68°N 20°E / 68°N 20°E / 68; 20
80-598: Sápmi ( from Northern Sami : [ˈsapmi] ) is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people . Sápmi includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia , also known as the " Cap of the North ". The region stretches over four countries: Norway , Sweden , Finland , and Russia . To the north, it is bounded by the Barents Sea , Norwegian Sea , and White Sea . Lapland ( / ˈ l æ p l æ n d / ) has been
160-533: A consonant can occur in all three quantities, quantity 3 is termed "overlong". In quantity 3, if the syllable coda consists of only /ð/ , /l/ or /r/ , the additional length of this consonant is realised phonetically as an epenthetic vowel. This vowel assimilates to the quality of the surrounding vowels: This does not occur if the second consonant is a dental/alveolar stop, e.g. gielda /ˈkie̯lː.ta/ , phonetically [ˈkĭĕ̯lː.ta] , or sálti /ˈsaːlː.htiː/ , phonetically [ˈsaːlː.ʰtiː] . Northern Sámi possesses
240-797: A default length can be assumed for these two letters. For the remaining vowels, vowel length is not indicated in the standard orthography. In reference works, macrons can be placed above long vowels that occur in a position where they can be short. Length of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ in a post-stressed syllable is assumed, and not indicated, except in the combinations ⟨ii⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ , where these letters can also indicate short vowels. The Eastern Finnmark dialects possess additional contrasts that other dialects of Northern Sámi do not: Some Torne dialects have /ie̯/ and /uo̯/ instead of stressed /eː/ and /oː/ (from diphthong simplification) as well as unstressed /iː/ and /uː/ . Diphthongs can undergo simplification when
320-511: A historical term for areas inhabited by the Sami based on the older term "Lapp" for its inhabitants, a term which is now considered outdated or pejorative. Norwegian Sápmi was historically called Finnmǫrk , a name used for the county Finnmark . Sápmi overlaps with several other national, cultural and administrative regions. In practice, most of the Sámi population is concentrated in a few traditional areas in
400-608: A margin of more than 2° over a 41,000-year period, owing to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 14.5 m (48 ft) per year. The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : "near the Bear , northern") and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : " bear "). The Arctic Circle
480-405: A quantity 3 consonant. This is phonemic due to the loss of length in quantity 3 in these dialects. Outside Eastern Finnmark, long /aː/ is only shortened before a long preaspirate, not before any other consonants. The shortening of diphthongs remains allophonic due to the preservation of quantity 3 length, but the shortening of long vowels that result from diphthong simplification is phonemic. In
560-627: A stressed one) is more restricted: In a second unstressed syllable (one that follows another unstressed syllable), no long vowels occur and /a/ , /i/ and /u/ are the only vowels that occur frequently. The standard orthography of Northern Sámi distinguishes vowel length in the case of ⟨a⟩ /a/ versus ⟨á⟩ /aː/ , although this is primarily on an etymological basis. Not all instances of ⟨á⟩ are phonemically long, due to both stressed and unstressed vowel shortening. Some dialects also have lengthening of ⟨a⟩ under certain circumstances. Nonetheless,
640-405: A stressed one, which does not occur in non-compound words. In some cases, the first element of a compound has only one syllable, resulting in two adjacent stressed syllables. Hence, stress is lexically significant in that it can distinguish compounds from non-compounds. Recent loanwords generally keep the stress of the language they were borrowed from, assigning secondary stress to the syllable that
720-406: A stressed syllable can occur in multiple distinctive length types, or quantities. These are conventionally labelled quantity 1, 2 and 3 or Q1, Q2 and Q3 for short. The consonants of a word alternate in a process known as consonant gradation , where consonants appear in different quantities depending on the specific grammatical form. Normally, one of the possibilities is named the strong grade , while
800-403: A word is never stressed, unless the word has only one syllable. Consequently, words can follow three possible patterns: This gives the following pattern, which can be extended indefinitely in theory. S indicates stress, _ indicates no stress: The number of syllables, and the resulting stress pattern, is important for grammatical reasons. Words with stems having an even number of syllables from
880-670: Is Bådåddjo or Bodø. The current county governor is Mariette Korsrud from the Norwegian Labour Party . The southernmost parts of Norwegian Sapmi lie in Trøndelag county (mostly the northern part of the county). The administrative centre is Steinkjer . The largest city in Trøndelag is Trondheim . Trondheim is outside Sápmi but is well known for being the site of the first international Sami conference in February 1917. The county governor
