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53-560: In 1525, Felix Manz , Conrad Grebel , George Blaurock and other radical evangelical reformers broke from Ulrich Zwingli and formed a new group because they felt reforms were not moving fast enough. Rejection of infant baptism was a distinguishing belief of the Swiss Brethren. On the basis of Sola scriptura doctrine, the Swiss Brethren declared that since the Bible does not explicitly mention infant baptism, it should not be practiced by

106-638: A Benedictine monk in the cloister of St. Peter and most likely became prior by the time he left, around 1525. He then married Margaretha, a former Beguine . That year they traveled to Zürich, which was then embroiled in controversy over infant baptism, and was expelled from the city in November. He became associated with the Anabaptists and was probably rebaptised in the summer of 1526. He was involved in missionary activity around Horb and Rottenburg , and eventually traveled to Strasbourg . In February 1527 he chaired

159-505: A disputation on 17 January 1525 after which Grebel, Mantz and Reublin were given eight days to leave the canton. Reublin proceeded to Hallau , where he establish a large Anaptist congregation. From Hallau Reublin successfully evangelized in other areas for the young Anabaptist movement. On Easter 1525 he baptized theologian Balthasar Hubmaier in Waldshut , where another center of the Anabaptism

212-506: A Zürich city council ruling, Blaurock asked Conrad Grebel to baptize him upon a confession of faith in Christ. Grebel did so, and afterwards Blaurock proceeded to baptize the others who were present. Blaurock worked closely with Felix Manz until Manz was martyred in Zürich in 1527. On that same day, Blaurock was severely beaten and permanently expelled from Zürich. He kept moving, laboring at Bern, Biel,

265-403: A congregation of 1500 formed soon after the movement was driven from Zürich. Zwingli complained that the canton was too tolerant of Anabaptists. Increased enforcement of anti-Anabaptist decrees drove most congregations out by 1530, although some persisted into the 17th century. Felix Manz Felix Manz (also Felix Mantz ) (c. 1498 – 5 January 1527) was an Anabaptist , a co-founder of

318-502: A cultural centre of Moravian Jewry. The famous rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel , who is said to have created the golem of Prague , officiated here for twenty years as the second regional rabbi between 1553 and 1573. Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein , son of Adam von Dietrichstein, was a special protector of the Jews, whose taxes were considered necessary to finance the Thirty Years' War. In

371-604: A follower of Huldrych Zwingli after he came to Zürich in 1519. When Conrad Grebel joined the group in 1521, he and Manz became friends. They questioned the mass, the nature of church and state connections, and infant baptism. After the Second Disputation of Zürich in 1523, they became dissatisfied, believing that Zwingli's plans for reform had been compromised with the city council. Grebel, Manz and others made several attempts to plead their position. Several parents refused to have their children baptized. A public disputation

424-415: A liberal education. Manz became a follower of Huldrych Zwingli and when Conrad Grebel joined the group in 1521, he and Manz became friends. They questioned the mass, the nature of church and state connections, and infant baptism. The Zürich city council declared Zwingli the victor of a January 1525 disputation and ordered the group to desist from arguing and submit to the decision of the council. Instead,

477-474: A meeting of the Swiss Brethren at Schleitheim , at which time the Schleitheim Confession was adopted. In May, 1527, Sattler was arrested by Roman Catholic authorities, along with his wife and several other Anabaptists. He was tried and sentenced to be executed as a heretic. Before execution by fire, his tongue was cut out, and red hot tongs were used to tear two pieces of flesh from his body. Margaretha

530-616: Is found in the Ausbund , a 16th-century hymn book still used by the Amish . It is a hymn of praise to God for his great salvation. The seven lines of the first stanza are found below. Mikulov Mikulov ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɪkulof] ; German : Nikolsburg ; Yiddish : ניקאלשבורג , Nikolshburg ) is a town in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of

583-538: Is protected as a nature monument and occasionally used for swimming. A deed that mentioned existence of Mikulov in 1173 is a hoax from the 14th century. The first trustworthy written mention of Mikulov is from 1249. It is a deed, issued by the Přemyslid margrave Ottokar II , who granted a castle and the surrounding area to the Austrian noble Henry I of Liechtenstein. In 1279, Mikulov was given market rights . In 1526,

