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66-470: The Sweet Grass Hills ( Blackfoot : kátoyissiksi , Cheyenne : vé'ho'ôhtsévóse , Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille : ččaɫalqn , "three peaks") are a small group of low mountains rising more than 3,000 feet (910 m) above the surrounding plains southwest of Whitlash, Montana , in Liberty and Toole County, Montana . The tallest point in the hills is West Butte at 6,983 feet (2,128 m). Quite prominent in

132-690: A sacred site of the Blackfoot aboriginal people who live on both sides of the 49th parallel north which forms the Canada–United States border . The Hills were the site of a battle between Native people and wolfers in 1872. The Sweet Grass Hills Treaty of 1887 was signed between the Blackfeet and the United States, ceding 17,500,000 acres (71,000 km) of land to the US Government, and dividing

198-491: A grave was written. The exact interpretation of the grave is disputed: it may have indicated that the accent was completely suppressed or that it was partly suppressed but not entirely absent. By comparing the position of the Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit accents, the accent of the ancestor language Proto-Indo-European can often be reconstructed. For example, in the declension of the word for "father" in these two languages,

264-455: A higher pitch. In polytonic orthography , accented vowels were marked with the acute accent . Long vowels and diphthongs are thought to have been bimoraic and, if the accent falls on the first mora, were marked with the circumflex . Long vowels and diphthongs that were accented on the first mora had a high–low (falling) pitch contour and, if accented on the second mora, may have had a low–high (rising) pitch contour: The Ancient Greek accent

330-438: A one–to–one correspondence between form and meaning, a defining feature of agglutinative languages . However, Blackfoot does display some fusional characteristics as there are morphemes that are polysemous. Both noun and verb stems cannot be used bare but must be inflected. Due to its morphological complexity, Blackfoot has a flexible word order . The Blackfoot language has experienced a substantial decrease in speakers since

396-405: A pitch accent that was very similar to that of ancestor language Proto-Indo-European. Most words had exactly one accented syllable, but there were some unaccented words, such as finite verbs of main clauses, non-initial vocatives , and certain pronouns and particles. Occasionally, a compound word occurred with two accents: á pa-bhart á vai "to take away". The ancient Indian grammarians describe

462-400: A rising tone on the penultimate syllable. Sentence-finally it can become Chich ěwà with a rising tone on the penultimate and a low tone on the final. A phenomenon observed in a number of languages, both fully tonal ones and those with pitch-accent systems, is peak delay. In this, the high point (peak) of a high tone does not synchronise exactly with the syllable itself, but is reached at

528-612: A single pitch-contour (for example, high, or high–low) on the accented syllable, such as Tokyo Japanese , Western Basque , or Persian ; and those in which more than one pitch-contour can occur on the accented syllable, such as Punjabi , Swedish , or Serbo-Croatian . In this latter kind, the accented syllable is also often stressed another way. Some of the languages considered pitch-accent languages, in addition to accented words, also have accentless words (e.g., Japanese and Western Basque ); in others all major words are accented (e.g., Blackfoot and Barasana ). The term "pitch accent"

594-462: A syllable perceptually more prominent, it can often require detailed phonetic and phonological analysis to disentangle whether pitch is playing a more stress-like or a more tone-like role in a particular language" (Downing). Larry Hyman argues that tone is made up of a variety of different typological features, which can be mixed and matched with some independence from each other. Hyman claims that there can be no coherent definition of pitch-accent, as

660-463: A tone is also common in some languages. For example, in the Northern Ndebele language of Zimbabwe, the tonal accent on the prefix ú- spreads forward to all the syllables in the word except the last two: ú kú hleka "to laugh"; ú kúhlékí sana "to make one another laugh". Sometimes the sequence HHHH then becomes LLLH, so that in the related language Zulu , the equivalent of these words

726-409: Is uk ú hleka and ukuhlek í sana with an accent shifted to the antepenultimate syllable. In Yaqui , the accent is signalled by an upstep before the accented syllable. The high pitch continues after the accent, declining slightly, until the next accented syllable. Thus it is the opposite of Japanese, where the accent is preceded by high pitch, and its position is signalled by a downstep after

