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112-612: The Forum of São Paulo was constituted in 1990, when the Brazilian Workers' Party approached other parties of Latin America and the Caribbean to debate the new international scenario after the fall of the Berlin Wall and rising adoption of some economic liberalization policies implemented at the time by right-leaning governments in the region. The stated main objective of the conference

224-560: A Christian." Thanks to its large grassroots base, the Catholic left allowed PT to expand en masse and influenced the ideology of the party, as the Catholic factions provided meeting places for PT nuclei and engaged in "political consciousness-raising" amongst the rural population. Because of this, the pastoral work of the Catholic Church is considered to have been "fundamental for the PT's achieving

336-431: A bit, but it never clearly shed its radicalism and undertook no major reforms of party principles even after Lula's defeat in the 1989 presidential elections . For example, the resolution from the party's 8th National Meeting in 1993 reaffirmed PT's "revolutionary and socialist character", condemned the "conspiracy" of the elites to subvert democracy, stated that the party advocated "radical agrarian reform and suspension of

448-537: A façade for authoritarianism . The charisma of figures like Hugo Chávez and mottoes like "Country, Socialism, or Death!" have drawn comparisons to the Latin American dictators and caudillos of the past. According to Steven Levitsky of Harvard University : "Only under the dictatorships of the past [...] were presidents reelected for life", with Levitsky further stating that while Latin America experienced democracy, citizens opposed "indefinite reelection, because of

560-597: A governance model to the party. Despite this, the state's capital Salvador is governed by ACM Neto , a leading member of DEM and grandson of Antonio Carlos Magalhães. The party is often accused of exploiting the North–South divide in Brazil to gain votes in the northeast. The party denies the claims and accuses the opposition to do the same in the South and Southeast. According to a poll conducted by IBOPE on 31 October 2010, during

672-610: A heterogeneous group made up of militants opposed to Brazil's military government, trade unionists, left-wing intellectuals and artists and Catholics linked to the liberation theology on 10 February 1980 at Colégio Sion in São Paulo , a private Catholic school for girls. The party emerged as a result of the approach between the labor movements in the ABC Region such as the Conferência das Classes Trabalhadoras (Conclat), later developed into

784-556: A more bio-pluralistic view, eliminating the separation between nature and society. This approach has been applied to the Yasuní-ITT Initiative . Buen vivir is sometimes conceptualised as collaborative consumption in a sharing economy and the term is used to look at the world in way sharply differentiated from natural , social or human capital . Critics claim that socialism of the 21st century in Latin America acts as

896-628: A primary value. These differences grant special relevance to FSP's final declarations, released at the end of each conference, which state the collective position of its members. Ever since FSP's first meeting (1990), the Declaration which was approved expressed the participants' "willingness to renew leftist and socialist thought, to reaffirm its emancipating character, to correct mistaken conceptions, and to overcome all expressions of bureaucratism and all absence of true social and massive democracy." The first Declaration manifests "an active compromise with

1008-468: A progressive tax reform, involving the rich being taxed more highly to fund basic services for the poor, and the development of new institutions of genuine popular participation which gave, according to one study, "real decision-making power to civil society and involving a large number of civil organizations – from neighbourhood groups to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and from cultural groups to education, health and housing pressure groups – in running

1120-512: A rematch and re-elected for a second term in 1998. 2002 general elections After the detrition of PSDB's image and as a result of an economic crisis that burst in the final years of Cardoso's government, Lula won the 2002 presidential election in the second round. 2006 general elections On 29 October 2006, PT won 83 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 seats in the Federal Senate . Lula

1232-652: A strong electoral stronghold in North Brazil and in the Amazonian region; The party triumphed in every state governorship in Acre from 1990 to 2018. However, the Acre section of the party is far more independent and moderate than the rest of the party and PT had only won the presidential election in the state twice in 2002 and 2006. PT also lost the governorship of Acre in 2018 to a candidate from right-wing Progressive Party . Roraima , which

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1344-520: A strong rejection of PSDB in the state (which is even more weak and rejected despite his national strength) than a support of PT's program. In 2018 presidential elections, PT lost in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo with similar percentages in both states, with a difference of only 0.02% less percent of valid votes to the party in São Paulo. Despite being a southeastern state, many regions of Minas Gerais, especially in

1456-403: A stronghold in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul , where it has won continuously since the second round of 1989 until 2002. Most of PT's rejection comes from São Paulo as it has won elections there only once in 2002 (both rounds). The historical PT rejection in São Paulo was more widespread in interior than the capital as PT won the 1988, 2000 and 2012 São Paulo mayoral election and

1568-405: A truly national character". One of the co-founders of PT, Hamilton Pereira, wrote that thanks to its Catholic origins, the party "became a party that [brought] along the various expressions of Brazil". Lula also stated several times that the Catholic left played a more important role in the PT than trade unions. The Workers' Party was the only party in Brazil able to develop such close relations with