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636-786: Is the Dietrichstein tomb . It was originally the Church of Saint Anne, built as a copy of the Holy House of Loreto in 1623–1656. In the mid-19th century, it was converted into the family tomb of the Dietrichstein family. Beginning in Mikulov, the Mikulov Wine Trail, measuring 62 km (39 mi), winds throughout the Mikulovská wine region and is a feature of wine tourism in the area. Mikulov

689-508: Is the hill Turold at 385 m (1,263 ft). Most of the municipal territory lies within the Pálava Protected Landscape Area . The Mušlovský and Včelínek streams flow through the territory and supply a set of ponds, the largest of which are Nový (with an area of 31 ha (77 acres)) and Šibeník (with an area of 23 ha (57 acres)). Another notable body of water is Janičův vrch, a flooded former sandstone quarry, which

742-552: Is the road border crossing Mikulov / Drasenhofen . The I/52 road is part of the European route E461 and is to be extended as the D52 motorway . The second main road in Mikulov is I/40, which splits from I/52 and connects Mikulov with Břeclav . Mikulov is located on the railway line Znojmo –Břeclav. The main sight is Mikulov Castle , which was originally built in the Romanesque style. At

795-523: The Anabaptist leader Balthasar Hubmaier came from Switzerland to Mikulov, where he was captured and arrested by the forces of King Ferdinand I the following year. The Liechtenstein family owned the estate until 1560. In 1572, Emperor Maximilian II granted the fief to his ambassador to the Spanish court, Adam of Dietrichstein. From 1575 until the 20th century, Mikulov remained the proprietary possession of

848-570: The Cantons of Switzerland , Alsace and the Palatinate promoting his views and excommunicating any who opposed him. Because of his unbending convictions and harsh rhetoric, an irreparable breach developed between the two groups that continues centuries later in North America. Ammann later regretted his contribution to the split and asked for forgiveness, but by 1700 the rift was too great. In Appenzell

901-543: The Czech Republic . It has about 7,600 inhabitants. The historic centre of Mikulov is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation . The name is derived from the personal name Mikul (an abbreviated form of Mikuláš, which is a Czech variant of Nicholas ). In the earliest times, the German name Nikolsburg prevailed, which was then Czechized as Nyklspurg and Nyklšpurk. The name Mikulov has been used since

954-583: The Dietrichstein family and its Mensdorff-Pouilly successors. After 1575, the Renaissance reconstruction of the town began. During the rule of Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein , the town was transformed into a representative economic, architectural, and cultural residence, and for a time it became one of the most important towns in Moravia . In 1621, during the Thirty Years' War , Franz von Dietrichstein signed

1007-516: The Grüningen region, they were taken by surprise, arrested and imprisoned in Zürich at the Wellenburg prison. The Zürich council had passed an edict that made adult rebaptism punishable by drowning. On 5 January 1527, Felix Manz became the first casualty of the edict, and the first of the Swiss Brethren to be executed at the hands of Protestants. Hans Reist ( fl. 1670 – 1704) was a central figure in

1060-571: The Treaty of Nikolsburg with the Transylvanian prince Gabriel Bethlen at Mikulov Castle . Mikulov Castle became the place for many political meetings of important personalities, e.g. Albrecht von Wallenstein , Emperor Ferdinand II and Napoleon . A significant moment in the history of the town was the invitation of the Piarists by Franz von Dietrichstein. They established a college here and renovated

1113-480: The 16th century and rebuilt as Baroque after a 1719 fire, is the only preserved synagogue in Moravia of the so-called Polish type. It houses an exposition on Rabbi Loew and Jewish education in Moravia. The large Jewish cemetery, one of the most significant in the country, was founded in the mid-15th century. It contains around 4,000 tombs, with the oldest preserved readable tomb dating from 1605. Another important sight