SECTION 10
#1732844177128960-522: Is Frank Jenssen from the Conservative Party . Lapland is a large northwestern province of Sweden , wholly within Sápmi. The traditional provinces of Sweden are cultural and historical entities; for administrative and political purposes they were replaced by the counties of Sweden (län) in 1634. Five counties are wholly or partially within Sápmi. Län is formally governed by the landshövding , who
1040-628: Is a Saami Council based on Saami organisations. This council also organises interstate cooperation between the Saami, and also often represents the Saami in international fora such as the Barents Region . This organisation is older than the Parliamentary Council, but not connected to the parliaments except that some of the NGOs double as party lists in Sami parliament elections. The Russian side of Sápmi
1120-400: Is an envoy of the government and runs the government-appointed länsstyrelse that coordinates administration with national political goals for the county. Much of county politics is run by the county council or landsting , which is elected by the inhabitants of the county; but the counties' top positions are still determined by those who win the general elections of Sweden. Norrbotten County
1200-452: Is based on the Western dialect. It is difficult to give estimates of inhabitants since Sápmi is not precisely defined. It is also difficult to account for the distribution of ethnic groups as many people have double or multiple ethnic identities—both seeing themselves as members of the majority population and being part of one or more minority groups. Different criteria are set when calculating
1280-597: Is elected by a general vote which all registered Sámi citizens of Sweden may attend. The current president is Lars-Anders Baer. Voting for elections to the Sámi Parliament of Finland is restricted to inhabitants of the Sámi Domicile Area . The Parliament is in Inari ( Inari Sami : Aanaar ), and its current president is Tuomas Aslak Juuso . In Russia, there is no Sámi Parliament. Two Sámi organisations are members of
1360-491: Is likely a form of Northern Sámi. It was published in two editions in 1638 and 1640 and includes 30 pages of prayers and confessions of Protestant faith. It has been described as the first book "with a regular Sámi language form". Northern Sámi was first described by Knud Leem ( En lappisk Grammatica efter den Dialect, som bruges af Field-Lapperne udi Porsanger-Fiorden ) in 1748 and in dictionaries in 1752 and 1768. One of Leem's fellow grammaticians, who had also assisted him,
1440-516: Is mostly covered by Sápmi, although the lower Tornedalen region is often excluded. The administrative centre is Luleå in the Julev Sami area (Norrbotten includes North, Julev and Bithun areas). Current landshövding is Per-Ola Eriksson of the Centre Party . Sápmi covers the interior majority of Västerbotten County , which are Ubmeje and South Sami regions. The administrative centre is Umeå , and
1520-623: Is spoken covers the northern parts of Norway , Sweden and Finland . The number of Northern Sámi speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000. About 2,000 of these live in Finland and between 5,000 and 6,000 in Sweden, with the remaining portions being in Norway. Among the first printed Sámi texts is Swenske och Lappeske ABC Book ("Swedish and Lappish ABC book"), written in Swedish and what
1600-687: Is the Antarctic Circle . The Arctic Circle marks the southernmost latitude at which, on the winter solstice (which is the shortest day of the year) in the Northern Hemisphere , the Sun will not rise all day, and on the Northern Hemisphere's summer solstice (which is the longest day of the year), the Sun will not set. These phenomena are referred to as polar night and midnight sun respectively, and
1680-538: Is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6 km (4 mi) south of the line. Salekhard (51,186) in Russia is the only city in the world located directly on the Arctic Circle. In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut ( Greenland ), has approximately 5,600 inhabitants. In the United States, Utqiagvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow)
SECTION 20
#17328441771281760-622: Is the largest settlement north of the Arctic Circle with about 5,000 inhabitants. The largest such community in Canada is Inuvik in the Northwest Territories , with 3,137 inhabitants. Download coordinates as: The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 km (9,900 mi) in circumference. The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface. The Arctic Circle passes through
1840-448: Is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the centre of the Sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty-four hours; as a result, at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the centre of the Sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once the centre is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at