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792-466: Is demarcativeness : prominence peaks tend to occur at or near morpheme edges (word/stem initial, word/stem penult, word/stem final). Often, however, the difference between a pitch-accent language, a stress-accent language, and tonal language is not clear. "It is, in fact, often not straightforward to decide whether a particular pitch system is best described as tonal or accentual. ... Since raised pitch, especially when it coincides with vowel length, makes

858-400: Is a pitch accent language. Blackfoot language has been declining in the number of native speakers and is classified as either a threatened or endangered language, depending on the source used. Like the other Algonquian languages, Blackfoot is considered to be a polysynthetic language due to its large morpheme inventory and word internal complexity. A majority of Blackfoot morphemes have

924-451: Is a allophone of /x/ . Blackfoot has a vowel system with three monophthongs , /i o a/ . The short monophthongs exhibit allophonic changes as well. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are raised to [ʌ] and [ʊ] respectively when followed by a long consonant. The vowel /i/ becomes [ɪ] in closed syllables. There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong ai

990-518: Is a distinct difference between Old Blackfoot (also called High Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by many older speakers, and New Blackfoot (also called Modern Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by younger speakers. Among the Algonquian languages , Blackfoot is relatively divergent in phonology and lexicon. The language has a fairly small phoneme inventory, consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts. Blackfoot

1056-754: Is a member of the Algonquian language family belonging to the Plains areal grouping along with Arapaho , Gros Ventre , and Cheyenne . Blackfoot is spoken in Northwestern Montana and throughout Alberta, Canada, making it geographically one of the westernmost Algonquian languages. The Blackfoot people had been one of many Native American nations that inhabited the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River . The people were bison hunters , with settlements in what

1122-467: Is a type of language that, when spoken, has certain syllables in words or morphemes that are prominent, as indicated by a distinct contrasting pitch ( linguistic tone ) rather than by loudness or length, as in some other languages like English . Pitch-accent languages also contrast with fully tonal languages like Vietnamese , Thai and Standard Chinese , in which practically every syllable can have an independent tone. Some scholars have claimed that

1188-487: Is achieved by means of pitch" (Zanten and Dol (2010)). That is to say, in a pitch-accent language, in order to indicate how a word is pronounced it is necessary, as with a stress-accent language, to mark only one syllable in a word as accented, not specify the tone of every syllable. This feature of having only one prominent syllable in a word or morpheme is known as culminativity . Another property suggested for pitch-accent languages to distinguish them from stress languages

1254-608: Is also found in Chichewa , where in some circumstances a sequence of HLH can change to HHH. For example, nd í + njing á "with a bicycle" makes nd í njíng á with a plateau. In Western Basque and Luganda, the default high tones automatically added to accentless words can spread in a continuous plateau through the phrase as far as the first accent, for example, in Basque Jon én lágúnén ám ú ma "John's friend's grandmother", Luganda ab ántú mú kíb ú ga "people in

1320-404: Is also used to denote a different feature, namely the use of pitch when speaking to give selective prominence (accent) to a syllable or mora within a phrase . Scholars give various definitions of a pitch-accent language. A typical definition is as follows: "Pitch-accent systems [are] systems in which one syllable is more prominent than the other syllables in the same word, a prominence that

1386-420: Is contrastive in Blackfoot for both vowels and consonants. Vowel length refers to the duration of a vowel and not a change in quality. The vowel /oo/ is therefore the same sound as /o/ only differing in the length of time over which it is produced. Consonants can also be lengthened with the exception of /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ . Blackfoot is a pitch accent language and it is a contrastive feature in

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1452-558: Is generally believed that the accented syllable was higher in pitch than the surrounding syllables. Among daughter languages, a pitch-accent system is found in Vedic Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, the Baltic languages and some South Slavic languages, although none of them preserves the original system intact. Vedic Sanskrit , the earliest form of the Indian language Sanskrit , is believed to have had

1518-767: Is illustrated in the Latin-based orthography with an acute accent. Blackfoot is rich with morpho-phonological changes. Below is a limited sample of phonological rules. Glides are deleted after another consonant, except a glottal stop, or word initially but kept in other conditions. poos-wa cat- AN . SG poos-wa cat-AN.SG póósa / ᑲᓭ póósa / ᑲᓭ 'cat' óóhkotok-yi stone- INAN . SG óóhkotok-yi stone-INAN.SG óóhkotoki / ᖲᑊᖾᒪᖽ óóhkotoki / ᖲᑊᖾᒪᖽ 'stone' w-ókoʼsi 3 . SG . POSS -child w-ókoʼsi 3.SG.POSS-child ókoʼsi / ᖲᖾᓱ ókoʼsi / ᖲᖾᓱ 'his/her child' Pitch accent A pitch-accent language

