed a unification of the TORRO and Fujita scales as the Tornado Force or TF Scale. In 2007 in the United States, the Enhanced Fujita Scale replaced the original Fujita Scale from 1971. It made substantial improvements in standardizing damage descriptors through expanding and refining damage indicators and associated degrees of damage, as well as calibrated tornado wind speeds to better match

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1344-606: The roof mostly or entirely blown/torn off. The oldest, weakest buildings may collapse completely. Strong framed wooden buildings largely or completely destroyed, Strongly built brick masonry houses lose entire roofs just like T5 though exterior walls on second floor now likely blown down or collapsed with significant interior damage, windows broken on skyscrapers, more of the less-strong buildings collapse, national grid pylons severely damaged or blown down/bent and deformed, Strong trees that aren't uprooted /snapped will suffer major debranching with most leaves torn off, other trees excluding

1386-447: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T4&oldid=1202673838 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1428-499: The strongest detected winds in a United States tornado (during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak ) would be T11 using the following formulas: where v is wind speed and T is TORRO intensity number. Wind speed is defined as a 3-second gust at 10 m AGL . Alternatively, the T-Scale formula may be expressed as: or TORRO claims it differs from the Fujita scale in that it is "purely"

1470-539: The terminal were renovated between 2009 and 2014, whilst a new SkyTeam Alliance passenger lounge for premium passengers opened in 2009, more recently followed by the Etihad Airways Lounge. A Malaysia Airlines Golden Lounge, Gulf Air Golden Falcon Lounge, Qatar Airways Premium Lounge and Plaza Premium Lounge have all opened since 2010. Two new stands to accommodate the Airbus A380 were constructed in 2009, and

1512-712: The tornado intensity. Loose light litter such as paper, leaves and twigs raised from ground level in spirals. Secured tents and marquees seriously disturbed; a few exposed tiles/slates on roofs dislodged. Twigs and perhaps weak small branches that are in leaf snapped from some trees; minimal or no damage to trees with no leaves, trail visible through crops. Deckchairs, small plants/plants in small pots, heavy litter becomes airborne; minor damage to sheds. More serious/numerous dislodging of tiles, slates and chimney pots with some tiles/slates blown off typical/average strength roofs. Low quality wooden fences damaged or flattened. Slight damage possible to low lying shrubs/bushes, particularly of

1554-557: The upper bounds of T5. Strong framed wooden buildings/weak brick masonry buildings receive more significant damage than T4 though walls on ground floor will probably remain, some wall damage on second/upper floor connected to roof is likely though with one or two walls blowing down/collapsing, some/significant damage likely inside of these buildings. Stronger brick masonry homes may lose a few rows of bricks on second floor, though overall structure below roof itself largely standing with bottom floor relatively intact except for doors and windows,

1596-661: The upper end of the scale was possible. The TORRO scale has more graduations than the F scale which makes it arguably more useful for tornadoes on the lower end of the scale ; however, such accuracy and precision are not typically attainable in practice. Brooks and Doswell stated that "the problems associated with damage surveys and uncertainties associated with estimating wind speed from observed damage make highly precise assignments dubious". In survey reports, Fujita ratings sometimes also have extra qualifications added ("minimal F2" or "upper-end F3 damage"), made by investigators who have experience of many similar tornadoes and relating to

1638-409: The veracity and accuracy of the T scale damage descriptors. The scale was written in the early 1970s, and does not take into account changes such as the growth in weight of vehicles or the great reduction in numbers and change of type of railway locomotives, and was written in an environment where tornadoes of F2 or stronger are extremely rare, so little or no first-hand investigation of actual damage at

1680-403: The very heaviest ones for example locomotives/trains weighing hundreds of tons and the strongest of buildings made low to the ground with specific very aerodynamic designs and incredibly thick load bearing steel concrete walls with no windows/discernible roof will "survive" a tornado of this strength, survival would be reliant on these specialised structures or out of path of the tornado itself. But

1722-980: The way. Strong brick masonry buildings/houses almost or completely destroyed with large sections of houses/building blown away from foundation. Concrete pathways slightly above soil level could be shifted in position by several inches. Complete debarking of any standing tree-trunks. Entire very well built houses/buildings lifted bodily or completely from foundations and carried a large distance to disintegrate. Steel-reinforced concrete buildings severely damaged or almost obliterated. (e.g. 1930 Montello tornado) Exceptionally well built very thick walled (40-80cm) brick masonry buildings are completely destroyed and swept off foundations entirely with only flooring or foundations remaining with even these potentially damaged or with sections pulled off entirely; Well built steel-reinforced concrete structures/homes are completely destroyed. Tall buildings collapse. Cars, trucks and train cars thrown in excess of 1-3 miles. In terms of man made objects, only

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1764-774: The widest and strongest ones are snapped/uprooted, very large heavy branches thrown large distances. Lighter vehicles thrown upto a mile in some cases, heavy vehicles such as buses lofted and tossed tens of metres away, trains derailed/blown over while in motion. Strongly built wooden-framed/weak brick masonry buildings/houses wholly demolished; some walls of more strongly built stone / brick masonry houses beaten down or collapse with significant damage to overall structure, with some shifting on foundations likely; skyscrapers twisted; steel-framed warehouse-type constructions may buckle slightly. Well built steel reinforced concrete buildings/houses suffer total roof loss with some damage to overall structure though most walls remain standing, particularly

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