1920-458: Is within Murmansk Oblast . Oblasts are governed by popularly elected parliaments and formally headed by governors. The governors are nominated by the president of Russia and accepted or rejected by the local parliaments. However, should the parliament refuse to accept the president's nominee, the president is entitled to dissolve parliament and call local elections. Murmansk Oblast covers
2000-463: The Arctic Circle . Its administrative centre is the rural locality of Laplandsky Zapovednik . First established between 1930-1951 and reestablished in 1957, the reserve protects an area of 2,784 km (1,075 sq mi) to the northwest of Lake Imandra , including 86 km of inland water. The counties of Norway are governed by popularly elected assemblies , headed by county mayors. Formally,
2080-427: The Arctic Circle . The western portion is an area of fjords , deep valleys, glaciers and mountains, the highest point being Mount Kebnekaise (2,111 m [6,926 ft]). The Swedish part of Sápmi is characterized by great rivers running from the northwest to the southeast. From the former Norwegian county of Troms and Finnmark and eastward, the terrain is that of a low plateau with many marshes and lakes,
2160-529: The Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America , and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories , and Nunavut ), Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ). The climate north of
2240-516: The Julev Sami language, one of the more widely used Sami languages. These correspond to the regions marked 3 through 5 on the map below. South Sápmi consists of the areas south of Saltfjellet and corresponding areas in Sweden and is home to the southern languages. In this area, Sami culture is mostly visible inland and on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and the languages are spoken by few. Corresponds to
2320-469: The June and December solstices , respectively. However, because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and also because the sun appears as a disk and not a point, part of the midnight sun is visible, on the night of the northern summer solstice , at a latitude of about 50 minutes of arc (′) (90 km (56 mi)) south of the Arctic Circle. Similarly, on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of
2400-556: The Kola peninsula and the Lake Inari region and is home to the eastern Sami languages. While being the most heavily populated part of Sápmi, this is also the region where the Indigenous population and their culture are weakest. Corresponds to the regions marked 6 through 9 on the map below. Central Sápmi consists of the western part of Finland's Sami Domicile Area, the parts of Norway north of
2480-537: The Saltfjellet mountains and areas on the Swedish side corresponding to this. Central Sápmi is the region where Sami culture is strongest and home to North Sami—the most widely used Sami language. In the southernmost part of this subregion, however, Sami culture is rather weak—this is where the moribund Bithun Sami language is used. The areas around the Tysfjorden fjord in Norway and the river Lule in Sweden are home to
Sápmi - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-457: The Sami Parliament of Norway and Finnmark's county council. The two institutions appoint leaders of the board alternately. The administrative centre of Finnmárku (Finnmark) is Čáhcesuolu or Vadsø, in the far east of the county. The current county governor is Runar Sjåstad from the Norwegian Labour Party . Romsa (or Troms) county is southwest of Finnmárku. Its administrative centre is
2640-668: The Sami native region of Finnish Lapland many of whom are Sami. Norway, Finland and Sweden all have Sámi Parliaments that to varying degrees are involved in governing the region—though mostly they only have authority over the matters of the Sámi citizens of the states in which they are situated. Every Norwegian citizen registered as a Sámi has the right to vote in the elections for the Sámi Parliament of Norway . Elections are held every four years by direct vote from seven constituencies covering all of Norway (six of which are in Sápmi) and run parallel to
2720-723: The 1980s, a Northern Sámi Braille alphabet was developed, based on the Scandinavian Braille alphabet but with seven additional letters (á, č, đ, ŋ, š, ŧ, ž) required for writing in Northern Sámi. The consonant inventory of Northern Sámi is large, contrasting voicing for many consonants. Some analyses of Northern Sámi phonology may include preaspirated stops and affricates ( /hp/ , /ht/ , /ht͡s/ , /ht͡ʃ/ , /hk/ ) and pre-stopped or pre-glottalised nasals (voiceless /pm/ , /tn/ , /tɲ/ , /kŋ/ and voiced /bːm/ , /dːn/ , /dːɲ/ , /ɡːŋ/ ). However, these can be treated as clusters for
2800-515: The Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while