1680-457: A turning point in that trajectory. The party symbols are a five-pointed red star inscribed with the initials "PT" in the center; a red flag with a white star also with the initials in the center; and the Workers Party's anthem. Its Superior Electoral Court (TSE) identification number is 13. Members and sympathisers of the party are known as "Petistas". The Workers' Party was launched by

1792-540: Is a marked contradiction between the fiery and quasi-revolutionary rhetoric about " socialism of the 21st century " indulged in sometimes by many FSP's leaders, and the plain fact that the positions of power held by such leaders depend, on most cases, on their holding positions in governments which have emerged through the electoral road. In a statement made in 2008 in Lima , before a gathering of Peruvian businessmen, however, Brazil's President Lula would declare, approvingly, that

1904-471: Is also strongly rejected in other states of the Center-South , such as Rio de Janeiro , which until 2018 had voted in the Workers Party presidential candidates in all new republic elections except 1994, the party shows strong difficulties to make representatives in federal, state and municipal levels. The party never elected a mayor in the capital of the state , never elected a governor ( Benedita da Silva ,

2016-464: Is an interpretation of socialist principles first advocated by German sociologist and political analyst Heinz Dieterich and taken up by a number of Latin American leaders. Dieterich argued in 1996 that both free-market industrial capitalism and 20th-century socialism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity such as poverty, hunger, exploitation of labour, economic oppression, sexism, racism,

2128-431: Is currently the country's ruling party. Some scholars classify its ideology in the 21st century as social democracy , with the party shifting from a broadly socialist ideology in the 1990s, although the party retains a left-wing and marginal far-left faction to this day. Founded in 1980, PT governed at the federal level in a coalition government with several other parties from 1 January 2003 to 31 August 2016. After

2240-520: Is its meeting itself. Between meetings, the Foro is represented by an Executive Group ( Grupo de Trabalho ) composed of a sample of its overall membership that usually meets thrice a year as well as by an Executive Secretariat ( Secretariado Executivo ). Workers%27 Party (Brazil) The Workers' Party ( Portuguese : Partido dos Trabalhadores , PT ) is a centre-left political party in Brazil that

2352-437: Is often accompanied with opposition to North American influence. Regional organizations like ALBA and CELAC promote cooperation with Latin America and exclude North American countries. ALBA is most explicitly related to socialism of the 21st century while other organizations focus on economic integration, ALBA promotes social, political and economic integration among countries that subscribe to democratic socialism. Its creation

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2464-691: Is partially state-funded through party allowances) to purchase, from a confessed fraudster, a dossier that would be used to attack political adversaries. On 25 April 2007, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal unanimously cleared Lula of any responsibility for this scandal. In July 2005, members of the party suffered a sequence of corruption accusations , started by a deputy of the Brazilian Labour Party ( Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro – PTB), Roberto Jefferson . Serious evidence for slush funding and bribes-for-votes were presented, dragging PT to

2576-401: Is symbolical. The party was a stronghold of Liberal Front Party ( Partido da Frente Liberal − PFL), now Democrats ( Democratas − DEM), the greatest ideological rival of PT in national level. PSDB is a strongest party and headed all presidential tickets which PFL/DEM participated since 1994, but the origin of PSDB resembling with the origins PT as a leftist opposition to the dictatorship, and

2688-539: The 2002 parliamentary election , PT became the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and the largest in the Federal Senate for the first time. With the highest approval rating in the history of the country at one time, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was PT's most prominent member. Dilma Rousseff , also a member of PT, was elected twice (first on 31 October 2010, and then again on 26 October 2014) but did not finish her second term due to her impeachment in 2016 . The party came back to power with Lula's victory in

2800-522: The 2022 presidential election . Both born among the opposition to the 1964 coup d'état and the subsequent military dictatorship , PT and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) were the biggest adversaries in contemporary Brazilian politics from 1994 to 2014, with their candidates finishing either first or second on the ballot in each presidential election in that period. The Worker's Party won five presidential elections since

2912-702: The Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela—now under Nicolás Maduro after Chávez's death in 2013—was devolving from authoritarianism to dictatorship as opposition politicians were jailed for plotting to undermine the government, violence was widespread and opposition media shut down. Western media coverage of Chávez and other Latin American leaders from the 21st-century socialist movement has been criticised as unfair by their supporters and leftist media critics. The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering to socialism of

3024-471: The Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1988 it advocated repudiation of Brazil's external debt , nationalization of the country's banks and mineral wealth and a radical land reform . In addition, as a form of protest and as a signal that the party did not fully accept the "rules of the game" PT's delegates refused to sign the draft constitution. Over the next few years, the party moderated

3136-774: The Catholic Church , ethnic and environmentalist groups, anti-imperialist and nationalist organizations, communist parties , and armed guerrilla forces. The latter, however, is true only so far as one is willing to think of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia as an actual member of the FSP, when actually the FARC, although never formally banned from the Forum, have been barred from participating in its meetings as early as 2005, when they were refused admittance to that year's meeting of