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1166-656: The 19th century. Mikulov is located about 18 kilometres (11 mi) northwest of Břeclav and 42 km (26 mi) south of Brno , on the border with Austria. It borders the Austrian municipality of Drasenhofen . Mikulov lies mostly in the Mikulov Highlands , but the municipal territory also extends into the Lower Morava Valley on the east and into the Dyje–Svratka Valley on the west. The highest point

1219-540: The Austrian border, some 85 kilometres (53 miles) from the Austrian capital, under the protection of the princes of Liechtenstein. Additional settlers were brought after the expulsion of the Jews from the Moravian royal boroughs by King Ladislaus the Posthumous after 1454. The settlement grew in importance, and in the first half of the 16th century, Nikolsburg became the seat of the regional rabbi of Moravia , thus becoming

1272-510: The Grisons, and Appenzell. After his arrest and fourth banishment in 1527, Blaurock left Switzerland never to return. He conducted a very successful ministry in Tyrol . In August 1529 he was arrested by Innsbruck authorities and tortured for information. On 6 September 1529, Blaurock was burned at the stake near Klausen . Conrad Grebel (c. 1498 – 1526) was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement. He

1325-538: The Grüningen region, they were taken by surprise, arrested and imprisoned in Zürich at the Wellenburg prison. On 7 March 1526, the Zürich council had passed an edict that made adult re-baptism punishable by drowning . On 5 January 1527, Felix Manz became the first casualty of the edict, and the first Swiss Anabaptist to be martyred at the hands of magisterial Protestants . While Manz stated that he wished "to bring together those who were willing to accept Christ , obey

1378-511: The Holocaust . On 15 April 1945, 21 Hungarian Jewish prisoners working in a clay pit were massacred. Mikulov is a centre of Czech wine-making due to its favorable geographic location and climate, as well as its unique history. Mikulov is the centre and the namesake of the Moravian wine sub-region called the Mikulovská wine region . Twelve registered cadastral vineyard tracts are situated within

1431-477: The Mikulov wine village as defined under the Czech Viticulture Act. The largest employer with headquarters in Mikulov is Gebauer a Griller Kabeltechnik, a manufacturer of electric wires and cables. The company employs more than 1,000 people. The second notable industrial company is Copeland Czech, a manufacturer of piston compressors and condensing units with more than 250 employees. In the south, there

1484-742: The Reformation. He was born in Friedberg, Bavaria around 1480. In 1524, he married Elizabeth Hügline of Reichenau. He attended Latin School at Augsburg, received both a bachelor's and a master's degree from the University of Freiburg in 1511 and a doctor's degree from the University of Ingolstadt under Johann Eck in 1512. After serving as the university's vice-rector, he left a pastorate of the Catholic Church at Regensburg in 1516 and then went to Waldshut in 1521. He

1537-620: The Word, and follow in His footsteps, to unite with these by baptism, and to purchase the rest in their present conviction", Zwingli and the council accused him of obstinately refusing "to recede from his error and caprice". At 3:00 p.m., as he was led from the Wellenburg to a boat, he praised God and preached to the people. A Reformed minister went along, seeking to silence him, and hoping to give him an opportunity to recant. Manz's brother and mother encouraged him to stand firm and suffer for Jesus' sake. He

1590-452: The church. This belief was subsequently rejected by Ulrich Zwingli. Consequently, there was a public dispute, in which the council affirmed Zwingli's position. This solidified the Swiss Brethren and resulted in their persecution by all other reformers as well as the Catholic Church. Because of persecution by the authorities, many Swiss Brethren moved from Switzerland to neighboring countries. The Swiss Brethren became known as Mennonites after

1643-430: The dispute that resulted in the formation of the Amish branch. Reist favored a milder form of church discipline and was strongly opposed by Jakob Ammann who advocated a strict form of the ban . The disagreement was fierce and the ill feelings generated by the exchange between Reist, Ammann, and other leaders resulted in an unrepairable breach. Reist is recognized as a leader of the Swiss Brethren group that later adopted

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1696-716: The division of 1693, a disagreement between groups led by Jacob Amman and Hans Reist . Many of the Mennonites in France, Southern Germany, the Netherlands and North America, as well as most Amish descend from the Swiss Brethren. In 1527 Michael Sattler authored the Schleitheim Articles , the first Anabaptist confession of faith . It contained seven articles on the following topics: Most Swiss Brethren accepted these seven articles. George Blaurock ( Bonaduz , c. 1491 – 1529)