2880-480: The Eastern Finnmark dialects, short vowels are lengthened when they occur before a quantity 1 or 2 consonant. Combined with the preceding change, vowel length in stressed syllables becomes conditioned entirely by the following consonant quantity. Moreover, because the coda lengthening in quantity 3 is lost in these dialects, vowel length becomes the only means for distinguishing quantities 3 and 2 in many cases. In
2960-580: The Kola Peninsula and is home to Murmansk, the largest city north of the Arctic Circle and in the Sápmi. It is subdivided into several districts , of which the geographically largest is Lovozersky District . This is also part of Russia where the Sami population is most numerous and visible. The Lapland Nature Reserve ( Russian : Лапландский заповедник , Laplandskiy zapovednik) is a Russian zapovednik (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, above
3040-567: The Sun may be seen up to about 50′ north of the Arctic Circle. That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon. The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia, Norway, and Sweden: Murmansk (population 295,374) and Norilsk (178,018) in Russia; Tromsø (75,638) in Norway, Vorkuta (58,133) in Russia, Bodø (52,357) and Harstad (24,703) in Norway; and Kiruna , Sweden (22,841). Rovaniemi (62,667) in Finland
3120-528: The Sámi Parliament of Sweden joined two years later. Each parliament sends seven representatives, and observers are sent from the Sámi organisations of Russia and the Sámi Council. The Sámi Parliamentary Council discuss cross-border cooperation, hands out the annual Gollegiella language development award, and represents the Sámi people abroad. In addition to the parliaments and their common council, there
3200-497: The Western Finnmark dialects, a short /a/ in a post-stressed syllable is lengthened to /aː/ if the preceding consonants are quantity 1 or 2, and the preceding syllable contains a short vowel. Compare the Eastern Finnmark pronunciations of these words under "stressed vowel lengthening". A long /aː/ that originates from this process does not trigger consonant lengthening. In dialects outside Eastern Finnmark, in quantity 2,
3280-494: The above rules. Sammallahti divides Northern Sámi dialects into certain regions as follows: The written language is primarily based on the western Finnmark dialects, with some elements from the eastern Finnmark dialects. Features of the western Finnmark dialects are: Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles , and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth at about 66° 34' N. Its southern equivalent
Sápmi - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-584: The area's name in their language " Sápmi ", because over time the term "Lapp" has acquired the pejorative connotation of "silly", "uneducated", "backwards", etc. in the major languages of the Scandinavian countries that include Sapmi. In older Norwegian, Sápmi was known as "Finnmork" or "Finnmark"; which is now the name of Norway's northernmost county . Northern Norway and Murmansk Oblast are sometimes marketed as Norwegian Lapland and Russian Lapland , respectively. The largest part of Sápmi lies north of
3440-469: The centre party Centerpartiet . Northern Sami language Northern Sámi or North Sámi ( English: / ˈ s ɑː m i / SAH -mee ; Northern Sami : davvisámegiella [ˈtavːiːˌsaːmeˌkie̯lːa] ; Finnish : pohjoissaame [ˈpohjoi̯ˌsːɑːme] ; Norwegian : nordsamisk ; Swedish : nordsamiska ; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp ) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages . The area where Northern Sámi
3520-564: The city after which the county is named, Romsa or Tromsø. Romsa is North Norway's biggest city and Sápmi's biggest city after Murmansk . The current fylkesordfører is Terje Olsen from the Conservative Party . A similar solution to the Finnmark Estate, Hålogalandsallmenningen , has been proposed for Romsa County and its southern neighbour Nordlánda . Nordland covers a long strip of coast that includes both North Sami, Julev Sami, Bithun Sami, and South Sami areas. Its administrative centre
3600-467: The context of tourism marketing. Originally these names referred to all of Sápmi, but subsequently became applied to areas exclusively inhabited by the Sami. " Lappland " (Laponia) became the name of Sweden's northernmost province ( landskap ) which in 1809 was split into one part that remained Swedish and one part falling under Finland (which became part of the Russian Empire ). "Lappland" survives as
3680-521: The counties are headed by county governors , but in practice, these have limited influence today. The largest of Norway's landscapes, Finnmárku ( Northern Sami ) or Finnmark ( Norwegian ) county, is in Sápmi and has a special form of autonomy: 95% (about 46,000 km [18,000 sq mi]) of the area is owned by the Finnmark Estate . The board of the Estate consists of many representatives from
3760-419: The current landshövding is Chris Heister from the conservative Moderate Party . Västernorrland County is an old part of Sapmi and still is. There are a lot of Sami on the coast of the Baltic Sea ( Gulf of Bothnia ). Jämtland County is sometimes considered a part of the Sápmi cultural region and is a South Sami county. The administrative centre is Östersund . Current landshövding is Jöran Hägglund from
