Aron Hector Schmitz (19 December 1861 – 13 September 1928), better known by the pseudonym Italo Svevo ( Italian: [ˈiːtalo ˈzvɛːvo] ), was an Italian and Austro-Hungarian writer, businessman, novelist , playwright , and short story writer .
170-718: A close friend of Irish novelist and poet James Joyce , Svevo was considered a pioneer of the psychological novel in Italy and is best known for his modernist novel La coscienza di Zeno (1923), which became a widely appreciated classic of Italian literature . He was also the cousin of the Italian academic Steno Tedeschi . Born in Trieste (at the time in the Austrian Empire , then in Austria-Hungary since 1867) as Aron Ettore Schmitz to
340-534: A Jewish German father and an Italian mother, Svevo was one of seven children, and grew up enjoying a passion for literature from a young age, reading works of Goethe , Schiller , Shakespeare , and the classics of French and Russian literature . Svevo was a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the First World War . He spoke Italian as a second language, as he usually spoke
510-492: A bank clerk at the Unionbank of Vienna served as inspiration for his first novel, Una Vita (1892). During his time at the bank, Svevo contributed to Italian-language socialist publication L'Indipendente ( it ), and began writing plays (which he rarely finished) before beginning work on Una vita in 1887. Svevo adhered to a humanistic and democratic socialism , which predisposed him to pacifism , and to advocate for
680-546: A blue plaque . Svevo first started writing short stories in 1880. He took on the pseudonym "Italo Svevo" (literally "Italus the Swabian") for the publication of his first novel, Una Vita , in 1892. The novel was not a success. His second novel, Senilità (1898), was also received poorly. In 1919 he began work on La Coscienza di Zeno (known in English as Zeno's Conscience or Confessions of Zeno ). In 1923 Italo Svevo published
850-499: A "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia", and soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste. Joyce moved to Trieste in March 1905 aged 23. He taught English at the Berlitz school. That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office". After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio, on 27 July 1905, He convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and attained a position for him at
1020-401: A "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia", and soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste. Joyce moved to Trieste in March 1905 aged 23. He taught English at the Berlitz school. That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office". After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio, on 27 July 1905, He convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and attained a position for him at
1190-488: A cigarette. It was refused. Svevo replied: "That would have been my last". He died that afternoon. Svevo, along with Luigi Pirandello , is considered a prominent figure of early 20th century Italian literature , and has had an important influence on later generations of the country's writers. Though only recognised for his literary achievements towards the end of his life, Svevo is celebrated as one of Italy's finest writers, particularly in his home city of Trieste , and has
1360-473: A civil ceremony in London in 1931. He made a number of trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, Lucia . When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zürich in 1940. He died there in 1941 after surgery for a perforated ulcer, at age 58. Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books, and
1530-424: A civil ceremony in London in 1931. He made a number of trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, Lucia . When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zürich in 1940. He died there in 1941 after surgery for a perforated ulcer, at age 58. Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books, and
1700-547: A collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zürich and Paris. In 1930, Joyce began thinking of establishing a residence in London once more, primarily to assure that Giorgio, who had just married Helen Fleischmann, would have his inheritance secured under British law. Joyce moved to London, obtained a long-term lease on a flat, registered on the electoral roll , and became liable for jury service . After living together for twenty-seven years, Joyce and Nora got married at
1870-497: A collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zürich and Paris. In 1930, Joyce began thinking of establishing a residence in London once more, primarily to assure that Giorgio, who had just married Helen Fleischmann, would have his inheritance secured under British law. Joyce moved to London, obtained a long-term lease on a flat, registered on the electoral roll , and became liable for jury service . After living together for twenty-seven years, Joyce and Nora got married at
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#17328595268492040-451: A contribution to the war effort, and mainly staged works by Irish playwrights, such as Oscar Wilde , George Bernard Shaw , and John Millington Synge. For Synge's Riders to the Sea , Nora played a principal role and Joyce sang offstage, which he did again when Robert Browning 's In a Balcony was staged. He hoped the company would eventually stage his play, Exiles , but his participation in
2210-405: A contribution to the war effort, and mainly staged works by Irish playwrights, such as Oscar Wilde , George Bernard Shaw , and John Millington Synge. For Synge's Riders to the Sea , Nora played a principal role and Joyce sang offstage, which he did again when Robert Browning 's In a Balcony was staged. He hoped the company would eventually stage his play, Exiles , but his participation in
2380-496: A correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce resided there until 1915. In Trieste, he published his book of poems Chamber Music and his short story collection Dubliners , and he began serially publishing A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine The Egoist . During most of World War I, Joyce lived in Zürich , Switzerland, and worked on Ulysses . After
2550-399: A correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce resided there until 1915. In Trieste, he published his book of poems Chamber Music and his short story collection Dubliners , and he began serially publishing A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine The Egoist . During most of World War I, Joyce lived in Zürich , Switzerland, and worked on Ulysses . After