3248-466: The Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) which carried major strikes from 1978 to 1980; and the old Brazilian left-wing, whose proponents, many of whom were journalists, intellectuals, artists and union organizers, were returning from exile with the 1979 Amnesty law, many of them having endured imprisonment and torture at the hands of the military regime in addition to years of exile. Dilma Rousseff herself

3360-690: The Communist Party of Spain and United Left in Spain and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Just Russia . After a series of structural adjustment loans and debt restructuring led by the International Monetary Fund in the late 20th century, Latin America experienced a significant increase in inequality. Between 1990 and 1999, the Gini coefficient , a measure of inequality in

3472-738: The Mexican Senate , Yeidckol Polevnsky , has invited the Honduran MP Silvia Ayala , as a member of the Democratic Unification Party and leader of the manifestations in support of Zelaya held in San Pedro Sula , to attend the meeting – something that attracted the fury of the pro-government Honduran press. The ongoing meeting in Mexico will also be the first to organize a parallel youth meeting, where member parties will discuss

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3584-465: The Ministry of Labour since its formation, a practice tied to the fact that since Getúlio Vargas ' dictatorship, unions had become quasi-state entities, was dissolved while unions themselves suffered intervention of the military regime. The resurgence of an organized labour movement, evidenced by strikes in the ABC Region on the late 1970s led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , enabled the reorganization of

3696-536: The Real Plan , which established the new currency and subsequently ended inflation and provided economic stability. As a result, Cardoso won the election in the first round with 54% of the votes. However, it has been noted that "the elections were not a complete disaster for PT, which significantly increased its presence in the Congress and elected for the first time two state governors". Cardoso would once again beat Lula in

3808-689: The Socialism and Liberty Party ( Partido Socialismo e Liberdade − PSOL) in June 2004 and ran for president in 2006, becoming at the time the woman who had garnered the most votes in Brazilian history. In another move, 112 members of the radical wing of the party announced they were abandoning PT in the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre on 30 January 2005. They also published a manifesto entitled Manifesto of

3920-416: The country reinstated democracy , and came in second in every other election held in that time. The party has been involved in a number of corruption scandals since Lula first came to power and saw its popular support plummet between 2015 and 2020, with presidential approval ratings falling from over 80% to 9% and successive reductions in all elected offices since 2014. The 2022 general election marked

4032-612: The economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration and Maduro governments have attributed Venezuela's economic problems to the decline in oil prices, sanctions imposed by the United States and economic sabotage by the opposition. In 2015, Venezuela's economy was performing poorly—the currency had collapsed, it had the world's highest inflation rate and its gross domestic product shrank into an economic collapse in 2016 . Although democratic socialist intellectuals have welcomed

4144-571: The military dictatorship . Along with the Popular Socialist Party ( Partido Popular Socialista – PPS), a dissidence of PCB, they have been said to form the centre-right opposition to the Lula administration. 1989 presidential elections In the 1989 general elections, Lula went to the second round with Fernando Collor de Mello . Even though all centrist and left-wing candidates of the first round united around Lula's candidacy, Collor's campaign

4256-417: The nationalization of several industries, notably the gas, mining, and oil industries. Post-neoliberalism also advocates for the expansion of welfare benefits, greater governmental investment in poverty reduction, and increased state intervention in the economy. The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. This

4368-609: The pink tide brought about a substantial shift towards left-wing governments in the 2000s. Examples of post-neoliberal governments include the former governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador . It has also been claimed that the Joe Biden administration in the United States exhibits post-neoliberal characteristics. The idea of post-neoliberalism arose during

4480-441: The pink tide of the 1990s and 2000s, in which left-wing Latin American critics of neoliberalism like Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales were thrust into power. According to researchers, the election of Chávez as the president of Venezuela in 1999 marked a definite start to the pink tide and post-neoliberal movement. Following his election, Rafael Correa , Néstor Kirchner , Evo Morales , and numerous other leaders associated with

4592-547: The 1991 meeting in Mexico City , it started being alternately called Foro de São Paulo in reference to the location of the first meeting. Subsequent meetings have been hosted by many of the parties throughout the region. According to FSP, more than 100 parties and political organizations participate in its conferences today. Their political positions vary across a wide spectrum, which includes: social-democratic parties, left-wing grassroots labor and social movements inspired by

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4704-497: The 2014 general elections held on 5 October, the party won 13.9% of the vote and 69 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, down from the 88 seats they gained in 2010. In the first round of the presidential election, Rousseff won 41.6% of the vote but not enough to secure a victory. In the run-off on 26 October, Rousseff was re-elected with a narrow victory with 51.6% of the vote against Senator Aécio Neves . PT enjoyed strong representation in

4816-534: The 21st century have been questioned. Latin American countries have primarily financed their social programs with extractive exports like petroleum, natural gas and minerals, creating a dependency that some economists claim has caused inflation and slowed growth. For the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, their economic policies led to shortages in Venezuela , a high inflation rate and a dysfunctional economy. However,