3840-571: The distribution of speakers by municipality or county in Norway have been done. A 2000 survey by the Sami Language Council showed Kautokeino Municipality and Karasjok Municipality as 96% and 94% Sami-speaking respectively; should those percentages still be true as of the 2022 national population survey, this would result in 2,761 and 2,428 speakers respectively, virtually all of which being speakers of Northern Sámi. Tromsø Municipality has no speaker statistics despite having (as of June 2019)
3920-416: The first element of a compound word, in a fourth syllable, and in various other unpredictable circumstances. When shortened, /iː/ and /uː/ are lowered to /e/ and /o/ , except before /j/ . Shortened vowels are denoted here, and in other reference works, with an underdot: ạ , ẹ , ọ , to distinguish them from originally-short vowels. When a long vowel or diphthong occurs in the stressed syllable before
4000-498: The first flakes falling to the ground in September. Snow cover lasts about two-thirds of the year and may persist past the last flake and even the last frost. Even without permafrost or a legit tundra climate, much of Sápmi is arctic moorland with stunted, scattered trees. Reindeers , wolves , bears, and birds are the main forms of animal life, in addition to a myriad of insects in the short summer. Sea and river fisheries abound in
4080-455: The following syllable contains short e , short o , ii /ij/ , or ui /uj/ . This means that only the first vowel of the diphthong remains, which also undergoes lengthening before grade 1 and 2 consonant clusters and geminates. Note that some instances of e , o , and ui (specifically /uːj/) do not cause simplification. Below are some examples: Shortening of long vowels in unstressed syllables occurs irregularly. It commonly occurs in
SECTION 50
#17328441771284160-513: The following vowels: Closing diphthongs such as ⟨ái⟩ also exist, but these are phonologically composed of a vowel plus one of the semivowels /v/ or /j/ . The semivowels still behave as consonants in clusters. Not all of these vowel phonemes are equally prevalent; some occur generally while others occur only in specific contexts as the result of sound changes. The following rules apply for stressed syllables: The distribution in post-stressed syllables (unstressed syllables following
4240-575: The further north one progresses, the more pronounced these effects become. For example, in the Russian port city of Murmansk , three degrees above the Arctic Circle, the Sun does not rise above the horizon for 40 successive days in midwinter. The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed and currently runs 66°33′50.2″ north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt , which fluctuates within
4320-586: The general Norwegian parliamentary elections. This is the Sámi Parliament with the most influence over any part of Sápmi, as it is involved in the autonomy established by the Finnmark Act . The parliament is in the village of Kárášjohka and its current president is Silje Karine Muotka from the Norwegian Sámi Association . The Sámi Parliament of Sweden , situated in Kiruna ( Northern Sami : Giron ),
4400-475: The large areas east of the mountain chain. North of the Arctic Circle polar nights characterize the winter season and the midnight sun the summer season—both phenomena are longer the further north you go. Traditionally, the Sami divide the year into eight seasons instead of four. In Inari, the climate is warm-end subarctic, with summer highs of 18 °C (64 °F), and winter lows of −15 °C (5 °F). The average winter sees 131 days of snowfall, with
4480-519: The largest of which is Lake Inari in Finnish Lapland. The extreme northeastern section lies within the tundra region, but it does not have permafrost . In the 19th century, scientific expeditions to Sápmi were undertaken, for instance by Jöns Svanberg . The climate is subarctic / tundra and vegetation is sparse, except in the densely forested southern portion. The mountainous west coast has significantly milder winters and more precipitation than
4560-509: The largest voter roll in the 2021 Norwegian Sámi parliamentary election . A common urban myth is that Oslo has the largest Sámi population despite being nowhere near the core Sápmi area, but it had only the 5th largest voter roll in 2019. The mass mobilization during the Alta controversy as well as a more tolerant political environment caused a change to the Norwegian policy of assimilation during
4640-436: The last inflect differently from words with stems having an odd number of syllables. This is detailed further in the grammar section. In compound words, which consist of several distinct word roots, each word retains its own stress pattern, potentially breaking from the normal trochaic pattern. If the first element of a compound has an odd number of syllables, then there will be a sequence of two unstressed syllables followed by