2720-558: A fan letter in Norwegian and wrote a play, A Brilliant Career , which he later destroyed. In 1901 the National Census of Ireland listed Joyce as a 19-year-old Irish- and English-speaking unmarried student living with his parents, six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) in Clontarf , Dublin. During this year he became friends with Oliver St. John Gogarty ,
2890-398: A fan letter in Norwegian and wrote a play, A Brilliant Career , which he later destroyed. In 1901 the National Census of Ireland listed Joyce as a 19-year-old Irish- and English-speaking unmarried student living with his parents, six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) in Clontarf , Dublin. During this year he became friends with Oliver St. John Gogarty ,
3060-424: A heavy drinker, Joyce gave up alcohol for a period in 1908. He reworked Stephen Hero as the more concise and interior A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . He completed the third chapter by April and translated John Millington Synge 's Riders to the Sea into Italian with the help of Nicolò Vidacovich. He even took singing lessons again. Joyce had been looking for an English publisher for Dubliners but
3230-424: A heavy drinker, Joyce gave up alcohol for a period in 1908. He reworked Stephen Hero as the more concise and interior A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . He completed the third chapter by April and translated John Millington Synge 's Riders to the Sea into Italian with the help of Nicolò Vidacovich. He even took singing lessons again. Joyce had been looking for an English publisher for Dubliners but
3400-573: A month later Joyce took his family to Zürich in neutral Switzerland. Joyce arrived in Zürich as a double exile: he was an Irishman with a British passport and a Triestine on parole from Austria-Hungary. To get to Switzerland, he had to promise the Austro-Hungarian officials that he would not help the Allies during the war, and he and his family had to leave almost all of their possessions in Trieste. During
3570-416: A month later Joyce took his family to Zürich in neutral Switzerland. Joyce arrived in Zürich as a double exile: he was an Irishman with a British passport and a Triestine on parole from Austria-Hungary. To get to Switzerland, he had to promise the Austro-Hungarian officials that he would not help the Allies during the war, and he and his family had to leave almost all of their possessions in Trieste. During
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#17328595268493740-465: A musical performer. On 8 May 1904, he was a contestant in the Feis Ceoil , an Irish music competition for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers. In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien. He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books. For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with
3910-414: A musical performer. On 8 May 1904, he was a contestant in the Feis Ceoil , an Irish music competition for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers. In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien. He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books. For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with
4080-579: A number of the artists living in the city at the time, including the sculptor August Suter and the painter Frank Budgen . He often used the time spent with them as material for Ulysses . He made the acquaintance of the writer Stefan Zweig , who organised the premiere of Exiles in Munich in August 1919. He became aware of Dada , which was coming into its own at the Cabaret Voltaire . He may have even met
4250-423: A number of the artists living in the city at the time, including the sculptor August Suter and the painter Frank Budgen . He often used the time spent with them as material for Ulysses . He made the acquaintance of the writer Stefan Zweig , who organised the premiere of Exiles in Munich in August 1919. He became aware of Dada , which was coming into its own at the Cabaret Voltaire . He may have even met
4420-426: A nurse to call his wife and son. They were en route when he died 15 minutes later, at age 58. James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic . He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922)
4590-661: A place to live and moved into a Martello tower near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting. Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another roommate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed. With the help of funds from Lady Gregory and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later. In October 1904, Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile. They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds before heading on to Zürich . Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there
4760-611: A place to live and moved into a Martello tower near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting. Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another roommate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed. With the help of funds from Lady Gregory and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later. In October 1904, Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile. They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds before heading on to Zürich . Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there
4930-1060: A play, letters, and occasional journalism. Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. He attended the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers–run O'Connell School . Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit Belvedere College and graduated from University College Dublin in 1902. In 1904, he met his future wife, Nora Barnacle , and they moved to mainland Europe. He briefly worked in Pula and then moved to Trieste in Austria-Hungary , working as an English instructor. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as
5100-425: A publisher for Dubliners , Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary. He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July. Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome, but it had a large impact on his writing. Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised Dubliners and worked on Stephen Hero . Rome
5270-425: A publisher for Dubliners , Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary. He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July. Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome, but it had a large impact on his writing. Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised Dubliners and worked on Stephen Hero . Rome