4928-650: The Algarves . In the 2010 elections, PT retained control of the governorships of Bahia, Sergipe and Acre , in addition to gaining back control of Rio Grande do Sul and the Federal District. Nevertheless, it lost control of Pará . Candidates supported by the party won the race in Amapá , Ceará, Espírito Santo , Maranhão, Mato Grosso , Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio de Janeiro , which means that PT would participate in 13 out of 27 state governorships. 2014 general elections In

5040-478: The Catholic Church. The PT is also influenced by liberation theology , considered an important factor in the creation of the party. Peter Flynn in the Third World Quarterly wrote that the party is closely linked to liberation theology, and its liberation Catholic faction was an important contribution towards the party's victory in the 2002 Brazilian general election . The liberation theology faction of

5152-454: The Catholic left is considered the leading force behind the creation of the party, together with the Marxist left and 'new unionism'. Catholic grassroots communities known as CEBs became widespread in Brazil and became the backbone of organization development of the PT in rural peripheries and rural areas, where the party relied on its Catholic faction to provide structural network. Whereas the party

5264-526: The FSP had "educated" the Left in the understanding of the existence of possibilities of running for elections and gaining power through the democratic way – a declaration that prompted a comment from AFP , reproduced at the Rede Globo site, to the effect that the hallmark of FSP's activities had been its "very moderate" character. Nevertheless, almost since its inception, the FSP has been the target of criticism from

5376-551: The FSP in São Paulo. These groups differ on a range of topics which go from the use of armed force in revolutions to the support of representative democracy . The Communist Party of Cuba , for example, has adopted a single-party system for decades, while Brazil 's Workers' Party (PT) supports and participates in a multi-party system of representative democracy. Some parties such as Chile's Social Convergence advocate for radical democracy , participatory democracy , and workplace democracy instead of representative democracy as

5488-552: The Left's traditional agenda. The meeting also debated the ongoing Colombian armed conflict , which prompted a declaration by the International Relations Secretary of the Brazilian Workers' Party, Valter Pomar, who exposed what in his view was the Foro's general stance towards the current Colombian situation: "In Colombia we have a military confrontation that has been going on for decades, having as its players

5600-554: The Lula−Rousseff era. PCdoB is now the strongest party in Maranhão state and was able to elect the mayor of Aracaju , Sergipe ; PSB is now the strongest party in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba ; and PDT was able to triumph in three capitals of the northeastern. Despite losing all capitals in northwest, PT had the governorships of three northwestern states, Piauí , Bahia and Ceará . The governorship of Bahia, conquered in 2006,

5712-517: The PT has experienced a series of internal struggles with members who have refused to embrace the new political positions of the party. These struggles have fueled public debates, the worst of which had its climax in December 2003, when four dissident legislators were expelled from the party for voting against Social Insurance Reform. Among these members were congressman João Batista Oliveira de Araujo (known as Babá) and senator Heloísa Helena , who formed

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5824-591: The Rousseff cabinet. Since 1988, the Workers' Party has grown in popularity on the national stage by winning the elections in many of the largest Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo , Fortaleza , Belo Horizonte , Porto Alegre and Goiânia as well as in some important states, such as Rio Grande do Sul , Espírito Santo and the Federal District . During the time it governed Porto Alegre , it implemented measures such as

5936-553: The Rupture that states that PT "is no longer an instrument of social transformation, but only an instrument of the status quo", continuing with references to the International Monetary Fund and other economic and social issues. This scandal, called the BANCOOP case , included João Vaccari Neto and four other directors of the housing cooperative. The cooperative received government contracts and had multi-million real revenue. The cooperative

6048-637: The Workers' Party votes in presidential elections since 2006 stems from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Nevertheless, the party has always won every presidential election in Rio de Janeiro from 1998 to 2014, the Federal District from 1989 to 2010 (with the exception in 1998 when Cardoso won there) and in Minas Gerais from 2002 to 2014 (these are two of the three largest states by number of voters and together they comprise 18.5% of voters). The party also maintains

6160-468: The [Colombian] State, as well as the paramilitary and insurgent forces. The Foro is interested in achieving peace and in having a negotiated process towards reaching this goal". In the 16th meeting, which opened on 20 August 2009 in Mexico City , the Foro was expected to concentrate discussion on the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis as well as engaging in efforts to the restoration of the deposed Honduran president Manuel Zelaya . The Vice president of

6272-479: The cabinets it led for most of the time that it was in office. PT held the majority of cabinet positions in the first two coalitions, with its occupation of ministerial positions comprising 60% in the first coalition, 54.8% in the second coalition and 46.5% in the third coalition. Although PT deliberately never identified itself with a particular brand of leftism, it nevertheless "always defined itself as socialist" and espoused many radical positions. For example, at

6384-570: The city." This winning streak culminated with the victory of its presidential candidate Lula in 2002 who succeeded Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party ( Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira – PSDB). For its defense of economic liberalism , PSDB is the party's main electoral rival as well as the Democrats , heir of the National Renewal Alliance ( Aliança Renovadora Nacional – ARENA), ruling party during