1584-441: Is now the northern United States and southern Canada. Forced to move because of wars with neighboring tribes, the Blackfoot people settled all around the plains area, eventually concentrating in what is now Montana and Alberta. Blackfoot hunters would track and hunt game, while the remaining people would gather food, and other necessities for the winter. The northern plains, where the Blackfoot settled, had incredibly harsh winters, and

1650-600: Is pronounced [ɛ] before a long consonant, [ei] (or [ai] , in the dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before /i/ or /ʔ/ , and elsewhere is pronounced [æ] in the Blood Reserve dialect or [ei] in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong ao is pronounced [au] before /ʔ/ and [ɔ] elsewhere. The third diphthong oi may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as [oi] elsewhere. Length

1716-548: Is simply more variety within tone systems than has historically been admitted. When one particular tone is marked in a language in contrast to unmarked syllables, it is usual for it to be a high tone. There are, however, a few languages in which the marked tone is a low tone, for example the Dogrib language of northwestern Canada, the Kansai dialect of Japanese , and certain Bantu languages of

1782-671: Is still only one accent per word, there is a systematic contrast of more than one pitch-contour on the accented syllable, for example, H vs. HL in the Colombian language Barasana , accent 1 vs. accent 2 in Swedish and Norwegian , rising vs. falling tone in Serbo-Croatian , and a choice between level (neutral), rising, and falling in Punjabi . Other languages deviate from a simple pitch accent in more complicated ways. For example, in describing

1848-589: Is that "Pitch accent languages must satisfy the criterion of having invariant tonal contours on accented syllables ... This is not so for pure stress languages, where the tonal contours of stressed syllables can vary freely" (Hayes (1995)). Although this is true of many pitch-accent languages, there are others, such as the Franconian dialects , in which the contours vary, for example between declarative and interrogative sentences. According to another proposal, pitch-accent languages can only use F0 (i.e., pitch) to mark

1914-559: The Osaka dialect of Japanese , it is necessary to specify not only which syllable of a word is accented, but also whether the initial syllable of the word is high or low. In Luganda the accented syllable is usually followed immediately after the HL of the accent by an automatic default tone, slightly lower than the tone of the accent, e.g., t ú gend á "we are going"; however, there are some words such as b á lilab á "they will see", where

1980-552: The udātta was characterised by rising pitch and the svarita by falling pitch. In the tradition represented by the Rigveda , a collection of hymns, the highest point of the accent appears not to have been reached until the beginning of the svarita syllable. In other words, it was an example of "peak delay" (see above). In the later stages of Sanskrit, the pitch accent was lost and a stress accent remained. The stress in Sanskrit, however,

2046-502: The 'sea' of plains and not geographically (or often geologically) part of the Rocky Mountains to the west, are "biological hotspots", containing more species than the prairie below. The hills were formed in the early Paleogene period, and geologically are known as stocks - intrusive igneous rock forced up from below and solidified. Because of uplift and erosion, the overlying rock formations have disappeared. The upper slopes of

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2112-685: The 1960s and is classified as "definitely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. In Canada, this loss has been attributed largely to residential schools , where Indigenous students were often punished severely for speaking their first languages. Widespread language loss can also be attributed to the Sixties Scoop , through which thousands of Indigenous children were taken from their families, often without parental consent, and relocated by

2178-460: The Blackfoot children who attended. The trauma endured by students, as well as the subsequent repression of their Indigenous language and culture, has been credited, in part, with the loss in the number of Blackfoot speakers. Blackfoot has nineteen consonants, of which all but /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length. One of the two affricates /k͡s/ is unusual for being heterorganic . Blackfoot has several allophones, [ç]