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5440-609: A small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in Cork City . Ellen's family claimed kinship with the political leader Daniel O'Connell , who had helped secure Catholic emancipation for the Irish in 1829. Joyce's father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation in 1887. The family moved to
5610-456: A small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in Cork City . Ellen's family claimed kinship with the political leader Daniel O'Connell , who had helped secure Catholic emancipation for the Irish in 1829. Joyce's father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation in 1887. The family moved to
5780-451: A statue in front of the Museum of Natural History erected in his honour. The following are named after him: Novels Novellas Short story collections Other James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic . He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of
5950-458: A young woman in St Stephen's Green and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses . Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming
6120-406: A young woman in St Stephen's Green and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses . Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming
6290-423: Is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer 's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness . Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism. Joyce
6460-409: Is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Joyce is quoted as saying, "For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal." Joyce
6630-409: Is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Joyce is quoted as saying, "For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal." Joyce
6800-399: Is trying to explain himself to his psychoanalyst , by revisiting his memories. There is a final connection between Svevo and the character Cosini. Cosini sought psychoanalysis , he said, in order to discover why he was addicted to nicotine . As Svevo reveals in his memoirs, each time he had given up smoking, with the iron resolve that this would be the " ultima sigaretta!! ", he experienced
6970-689: The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève . He frequently wrote home claiming ill health due to the water, the cold weather, and his change of diet, appealing for money his family could ill-afford. In April 1903, Joyce learned his mother was dying and immediately returned to Ireland. He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that would eventually be worked into his unfinished novel Stephen Hero . During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his confession and to take communion . She died on 13 August. Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of
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7140-619: The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève . He frequently wrote home claiming ill health due to the water, the cold weather, and his change of diet, appealing for money his family could ill-afford. In April 1903, Joyce learned his mother was dying and immediately returned to Ireland. He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that would eventually be worked into his unfinished novel Stephen Hero . During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his confession and to take communion . She died on 13 August. Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of
7310-608: The Catholic University Medical School in Dublin. When the medical school refused to provide a tutoring position to help finance his education, he left Dublin to study medicine in Paris, where he received permission to attend the course for a certificate in physics, chemistry, and biology at the École de Médecine. By the end of January 1903, he had given up plans to study medicine but he stayed in Paris, often reading late in
7480-435: The Catholic University Medical School in Dublin. When the medical school refused to provide a tutoring position to help finance his education, he left Dublin to study medicine in Paris, where he received permission to attend the course for a certificate in physics, chemistry, and biology at the École de Médecine. By the end of January 1903, he had given up plans to study medicine but he stayed in Paris, often reading late in
7650-695: The Christian Brothers O'Connell School on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest John Conmee , who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother Stanislaus to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, Belvedere College , without fees starting in 1893. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected by his peers to join the Sodality of Our Lady . Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by
7820-486: The Christian Brothers O'Connell School on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest John Conmee , who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother Stanislaus to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, Belvedere College , without fees starting in 1893. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected by his peers to join the Sodality of Our Lady . Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by
7990-625: The Dubliners . He returned to Trieste in September with his sister Eva, who helped Nora run the home. Joyce only stayed in Trieste for a month, as he almost immediately came upon the idea of starting a cinema in Dublin, which unlike Trieste had none. He quickly got the backing of some Triestine businessmen and returned to Dublin in October, launching Ireland's first cinema, the Volta Cinematograph . It
8160-411: The Dubliners . He returned to Trieste in September with his sister Eva, who helped Nora run the home. Joyce only stayed in Trieste for a month, as he almost immediately came upon the idea of starting a cinema in Dublin, which unlike Trieste had none. He quickly got the backing of some Triestine businessmen and returned to Dublin in October, launching Ireland's first cinema, the Volta Cinematograph . It
8330-535: The Marxist theoretician and revolutionary Vladimir Lenin at the Cafe Odeon, a place they both frequented. Joyce kept up his interest in music. He met Ferruccio Busoni , staged music with Otto Luening , and learned music theory from Philipp Jarnach . Much of what Joyce learned about musical notation and counterpoint found its way into Ulysses , particularly the "Sirens" section. Joyce avoided public discussion of
8500-433: The Marxist theoretician and revolutionary Vladimir Lenin at the Cafe Odeon, a place they both frequented. Joyce kept up his interest in music. He met Ferruccio Busoni , staged music with Otto Luening , and learned music theory from Philipp Jarnach . Much of what Joyce learned about musical notation and counterpoint found its way into Ulysses , particularly the "Sirens" section. Joyce avoided public discussion of