6496-515: The continent who are in power and strive in various ways to build projects which – according to each country's particular characteristics – allow them to face the main problems generated by neoliberalism" – something which added to the statement made at the same time by Belela Herrera, International Relations chargé of the Uruguayan Broad Front , that issues like ecology , exclusion, racism and xenophobia had added themselves inseparably to

6608-601: The cover-up of rightist policies". During the 14th meeting in El Salvador , it was resolved that the Foro should organize a number of subordinate organizations and facilities: an electronic bulletin on the Net, a politic-cultural festival, an electoral observatory and a cadre school. In the final declaration of the FSP's 15th meeting in Montevideo, there is a reinstatement and updating of the Foro's goals: to aid "the progressive forces in

6720-487: The destruction of natural resources and the absence of true democracy . Socialism of the 21st century has democratic socialist elements, but it also resembles Marxist revisionism . Leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Michelle Bachelet of Chile. Because of

6832-414: The dictatorships of the past". Levitsky then noted: "In Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador, reelection is associated with the same problems of 100 years ago". The Washington Post also stated in 2014 that "Bolivia's Evo Morales , Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez [...] used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits". In 2015, The Economist stated that

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6944-414: The early 1990s. After Lula's 1994 loss, the party began a slow process of self-examination. The resolution adopted at its 10th National Meeting in 1995 stated that "our 1994 defeat invites a cruel reflection about our image in society, about the external impact of our internal battles, [and] about our ideological and political ambiguities". The move from self-examination did not involve a clean break with

7056-631: The economic policies embodied by the Washington Consensus . While there is scholarly debate about the defining features of post-neoliberalism, it is often associated with economic progressivism as a response to neoliberalism's perceived excesses or failures, ranging from nationalization and wealth redistribution to embracing protectionism and revival of trade unions ; it can also refer to left-wing politics more generally. The movement has had particular influence in Latin America , where

7168-443: The election of socialist leaders. Socialism of the 21st century draws on indigenous traditions of communal governance and previous Latin America socialist and communist movements, including those of Salvador Allende , Fidel Castro , Che Guevara and the Sandinista National Liberation Front . According to Dieterich, this form of socialism is revolutionary in that the existing society is altered to be qualitatively different, but

7280-417: The external debt" and concluded that "capitalism and private property cannot provide a future for humanity". In 1994, Lula ran for the presidency again and during his campaign dismissed Fernando Henrique Cardoso 's recently implemented Real Plan as an "electoral swindle". The resolutions from the 1994 National Meeting condemned the "control by the dominant classes over the means of production" and reaffirmed

7392-412: The faction also played a crucial role in the education policy of the party and the 2010 anti-corruption "clean slate" law. Major liberation theology figures such as Leonardo Boff became supporters of the party. The PT's close relationship with Brazil's progressive Catholic Church continues to influence the rherotic of the party, with its politicians referring concepts from liberation theology. Most of

7504-409: The forum in 2023. The following countries are currently being governed by leaders and member parties of the Foro de São Paulo: The following centre-left and left-wing parties or coalitions, who are currently in government, even though not members of the forum, maintain good relations and have been integrated with the members of the FSP: The following countries had members of the Foro de São Paulo as

7616-403: The impact of Brazil's changing political context and of Cardoso's economic reforms. During Lula's fourth presidential run in 2002, the transition away from overt left-wing policies was fully cemented, and in a document known as the Letter to the Brazilian People , Lula committed himself and his party to the reform of taxes and pensions, and to promoting economic growth. He also accepted some of

7728-402: The impact of the controversy about the indigenous territory of Raposa Serra do Sol , which former President Lula gave strong support despite the opposition of the non-indigenous people; and Rondonia , which had a large population of evangelicals and south/southeastern migrants, also show reservations about the party. The electoral stronghold was also lost in 2018 elections; PT only triumphed in

7840-426: The impact of the global economic crisis on Latin American youth and the responses that could be offered to it. In January 2010, the European Left – the broad front of European national Left parties formed in view of a common stand in European politics – at the opening of its Third Congress, expressed its interest in strengthening ties with the FSP. The Democratic Socialists of America became associate members of

7952-534: The income or wealth distribution, rose in almost every Latin American country. Volatile prices and inflation led to dissatisfaction. In 2000, only 37% of Latin Americans were satisfied with their democracies (20 points less than Europeans and 10 points less than sub-Saharan Africans). In this context, a wave of left-leaning socio-political movements, called the Pink tide , on behalf of indigenous rights, cocaleros , labor rights, women's rights, land rights and educational reform emerged to eventually provide momentum for

8064-507: The labour movement without the direct interference of the state. The movement originally sought to act exclusively in union politics, but the survival of a conservative unionism under the domination of the state (evidenced in the refoundation of CGT) and the influence exercised over the trade union movement by leaders of traditional left-wing parties, such as the Brazilian Communist Party ( Partido Comunista Brasileiro , PCB), forced