2244-525: The Congo such as Ciluba and Ruund . One difference between a pitch accent and a stress accent is that it is not uncommon for a pitch accent to be realised over two syllables. Thus in Serbo-Croatian , the difference between a "rising" and a "falling" accent is observed only in the pitch of the syllable following the accent: the accent is said to be "rising" if the following syllable is as high as or higher than

2310-547: The Europeans, such as Mountain Chief 's tribe. But in 1870, a tribe of peaceful Blackfoot were mistaken for the rebellious tribe and hundreds were slaughtered. Over the next thirty years, settlers had eradicated the bison from the Great Plains. This took away the main element of Blackfoot life and the people's ability to be self-sustaining. With their main food source gone, the Blackfoot were forced to rely on government support. In 1886,

2376-587: The Old Sun Residential School opened on the Blackfoot Reserve in Alberta. In 1908, it was described by an official survey as "unsanitary" and "unsuitable in every way for such an institution". Regardless, it remained operational until its closure in 1971. Dozens of Blackfoot children died while attending. The school was rife with physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, which left a lasting impact on

2442-448: The accent in Basque consists of a high pitch followed by a fall on the next syllable. Turkish is another language often considered a pitch-accent language (see Turkish phonology#Word-accent ). In some circumstances, for example in the second half of a compound, the accent can disappear. Persian has also been called a pitch-accent language in recent studies, although the high tone of

2508-420: The accent is also accompanied by stress; and as with Turkish, in some circumstances the accent can be neutralised and disappear. Because the accent is both stressed and high-pitched, Persian can be considered intermediate between a pitch-accent language and a stress-accent language. In some simple pitch-accent languages, such as Ancient Greek , the accent on a long vowel or diphthong could be on either half of

2574-465: The accent is realised as a low tone on the penultimate syllable (which is also stressed) followed by a high tone on the final; but in some dialects this LH contour may take place entirely within the penultimate syllable. Similarly in the Chichewa language of Malawi a tone on a final syllable often spreads backwards to the penultimate syllable, so that the word Chichew á is actually pronounced Chich ēw ā with two mid-tones, or Chichěw ā , with

2640-434: The accented syllable as being "raised" ( udātta ), and it appears that it was followed in the following syllable by a downwards glide, which the grammarians refer to as "sounded" ( svarita ). In some cases, language change merged an accented syllable with a following svarita syllable, and the two were combined in a single syllable, known as "independent svarita". The precise descriptions of ancient Indian grammarians imply that

2706-415: The accented syllable, but "falling" if it is lower (see Serbo-Croatian phonology#Pitch accent ). In Vedic Sanskrit , the ancient Indian grammarians described the accent as being a high pitch ( udātta ) followed by a falling tone ( svarita ) on the following syllable; but occasionally, when two syllables had merged, the high tone and the falling tone were combined on one syllable. In Standard Swedish ,

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2772-686: The accented syllable, whereas stress languages may also use duration and intensity (Beckman). However, other scholars disagree, and find that intensity and duration can also play a part in the accent of pitch-accent languages. A feature considered characteristic of stress-accent languages is that a stress-accent is obligatory , that is, that every major word has to have an accent. This is not always true of pitch-accent languages, some of which, like Japanese and Northern Bizkaian Basque, have accentless words. But there are also some pitch-accent languages in which every word has an accent. One feature shared between pitch-accent languages and stress-accent languages

2838-555: The accented syllable. In other languages the high pitch of an accent, instead of dropping to a low on the following syllable, in some circumstances can continue in a plateau to the next accented syllable, as in Luganda k í rí mú Búg áń da "it is in Buganda" (contrast k í ri mu Bunyóró "it is in Bunyoro", in which Bunyóró is unaccented apart from automatic default tones). Plateauing

2904-583: The automatic default tone does not follow the accent immediately but after an interval of two or three syllables. In such words it is therefore necessary to specify not only which syllable has the accent, but where the default tone begins. Because of the number of ways languages can use tone some linguists, such as the tonal languages specialist Larry Hyman , argue that the category "pitch-accent language" can have no coherent definition, and that all such languages should simply be referred to as "tonal languages". The theoretical proto-language Proto-Indo-European ,

2970-421: The beginning of the following syllable, giving the impression that the high tone has spread over two syllables. The Vedic Sanskrit accent described above has been interpreted as an example of peak delay. Conversely, a pitch accent in some languages can target just part of a syllable, if the syllable is bi-moraic . Thus in Luganda , in the word Abag â nda "Baganda people" the accent is considered to occur on