4720-459: The last coda consonant is lengthened if the following vowel is long, and the preceding vowel is a short monophthong. Since the coda now contains a long consonant, it is considered as quantity 3, but the lengthening is mostly allophonic and is not indicated orthographically. It is phonemic in the Western Finnmark dialects when the following vowel is /aː/ , because lengthening is triggered by an original long /aː/ but not by an original short /a/ that
4800-571: The last decades of the twentieth century. In Norway, Northern Sámi is currently an official language in Troms and Finnmark counties along with eight municipalities ( Guovdageaidnu , Kárášjohka , Unjárga , Deatnu , Porsáŋgu , Gáivuotna , Loabák and Dielddanuorri ). Sámi born before 1977 have never learned to write Sámi according to the currently used orthography in school, so it is only in recent years that there have been Sámi capable of writing their own language for various administrative positions. In
4880-668: The local Sámi. A suggestion to have the Russian Federation pick representatives for the Parliament was voted down with a clear majority. The Congress also chose a Council of Representatives that was to work for the establishment of a parliament and otherwise represent the Russian Sámi. It is headed by Valentina Sovkina . On 2 March 2000, the Sámi parliaments of Norway and Finland founded the Sámi Parliamentary Council, and
SECTION 60
#17328441771284960-490: The most widely spoken of the Sami languages. In other languages, it the following terms are used: In modern Swedish and Norwegian , Sápmi is known as either "Sapmi" or "Sameland". In older Swedish, it was known as " Lappmarken " or "Lappland". Norwegian Sápmi was historically called Finnmǫrk , a name used for the modern county Finnmark that covers key parts of historical Sápmi. Some English language sources have transferred Lapland (or Lappland) to areas in Norway notably in
5040-475: The name of both Sweden's northernmost province and Finland's , also containing part of the historical province of Ostrobothnia . In the 17th century, Johannes Schefferus assumed the etymology of the term "Lapland" to be related to the Swedish word for "running", löpa (cognate with English , to leap ). The terms "Lapp" and "Lappland" are now regarded as outdated or offensive by many Sami people, who prefer
5120-618: The name's ( Sámi olbmot ) meaning "people of Sápmi". The origin of the word is speculated to be related to the Baltic word *žēmē , meaning "land". Also " Häme ", the Finnish name for Tavastia , a historical province of Finland, is thought to have the same origin, and the same word is at least speculated to be the origin of " Suomi ", the Finnish name for Finland . Sápmi is the name in Northern Sami,
5200-482: The national umbrella organisation of Indigenous peoples, the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), and represent the Russian Sámi in the Sámi Council. RAIPON is represented in Russia's Public Chamber by Pavel Sulyandziga . On 14 December 2008, the first Congress of the Russian Sámi took place. The Conference decided to demand the formation of a Russian Sámi Parliament, to be elected by
5280-402: The northernmost part of Sápmi, such as Kautokeino and Karasjok . Culturally, Inari is considered one of the centres of Sámi culture, and because of that, it is also widely known as the "capital of Sámi culture ". Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sami languages) refers to both the Sami land and the Sami people. The word "Sámi" is the accusative-genitive form of the noun "Sápmi"—making
5360-453: The number of Sámi, but the number is generally between 80,000 and 100,000. Many live in areas outside Sápmi such as Oulu , Oslo , Stockholm and Helsinki . Some Sámi people have migrated to places outside the Sápmi vernacular region, such as Canada and the United States. Groups of Sámi people have settled in the northern parts of Minnesota . The Sami are a small minorities in the Russian part of Sápmi. As of 2016, 13,226 people inhabited
5440-413: The original word has final stress, an extra dummy syllable (generally a ) is added in Northern Sámi to avoid this. As a result of retaining the original stress pattern, some loanwords have sequences of three unstressed syllables, which do not occur in any other environment: Conjunctions , postpositions , particles , and monosyllabic pronouns tend to be unstressed altogether, and therefore fall outside
5520-461: The other and be understood by all. Today, however, many of the languages are moribund and thus there are "gaps" in the original continuum. On the map to the right numbers indicate Sámi languages. Of these languages, Northern Sámi is by far the most vital; whereas Ume Sámi and Pite Sámi are critically endangered. Kemi Sámi and Ter Sámi are extinct. North Sami is subdivided into three main dialects: West, East, and Coast. The written standard