8176-472: The large, sparsely inhabited interior of the Amazonian state, PT win by a large margin but insufficient to guarantee the fifth triumph of the party in the state on presidential election. PT, however, maintained and expanded his stronghold in Northeast Brazil, conquered in Lula first elections in 2002. Since 2002, the only time that a state other than these which did not vote in PT in a presidential election

8288-487: The liberal reforms from the Cardoso government, meaning that the party program was now de facto centre-left and social democratic in its ideology. Lula won the 2002 election in a landslide. However, some of the more left-wing factions of the party were critical of this turn toward the center and later left to form new left-wing parties like the Socialism and Liberty Party . The party has a strong left-wing Catholic faction, and

8400-410: The living sustainably as the member of a community that includes both human beings and Nature. Buen vivir is enshrined in 2008 Constitution of Ecuador as an alternative to neoliberal development. The constitution outlines a set of rights, one of which is the rights of nature. In line with the assertion of these rights, buen vivir seeks to change the relationship between nature and humans to

8512-614: The local unique historical conditions, socialism of the 21st century is often contrasted with previous applications of socialism in other countries, with a major difference being the effort towards a more effective economic planning process. Outside Latin America, socialism of the 21st century has been promoted by left-wing leaders such as Mark Drakeford and Jeremy Corbyn in the United Kingdom and Lothar Bisky , Egon Krenz and Oskar Lafontaine in Germany, and also by parties such as

8624-680: The main opposition parties in their parliaments and/or were the second electoral force in the past elections: Meetings were held in São Paulo (1990), Mexico City (1991), Managua (1992), Havana (1993), Montevideo (1995), San Salvador (1996), Porto Alegre (1997), Mexico City (1998), Managua (2000), Havana (2001), Antigua Guatemala (2002), Quito (2003), São Paulo (2005), San Salvador (2007), Montevideo (2008), Mexico City (2009), Buenos Aires (2010), Managua (2011), Caracas (2012), São Paulo (2013), La Paz (2014), Mexico City (2015), San Salvador (2016), Managua (2017), Havana (2018), Caracas (2019) and Brasília (2023). The Foro's chief authority

8736-477: The mention of a transition to a socialist society, but the party's self-definition remained highly ambiguous as the resolution from the party's Meeting that year affirmed that Lula's platform "should not be confused with the socialist program of PT". Thus, while PT had begun to distance itself from its original socialist rhetoric and proposals by 1998, a clearer shift did not occur until after Lula lost again that year and after Lula and his group had more fully digested

8848-606: The most serious crisis in its history, known colloquially as the Mensalão . José Genoíno resigned as president of the party and was replaced by Tarso Genro , former mayor of Porto Alegre. A small minority of party members defected as a result of the crisis. Most of them went to PSOL. The investigation of a series of crimes, such corruption and money laundering, led to the arrest of the party's treasurer João Vaccari Neto and his sister-in-law. José Genoino, José Dirceu, Delcídio do Amaral, André Vargas and Delúbio Soares were also arrested in

8960-487: The motion by the Foro's plenum led to the permanent withdrawal of Partido Obrero from the meeting. Partido Obrero had already declared itself in opposition to the Foro's positions, having previously made public a note in which it protested against the change in the official name of the organization, as "offering evidence of putting, in the place of actual making of common policies, a kind of purely academic workshop, [a sure sign] of conscious depoliticization leading eventually to

9072-533: The north region of the state, had strong economic, cultural and socially ties with the Northeast. São Francisco River , a symbol of the Northeast, has its source in a small city of Minas, Pirapora . With the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, Distrito Federal, and Espírito Santo PT never gets an elected governor in the Center-south until 2014, when Fernando Damata Pimentel was elected governor of Minas Gerais. PT had

9184-478: The participants' willingness to exchange experiences and develop a dialogue, while at the regional and continental level FSP's influence grows, with some of its members achieving electoral success and their candidates reaching the presidency of many countries. During the early 1990s, the FSP was seen by some as expressing the emergence of a new Latin American leftist paradigm: non-authoritarian, de-militarized and grassroots-friendly. As others have noted, however, there

9296-504: The parties had strong links until PSDB broke with PT and join in a coalition with PFL, a right-wing party with strong fiscal conservative views, associated with the Brazilian military regime in 1993 and the homeland of Antônio Carlos Magalhães , the strongest leadership of PFL and a fierce foe of PT. Bahia is now the main stronghold of PT, the most reliable state for the Petismo and is considered

9408-608: The party is also regularly included in the party's cabinet appointment. Liberationist bishop Mauro Morelli served as president of the National Council for Food Security, and later became a political advisor of Lula. The PT mayor and Catholic lawyer Patrus Ananias became famous through his administration in Belo Horizonte , which became distinguished for its church-coordinated work against hunger and poverty. Liberation theologist Frei Betto also served as Lula's special adviser, and