8670-552: The Register Office in Kensington on 4 July 1931. Joyce stayed in London for at least six months to establish his residency, but abandoned his flat and returned to Paris later in the year when Lucia showed signs of mental illness. He planned to return, but never did and later became disaffected with England. In later years, Joyce lived in Paris but frequently travelled to Switzerland for eye surgery or for treatment for Lucia, who
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#17328595268498840-442: The Register Office in Kensington on 4 July 1931. Joyce stayed in London for at least six months to establish his residency, but abandoned his flat and returned to Paris later in the year when Lucia showed signs of mental illness. He planned to return, but never did and later became disaffected with England. In later years, Joyce lived in Paris but frequently travelled to Switzerland for eye surgery or for treatment for Lucia, who
9010-648: The Triestine dialect . Due to his Germanophone ancestry by his father, he and his brothers were sent to a boarding school near Würzburg , in the German Empire , where he learnt and became fluent in German . After returning to Trieste in 1880, Svevo continued his studies for a further two years at Istituto Revoltella, before being forced to take financial responsibility when his father filed for bankruptcy , after his once successful glassware business failed. This 20-year period as
9180-584: The Artist , but it was rejected by the intellectual journal Dana . He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called Stephen Hero that he labored over for years but eventually abandoned. He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office", which parodied W. B. Yeats 's poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times" and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival. It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy". He wrote
9350-464: The Artist , but it was rejected by the intellectual journal Dana . He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called Stephen Hero that he labored over for years but eventually abandoned. He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office", which parodied W. B. Yeats 's poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times" and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival. It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy". He wrote
9520-433: The Artist as a Young Man , wrote his only published play Exiles and decided to make Ulysses a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings, working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste. Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people, and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by Futurism . There are even words of
9690-433: The Artist as a Young Man , wrote his only published play Exiles and decided to make Ulysses a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings, working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste. Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people, and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by Futurism . There are even words of
9860-528: The Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family. In February 1906, the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis. During this period Joyce completing 24 chapters of Stephen Hero and all but the final story of Dubliners , but was unable to get Dubliners published. Although
10030-422: The Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family. In February 1906, the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis. During this period Joyce completing 24 chapters of Stephen Hero and all but the final story of Dubliners , but was unable to get Dubliners published. Although
10200-621: The English Players declined in the wake of the Great Influenza epidemic of 1918, though the company continued until 1920. Joyce's work with the English Players involved him in a lawsuit. Henry Wilfred Carr , a wounded war veteran and British consul, accused Joyce of underpaying him for his role in The Importance of Being Earnest . Carr sued for compensation; Joyce countersued for libel. The cases were resolved in 1919, with Joyce winning
10370-451: The English Players declined in the wake of the Great Influenza epidemic of 1918, though the company continued until 1920. Joyce's work with the English Players involved him in a lawsuit. Henry Wilfred Carr , a wounded war veteran and British consul, accused Joyce of underpaying him for his role in The Importance of Being Earnest . Carr sued for compensation; Joyce countersued for libel. The cases were resolved in 1919, with Joyce winning
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#173285952684910540-515: The Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. However, health problems remained a constant issue. During their time in Zürich, both Joyce and Nora suffered illnesses that were diagnosed as "nervous breakdowns" and he had to undergo many eye surgeries. During the war, Zürich was the centre of a vibrant expatriate community. Joyce's regular evening hangout was the Cafe Pfauen, where he got to know
10710-402: The Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. However, health problems remained a constant issue. During their time in Zürich, both Joyce and Nora suffered illnesses that were diagnosed as "nervous breakdowns" and he had to undergo many eye surgeries. During the war, Zürich was the centre of a vibrant expatriate community. Joyce's regular evening hangout was the Cafe Pfauen, where he got to know
10880-429: The London publisher Grant Richards had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language. Richards and Joyce went back and forth trying to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise
11050-429: The London publisher Grant Richards had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language. Richards and Joyce went back and forth trying to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise
11220-534: The Suppression of Vice , leading to an official complaint. The trial proceedings continued until February 1921, when both Anderson and Healy, defended by Quinn, were fined $ 50 each for publishing obscenity and ordered to cease publishing Ulysses . Huebsch, who had expressed interest in publishing the novel in the United States, decided against it after the trial. Weaver was unable to find an English printer, and