1749-516: The first half of the 18th century, the congregation in Nikolsburg totalled over 600 families, comprising the largest Jewish settlement in Moravia. The census decreed by Empress Maria Theresa in 1754 ascertained that there were some 620 families established in Nikolsburg (i.e. the Jewish population of about 3000 comprised half of the town's inhabitants). Only a small number of Jews could make their living in

1802-406: The group gathered at the home of Felix Manz and his mother. Conrad Grebel rebaptized George Blaurock, and Blaurock in turn rebaptized the others. Manz proceeded to use his language skills to translate religious texts into the language of the people, and worked enthusiastically as an evangelist. Manz was arrested on a number of occasions between 1525 and 1527. While he preached with George Blaurock in

1855-495: The medieval church and hospital. After a fire damaged the original Mikulov Castle in 1719, the Dietrichstein family reconstructed the castle to its present appearance. After the Austro-Prussian War , Count Alajos Károlyi began work on a peace treaty in the town that led to the Treaty of Prague in 1866. The German population presented a majority until 1945. In 1890, it formed 98% of the population and in 1930 formed 82% of

1908-457: The most significant houses is the U Rytířů House decorated with sgraffito . In the middle of the square is a fountain from around 1700 and monumental Baroque Holy Trinity Column from 1723–1724. In Mikulov there are several historic churches. The originally Romanesque Church of St. Wenceslaus was built in the early 15th century and includes an ossuary . The Baroque Church of St. John the Baptist

1961-737: The name Mennonite . Wilhelm Reublin (1484 – c. 1559) was a prolific Swiss Brethren missionary who eventually left the movement. Reublin was born in 1484 in Rottenburg am Neckar . In 1521, after studying theology in Freiburg and Tübingen , he pastored at St. Alban in Basel then in Witikon . Reublin was with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz in Zürich in January 1525 at the birth of the Anabaptist movement. Reublin took part in

2014-581: The original Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, Switzerland , and an early martyr of the Radical Reformation . Manz was born and died in Zürich , in the Old Swiss Confederacy , where his father was a canon of Grossmünster church. Though records of his education are scant, there is evidence that he had a liberal education, with a thorough knowledge of Hebrew , Greek and Latin . Manz became

2067-493: The others. This made complete the break with Zwingli and the council, and formed the first church of the Radical Reformation. The movement spread rapidly, and Manz was very active in it. He used his language skills to translate his texts into the language of the people, and worked enthusiastically as an evangelist. Manz was arrested on a number of occasions between 1525 and 1527. While he was preaching with George Blaurock in

2120-518: The population. Following World War II, the town's German population was expelled by the Czechoslovak government, according to the Beneš decrees . The beginning of the Jewish settlement in Nikolsburg dates as far back as 1421, when Jews were expelled from Vienna and the neighboring province of Lower Austria by the duke of Austria, Albert II of Germany . The refugees settled in the town situated close to

2173-474: The reform process was proceeding too slowly. At a gathering in January 1525 George Blaurock asked Grebel to baptize him upon a confession of faith. Afterward, Blaurock baptized Grebel and the others, initiating a wave of rebaptisms that would spread throughout the Swiss cantons. Grebel died of the plague in 1526. Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1480 – 1528) was one of the most well-known and respected Anabaptist theologians of

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2226-571: The town as artisans; the rest had to become merchants. The congregation suffered severely during the Silesian Wars between 1740 and 1763, when they had to furnish the monarchy with their share in the supertaxes exacted by the government of Maria Theresa from the Jews of Moravia. Quite a number of Nikolsburg Jews continued to earn their livelihood in Vienna, where they were permitted to stay for some time on special passports. The freedom of residence, which

2279-524: The turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, and again in the late 17th century in the Baroque style. The last major reconstruction was made after a fire in 1719. Today it is the seat of the Regional Museum in Mikulov. The historic town square was founded in the late 16th century near the castle. It contains Renaissance houses from the first half of the 17th century. One of