9520-420: The party's "commitment to socialism". PT's Program of Government that year also committed the party to "anti-monopolist, anti- latifúndio , and anti-imperialist change [...] as part of a long-term strategy to construct an alternative to capitalism", statements that "sent shivers down the spine of the international financial community". Thus, as of 1995 "little or nothing" had changed in PT's official ideology since

9632-601: The past as in other socialist parties after the end of the Cold War. The process was gradual, full of contradictions and replete with intra-party tension. By 1997, the National Meeting resolution redefined PT's version of socialism as a "democratic revolution", emphasizing a political rather than economic vision of socialism that aimed to make the state "more transparent and socially accountable". Lula's third presidential campaign platform in 1998 cut socialist proposals and even

9744-507: The post-neoliberal movement were elected in Latin America during the 2000s and 2010s. Into the 2020s, the Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric , who emerged victorious in the 2021 Chilean general election , pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating: "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave." While the ideas of post-neoliberalism are not exclusive to Latin America, they are largely associated with

9856-430: The process itself should be gradual and non-violent, instead utilising democracy to secure power, education, scientific knowledge about society and international cooperation. Dieterich suggests the construction of four basic institutions within the new reality of post-capitalist civilisation: Post-neoliberalism , also known as anti-neoliberalism , is a set of ideals characterized by its rejection of neoliberalism and

9968-693: The process. Most recently, former President Lula was arrested in April 2018. However, in March 2021, the Supreme Federal Court overturned all the convictions. This came after leaks which suggested that Judge Sérgio Moro had conspired with the prosecution. Since its inception the party has been led by the following: Socialism of the 21st century Socialism of the 21st century ( Spanish : Socialismo del siglo XXI ; Portuguese : Socialismo do século XXI ; German : Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts )

10080-519: The region. Post-neoliberalism has drawn criticism from the right of the political spectrum ; right-wing and far-right critics have claimed that the term itself is vague and populistic , while also arguing that "post-neoliberal" policies harm international investment and economic development . Post-neoliberalism seeks to fundamentally change the role of the state in countries where the Washington Consensus once prevailed. To achieve this, post-neoliberal leaders in Latin America have advocated for

10192-405: The right in the United States and Latin America, especially in Brazil, describing it as an organization promoting terrorism and/or a revival of communism , something regarded even by mainstream conservatives as unfounded and "exaggerated to say the least". The allegedly subversive character of the Foro's activities, however, was revived during the 2010 Brazilian presidential election campaign, as

10304-486: The seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a record for the party since 2002. With 88 seats gained, it became the largest party in the lower chamber for the first time ever. PT also became the second largest party in the Federal Senate for the first time after electing of 11 senators, making a total of 14 senators for the 2010–2014 legislature. Its national coalition gained control of 311 seats in the lower house and 50 seats in

10416-401: The second round voting PT's candidate Dilma Rousseff had an overwhelming majority of votes among the poorest Brazilians. Her lead was of 26% among those who earned a minimum wage or less per month. Rousseff also had the majority of votes among Catholics (58%), blacks (65%) and mixed-race Brazilians (60%). Amongst whites and Protestants, she was statistically tie to José Serra and her lead

10528-594: The setting up of Unasur – but that the Foro was better understood as a " brainstorming organization", a " think-tank for politicians". During the fifth meeting (Montevideo, 1995) a dispute arose about the attendance of the Movimiento Bolivia Libre , which was charged, in a motion presented by ten parties, led by Argentina 's Partido Obrero , of support to the repressive actions of the neoliberal government of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada in Bolivia. The refusal of

10640-474: The sole governor of the state from the party, took over because the resignation of the titular Anthony Garotinho in 2002, which her party had broken some years early, and was massive defeated in the same year's election by the Garotinho's wife Rosângela Matheus ) and is often overturned in elections by left-wing parties with much less weight in national elections. The triumphs in the state were more associated with

10752-399: The states of Pará and Tocantins , the only states in the region which borders Brazilian Northeast and much of their culture is near from Northwest than the rest of Amazon. In Amazonas, the largest Brazilian states, PT lost in 2018 for the first time since 1998; PT lost in the capital of the state, Manaus , a free zone which concentrates more than the half of the population of the state; in

10864-448: The theories of István Mészáros , Michael Lebowitz and Marta Harnecker (who was Chávez's adviser between 2004 and 2011) than by those of Heinz Dieterich. The process draws its name from Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar and is a contemporary example of Bolivarianism . Often translated to good living or living well, the concept of buen vivir is related to the movement for indigenous rights and rights of nature . It focuses on

10976-538: The unionist movement of ABC, encouraged by anti-Stalinist leaders, to organize its own party. PT was officially recognized as a party by the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court on 11 February 1982. The first membership card belonged to art critic and former Trotskyist activist Mário Pedrosa, followed by literary scholar Antonio Candido and historian Sérgio Buarque de Holanda . Holanda's daughter Ana de Holanda later became Minister of Culture in