3036-439: The circumflex accent of ζῆν ( zên ) has two notes, the first a third higher than the second. In addition to the two accents mentioned above (the acute and the circumflex), Ancient Greek also had a grave accent. It was used only on the last syllable of words, as an alternative to an acute. The acute was used when the word was cited in isolation or came before a pause, such as a comma or a full stop, or an enclitic . Otherwise,

3102-483: The city". According to the first two criteria above, the Tokyo dialect of Japanese is often considered a typical pitch-accent language, since the pronunciation of any word can be specified by marking just one syllable as accented, and in every word the accent is realised by a fall in pitch immediately after the accented syllable. In the examples below the accented syllable is marked in bold (the particle ga indicates that

3168-424: The difference between accent 1 and accent 2 can only be heard in words of two or more syllables, since the tones take two syllables to be realised. In Värmland as well as Norrland accent 1 and 2 can be heard in monosyllabic words however. In the central Swedish dialect of Stockholm , accent 1 is an LHL contour and accent 2 is an HLHL contour, with the second peak in the second syllable. In Welsh , in most words

3234-434: The features. Other named peaks in the small group are Gold Butte (6,512 ft [1,985 m]), East Butte (with two peaks, the taller of which is Mount Brown at 6,958 ft [2,121 m]), and Mount Lebanon (5,807 ft [1,770 m]). The Sweet Grass Hills are an example of the island ranges that dot the central third portion of the state of Montana . These island ranges, completely surrounded by

3300-459: The first mora of the syllable ga(n) , but in Bugá ń da "Buganda (region)" it occurs on the second half (with spreading back to the first half). In Ancient Greek, similarly, in the word οἶκοι ( oî koi ) "houses" the accent is on the first half of the syllable oi , but in οἴκοι ( oí koi ) "at home" on the second half. An alternative analysis is to see Luganda and Ancient Greek as belonging to

3366-480: The flat land provided little escape from the winds. The Blackfoot Nation thrived, along with many other native groups, until the European settlers arrived in the late eighteenth century. The settlers brought with them horses and technology, but also disease and weapons. Diseases like smallpox, foreign to the natives, decimated the Blackfoot population in the mid-nineteenth century. Groups of Blackfoot people rebelled against

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3432-521: The formation of such words using morphemes: If there are multiple accented morphemes, the accent is determined by specific morphophonological principles. Below is a comparison of Vedic, Tokyo Japanese and Cupeño regarding accent placement: The Basque language has a system very similar to Japanese. In some Basque dialects, as in Tokyo Japanese, there are accented and unaccented words; in other dialects all major words have an accent. As with Japanese,

3498-646: The government into non-Indigenous families. As a result of these losses, the Blackfoot community has launched numerous language revitalization efforts, include the Piikani Traditional Knowledge Services and many more. Pied Noir Pied-Noir is an alternate name for the Blackfoot tribe. The exact translation is 'black foot' in French. Other Siksikáíʼpowahsin ( syllabics : ᓱᘁᓱᘁᖳᐟᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) and Niitsipowahsin (ᖹᐨᓱᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) are two other language variations for Blackfoot. Blackfoot

3564-543: The hills have not been glaciated and would have stood above the ice sheet that covered the area during the last ice age . Since the Sweet Grass Hills are at a higher elevation than the surrounding prairie, temperatures are cooler and precipitation is higher. Forested areas, consisting mainly of Douglas fir , are therefore able to grow on the hills' slopes. Goldbutte 7 N is a weather station 5.5 miles (8.9km) northeast of West Butte (Montana) . The Sweet Grass Hills are

3630-434: The language. Every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one. Note that high pitch here is used relative to the contiguous syllables. Blackfoot utterances experience a gradual drop in pitch therefore if an utterance contains a set of accented vowels the first will be higher in pitch than the second but the second will be higher in pitch than the syllables directly surrounding it. Pitch

3696-554: The local area, they are clearly visible from US Highway 2 to the south, I-15 , and can sometimes be seen as far North as the Crowsnest Highway ( Highway 3 ) near Medicine Hat in Alberta as well as from the West, near Glacier National Park and Browning, Montana. Visibility may vary depending on local air temperatures or heat domes that may increase or decrease the apparent height of