5600-540: The other is named weak grade . The consonants of a weak grade are normally quantity 1 or 2, while the consonants of a strong grade are normally quantity 2 or 3. Throughout this article and related articles, consonants that are part of different syllables are written with two consonant letters in IPA, while the lengthening of consonants in quantity 3 is indicated with an IPA length mark ( ː ). Not all consonants can occur in every quantity type. The following limitations exist: When
5680-487: The preceding vowel is a close diphthong /ie̯/ or /uo̯/ . In this case, the diphthong also shortens before the new quantity 3 consonant. Stress is generally not phonemic in Northern Sámi; the first syllable of a word always carries primary stress. Like most Sámi languages, Northern Sámi follows a pattern of alternating ( trochaic ) stress, in which each odd-numbered syllable after the first is secondarily stressed and even-numbered syllables are unstressed. The last syllable of
5760-468: The purpose of phonology, since they are clearly composed of two segments and only the first of these lengthens in quantity 3. The terms "preaspirated" and "pre-stopped" will be used in this article to describe these combinations for convenience. Notes: Not all Northern Sámi dialects have identical consonant inventories. Some consonants are absent from some dialects, while others are distributed differently. Consonants, including clusters , that occur after
5840-497: The region's main minority languages and its oldest attested languages. They belong to the Uralic language family and are most closely related to the Finnic languages. Many Sami languages are mutually unintelligible, but the languages originally formed a dialect continuum stretching southwest and northeast, so that a message could hypothetically be passed between Sami speakers from one end to
5920-589: The region. Steamers are operated on some of the lakes, and many ports are ice-free throughout the year. All ports along the Norwegian Sea in the west and the Barents Sea in the northeast to Murmansk are ice-free all year. The Gulf of Bothnia usually freezes over in winter. The ocean floor to the north and west of Sápmi has deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Sápmi contains valuable mineral deposits, particularly iron ore in Sweden, copper in Norway, and nickel and apatite in Russia. East Sápmi consists of
6000-543: The regions marked 1 and 2 on the map below to the southeast of region 1 in Sweden. The inner parts of Sápmi are often referred to as Lappi . The name is also found on the Russian side as Laplandige (the name of a natural reservation) and the Norwegian landscape of Finnmark is sometimes titled the "Norwegian Lapland", especially by the travel industry. Lappi- appears as a common component of place names throughout central and southern Finland as well; in many cases, it probably refers to earlier Sami presence, though in some cases
6080-479: The shortened vowel, it becomes half-long/rising. When the consonant preceding the shortened vowel is quantity 3, any lengthened elements are shortened so that it becomes quantity 2. However, the resulting consonant is not necessarily the weak-grade equivalent of that consonant. If the consonant was previously affected by consonant lengthening (below), this process shortens it again. In the Eastern Finnmark dialects, long vowels as well as diphthongs are shortened before
6160-407: The underlying meaning may be mere "periphery" or "outlying district". Finally, Sápmi may also be subdivided into cultural regions according to the state's borders, which affects daily life for people no matter their ethnicity. These regions are commonly referred to as "sides" by Sami, for example, "the Norwegian side" ( norgga bealli ) or "the Finnish side" ( suoma bealli ). The Saamic languages are
6240-598: Was Anders Porsanger , himself Sámi and in fact the first Sámi to receive higher education, who studied at the Trondheim Cathedral School and other schools, but who was unable to publish his work on Sámi due to racist attitudes at the time. The majority of his work has disappeared. In 1832, Rasmus Rask published the highly influential Ræsonneret lappisk Sproglære ('Reasoned Sámi Grammar'), Northern Sámi orthography being based on his notation (according to E. N. Setälä ). No major official nationwide surveys on
6320-415: Was lengthened (as described above). The new consonant may coincide with its Q3 consonant gradation counterpart, effectively making a weak grade strong, or it may still differ in other ways. In particular, no change is made to syllable division, so that in case of Q2 consonants with a doubled final consonant, it is actually the first of this pair that lengthens, making it overlong. Lengthening also occurs if
6400-476: Was stressed in the original word. The normal trochaic pattern can also be broken in this case, but words will still be made to fit into the even or odd inflection patterns. Words with penultimate stress ending in a consonant will follow the odd inflection: Words with antepenultimate or earlier stress will have the stress modified, as this is not allowed in Northern Sámi: Final stress is not allowed, so if
#127872