11088-427: The upper house, a broad majority in both houses which the Lula administration never had. This election also saw the decrease in the number of seats controlled by the centre-right opposition bloc as it shrank from 133 to 111 deputies. The left-wing opposition, formed by PSOL, retained control of three seats. The party was also expected to elect its presidential candidate Dilma Rousseff in the first round. However, she

11200-506: The validity of human rights, of democracy and of popular sovereignty as strategic values, which place the constant challenge of leftist, socialist and progressive forces renewing their thoughts and actions." At the second conference ( Mexico , 1991), FSP expanded its objectives to add the proposal of working toward Latin American integration , an interchange of experiences, the discussion of the political left's differences and searching for consensus in action. The following conferences reinstate

11312-479: The vice-presidential candidate in the José Serra ticket, Antônio Pedro de Siqueira Indio da Costa , denounced repeatedly the supposed connection, by way of the Foro, between the Brazilian Workers' Party and the FARC. Alternatively, the Foro is seen also as more than a simple regular gathering, in that policies that had been advised by it came to be actively implemented later – such as the strengthening of Mercosur , or

11424-457: Was Alagoas in both rounds of 2002 presidential elections. PT and its allies was able to make big gains in north and northeast regions of Brazil even in times which the party was in crisis, like in the last mayoral elections. PT's most loyal party PCdoB and former allies Brazilian Socialist Party ( Partido Socialista Brasileiro − PSB) and Democratic Labour Party ( Partido Democrático Trabalhista − PDT) made huge gains in region together with PT in

11536-511: Was a major force in his homeland, the Greater São Paulo . Despite this, the party lost its support even in the region and has not won any electoral zone in the capital in 2016 municipal elections. Fernando Haddad , the candidate seeking reelection, stayed in a distant second place, with 36 percentual points below the winner João Doria . PT managed to win in only one city of the region, the small and distant municipality of Franco da Rocha . PT

11648-569: Was announced in direct opposition to George W. Bush 's attempts to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas that included the United States. In 2008, ALBA introduced a monetary union using the SUCRE as its regional currency. Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a process of social reforms in Venezuela known as the Bolivarian Revolution. This approach was more heavily influenced by

11760-476: Was considered a 'vehicle' for social change, supportive Catholic communities were "gasoline stations". The socialism of PT appealed to the Brazilian Catholic left, who was heavily influenced by liberation theology and believed that Marxism and Political Catholicism complemented one another. One of pro-PT Catholic priests, Frei Betto , declared in 1986: "A real Christian is a communist, and a real communist

11872-442: Was found to have illegally padded the service contracts by 20%, with many of the contracts going unfulfilled. The cooperative eventually folded with a deficit of over R$ 100 million, requiring liquidation of assets to minimize the loss by members. This scandal unfolded around September 2006, just two weeks before general elections. As a result, Berzoini left the coordination of Lula's re-election after allegedly using PT's budget (which

11984-530: Was imprisoned and tortured by the dictatorship. PT was born by historical need. PT is not an accident. The future of Brazil goes through a party with the same program as PT, under any name whatsoever, under any leader whomsoever. PT was launched under a democratic socialism trend. After the 1964 coup d'état , Brazil's main federation of labor unions, the General Command of Workers ( Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores – CGT), which gathered leaders approved by

12096-421: Was not able to receive the necessary number of valid votes (over 50%) and a second round in which she scored 56% of the votes took place on 31 October 2010. On 1 January 2011, she was inaugurated and thus became the first female head of government ever in the history of Brazil and the first de facto female head of state since the death in 1816 of Maria I , Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

12208-403: Was of only 4% on both demographic groups. Even though she was the first female candidate in a major party, her votes amongst men was wider than amongst women. The changes in the political orientation of PT (from a left-wing socialist to a centre-left social-democratic party) after Lula was elected president were well received by many in the population, but as a historically more radical party,

12320-453: Was re-elected with more than 60% of the votes, extending his position as President of Brazil until 1 January 2011. PT was now the second largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the fourth largest party in the Federal Senate and has five state governorships. However, it only gained control of one among the ten richest states ( Bahia ). 2010 general elections In the 2010 general elections held on 3 October, PT gained control of 17.15% of

12432-471: Was strongly supported by the mass media (notably Rede Globo as seen on the documentary Beyond Citizen Kane ) and Lula lost in the second round by a close margin of 5.7%. 1994 and 1998 general elections Leading up to the 1994 general elections, Lula was the leading presidential candidate in the majority of polls. As a result, centrist and right-wing parties openly united for Fernando Henrique Cardoso 's candidacy. As Minister of Economy, Cardoso created

12544-479: Was to argue for alternatives to neoliberalism . The first meeting held in São Paulo in July 1990 was attended by members of 48 parties and organizations from Latin American and the Caribbean. The original name given to the meeting was Meeting of Left and Anti-imperialist Parties and Organizations of Latin America ( Portuguese : Encontro de Partidos e Organizações de Esquerda e Anti-imperialistas da América Latina ). Since

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