3762-433: The position of the accent in some cases is identical: In later stages of Greek, the accent changed from a pitch accent to a stress accent, but remained largely on the same syllable as in Ancient Greek. The change is thought to have taken place by the 4th century AD. Thus, the word ἄνθρωπος ( ánthrōpos ) ("man, person"), which is believed to have been pronounced in ancient times with the first syllable always higher than

3828-400: The putative ancestor of most European, Iranian and North Indian languages, is usually reconstructed to have been a free pitch-accent system. ("Free" here refers to the position of the accent since its position was unpredictable by phonological rules and so could be on any syllable of a word, regardless of its structure.) From comparisons with the surviving Indo-European daughter languages, it

3894-535: The remaining 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km) into three separate reservations – The Blackfeet, Fort Belknap and Fort Peck. This is often referred to as the Sweet Grass Hills Treaty/Agreement and was ratified by congress in 1888. In 1993, the Hills were listed as one of America's Most Endangered Places . Mineral claims were staked here by Manhattan Minerals in 1995. Blackfoot language There

3960-556: The term "pitch accent" is not coherently defined and that pitch-accent languages are just a sub-category of tonal languages in general. Languages that have been described as pitch-accent languages include: most dialects of Serbo-Croatian , Slovene , Baltic languages , Ancient Greek , Vedic Sanskrit , Tlingit , Turkish , Japanese , Limburgish , Norwegian , Swedish of Sweden , Western Basque , Yaqui , certain dialects of Korean , Shanghainese , and Livonian . Pitch-accent languages tend to fall into two categories: those with

4026-509: The term describes languages that have non-prototypical combinations of tone system properties (or both a tone system, usually still non-prototypical, and a stress system simultaneously). Since all pitch-accent languages can be analysed just as well in purely tonal terms, in Hyman's view, the term "pitch-accent" should be superseded by a wider understanding of what qualifies as a tone system - thus, all "pitch-accent" languages are tone languages, and there

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4092-509: The type of languages where there is a choice of different contours on an accented syllable. In some pitch-accent languages, the high pitch of the accent can be anticipated in the preceding syllable or syllables, for example, Japanese at ám á ga "head", Basque lag únén am ú ma "the friend's grandmother", Turkish sínírl é n meyecektiniz "you would not get angry", Belgrade Serbian pápr í ka "pepper", Ancient Greek ápáít é ì "it demands". Forwards spreading of

4158-528: The vowel, making a contrast possible between a rising accent and a falling one; compare οἴκοι ( oí koi ) "at home" vs. οἶκοι ( oî koi ) "houses". Similarly in Luganda , in bimoraic syllables a contrast is possible between a level and falling accent: Bug áń da "Buganda (region)", vs. Abag â nda "Baganda (people)". However, such contrasts are not common or systematic in these languages. In more complex types of pitch-accent languages, although there

4224-652: The word is subject): In Japanese there are also other high-toned syllables, which are added to the word automatically, but these do not count as accents, since they are not followed by a low syllable. As can be seen, some of the words in Japanese have no accent. In Proto-Indo-European and its descendant, Vedic Sanskrit , the system is comparable to Tokyo Japanese and Cupeño in most respects, specifying pronunciation through inherently accented morphemes such as *-ró- and *-tó- (Vedic -rá- and -tá- ) and inherently unaccented morphemes. The examples below demonstrate

4290-461: Was melodic, as is suggested by descriptions by ancient grammarians but also by fragments of Greek music such as the Seikilos epitaph , in which most words are set to music that coincides with the accent. For example, the first syllable of the word φαίνου ( phaínou ) is set to three notes rising in pitch, the middle syllable of ὀλίγον ( olígon ) is higher in pitch than the other two syllables, and

4356-521: Was weaker than that in English and not free but predictable. The stress was heard on the penultimate syllable of the word if it was heavy, on the antepenultimate if the antepenultimate was heavy and the penultimate light, and otherwise on the pre-antepenultimate. In Ancient Greek , one of the final three syllables of a word carried an accent. Each syllable contained one or two vocalic morae , but only one can be accented, and accented morae were pronounced at

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