2332-400: Was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement. He was educated at the University of Leipzig and served as a priest, but departed from the Catholic Church before he arrived in Zürich around 1524, for he had already taken a wife. Though he came to see Huldrych Zwingli , he soon became attached to the reformer's more radical followers. After a break with Zwingli in January 1525 and acting against

2385-455: Was apparently the author of Protestation und Schutzschrift (a defense of Anabaptism presented to the Zürich council). The witness of Felix Manz' life and the other radical Anabaptists continues to be a source of inspiration to Christians today. The Amish , Baptist , Mennonite and Bruderhof churches all are influenced to varying degrees by Manz and the other Reformation-era Anabaptists. An 18-stanza hymn by Manz has been preserved and

2438-756: Was conceded to the Jews in Austria in 1848, reduced the number of resident Jews in Nikolsburg to less than one-third of the population it contained at the time of its highest development. In 1904, there were 749 Jewish residents in the town, out of a total population of 8,192. In 1938, prior to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , the town population totaled about 8,000 mostly German-speaking inhabitants. Out of these, 472 were Jewish. The Jewish settlement in Nikolsbgurg ceased to exist during World War II, as only 110 managed to emigrate in time, and 327 of Mikulov's Jews did not survive

2491-603: Was consecrated in 1679 and belonged to the Piarist College. The interior was decorated by painter Franz Anton Maulbertsch . The neo-Gothic Orthodox Church of St. Nicolas was built in 1903. On Svatý Kopeček Hill, there is the Chapel of St. Sebastian. The path to the chapel is lined by Stations of the Cross . The history of the Jewish community can be observed by a trail through the old Jewish quarter . The synagogue, originally built in

2544-566: Was developing. Michael Sattler was baptized by Reublin in Rottenburg. Other places evangelized by Reublin include Schaffhausen , Strasbourg , Reutlingen and Esslingen . By 1535 Reublin had left the Swiss Brethren. Michael Sattler (c. 1490 – 1527) was particularly influential for his role in developing the Schleitheim Confession . Born in around 1490 in Staufen, Germany , Sattler became

2597-541: Was executed by drowning. Jakob Ammann ( fl. 1696 – before 1730) was an elder who became the founder of the Amish Mennonites. Ammann advocated the strictest form of the ban , insisting that there be no contact with an excommunicated member, even among family members. He had firm views on clothing style , opposed trimmed beards and introduced foot washing . He traveled among the Swiss Anabaptist communities in

2650-437: Was held with Zwingli on 17 January 1525. The council declared Zwingli the victor. After the final rebuff by the city council on 18 January, in which they were ordered to desist from arguing and submit to the decision of the council, and have their children baptized within eight days, the brethren gathered at the home of Felix Manz and his mother on 21 January. Conrad Grebel baptized George Blaurock , and Blaurock in turn baptized

2703-438: Was probably born in Grüningen about 1498. His family moved to Zürich around 1513. Grebel spent about six years in three universities, but without finishing his education or receiving a degree. In 1521 he joined a group gathered around Zürich reformer Huldrych Zwingli to study the Greek classics, the Latin Bible, the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. Core members of the group broke with Zwingli because they thought

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2756-447: Was rebaptised there in 1525 by Wilhelm Reublin. He succeeded in establishing Anabaptism as the official religion for a short period first in Waldshut and then in Nikolsburg . On 10 March 1528 Hubmaier was executed by burning for heresy. Felix Manz (c. 1498 – 1527) was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement. Manz was the illegitimate son of a canon of the Grossmünster in Zürich. His knowledge of Hebrew, Greek and Latin indicate

2809-517: Was taken by boat onto the River Limmat . His hands were bound and pulled behind his knees and a pole was placed between them. He was executed by drowning in Lake Zürich on the Limmat. His alleged last words were, "Into thy hands, O God, I commend my spirit." His property was confiscated by government of Zürich, and he was buried in the St. Jakobs cemetery. Manz's execution predates the Münster Rebellion which officially began in 1534. Manz left written testimony of his faith, an eighteen-stanza hymn, and

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