11390-424: The Suppression of Vice , leading to an official complaint. The trial proceedings continued until February 1921, when both Anderson and Healy, defended by Quinn, were fined $ 50 each for publishing obscenity and ordered to cease publishing Ulysses . Huebsch, who had expressed interest in publishing the novel in the United States, decided against it after the trial. Weaver was unable to find an English printer, and
11560-695: The Triestine dialect in Finnegans Wake . Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and would later draw on it in creating the liturgical parodies in Ulysses . In late May 1906, the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds. Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on. Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get
11730-481: The Triestine dialect in Finnegans Wake . Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and would later draw on it in creating the liturgical parodies in Ulysses . In late May 1906, the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds. Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on. Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get
11900-522: The Università Popolare on various topics in English literature and applied for a teaching diploma in English at the University of Padua . He performed very well on the qualification tests, but was denied because Italy did not recognise his degree from an Irish university. In 1912, Joyce and his family returned to Dublin briefly in the summer. While there, his three-year-long struggle with Roberts over
12070-408: The Università Popolare on various topics in English literature and applied for a teaching diploma in English at the University of Padua . He performed very well on the qualification tests, but was denied because Italy did not recognise his degree from an Irish university. In 1912, Joyce and his family returned to Dublin briefly in the summer. While there, his three-year-long struggle with Roberts over
12240-420: The academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. Many writers, film-makers, and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue , wordplay , and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and
12410-420: The academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. Many writers, film-makers, and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue , wordplay , and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and
12580-440: The arts, as well as on William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In May, Joyce was struck by an attack of rheumatic fever , which left him incapacitated for weeks. The illness exacerbated eye problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. While Joyce was still recovering from the attack, Lucia was born on 26 July 1907. During his convalescence, he was able to finish "The Dead", the last story of Dubliners . Although
12750-440: The arts, as well as on William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In May, Joyce was struck by an attack of rheumatic fever , which left him incapacitated for weeks. The illness exacerbated eye problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. While Joyce was still recovering from the attack, Lucia was born on 26 July 1907. During his convalescence, he was able to finish "The Dead", the last story of Dubliners . Although
12920-511: The book was not obscene. In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an experimental novel that eventually became Finnegans Wake . It would take sixteen years to complete. At first, Joyce called it Work in Progress , which was the name Ford Madox Ford used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, The Transatlantic Review . In 1926, Eugene and Maria Jolas serialised
13090-412: The book was not obscene. In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an experimental novel that eventually became Finnegans Wake . It would take sixteen years to complete. At first, Joyce called it Work in Progress , which was the name Ford Madox Ford used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, The Transatlantic Review . In 1926, Eugene and Maria Jolas serialised
13260-635: The book's hero and unreliable narrator , mirrored Svevo himself, being a businessman fascinated by Freudian theory. Svevo was also a model for Leopold Bloom , the protagonist of Joyce's seminal novel Ulysses . Zeno's Conscience never looks outside the narrow confines of Trieste, much like Joyce's work, which rarely left Dublin in the last years of Ireland's time as part of the United Kingdom. Svevo employed often sardonic wit in his observations of Trieste and, in particular, of his hero, an indifferent man, who cheats on his wife, lies to his psychoanalyst, and
13430-703: The character of Leopold Bloom. In London, Elkin Mathews published Chamber Music on the recommendation of the British poet Arthur Symons . Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again. He left Rome after only seven months. Joyce returned to Trieste in March 1907, but was unable to find full-time work. He went back to being an English instructor, working part-time for Berlitz and giving private lessons. The author Ettore Schmitz, better known by pen name Italo Svevo ,
13600-603: The character of Leopold Bloom. In London, Elkin Mathews published Chamber Music on the recommendation of the British poet Arthur Symons . Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again. He left Rome after only seven months. Joyce returned to Trieste in March 1907, but was unable to find full-time work. He went back to being an English instructor, working part-time for Berlitz and giving private lessons. The author Ettore Schmitz, better known by pen name Italo Svevo ,
13770-590: The city's emigres returned home. In October 1919, Joyce's family moved back to Trieste, but it had changed. The Austro-Hungarian empire had ceased to exist, and Trieste was now an Italian city in post-war recovery. Eight months after his return, Joyce went to Sirmione , Italy, to meet Pound, who made arrangements for him to move to Paris. Joyce and his family packed their belongings and headed for Paris in June 1920. When Joyce and his family arrived in Paris in July 1920, their visit
13940-496: The city's emigres returned home. In October 1919, Joyce's family moved back to Trieste, but it had changed. The Austro-Hungarian empire had ceased to exist, and Trieste was now an Italian city in post-war recovery. Eight months after his return, Joyce went to Sirmione , Italy, to meet Pound, who made arrangements for him to move to Paris. Joyce and his family packed their belongings and headed for Paris in June 1920. When Joyce and his family arrived in Paris in July 1920, their visit
14110-612: The collection of poems Chamber Music at this time; which was also rejected. He did publish three poems, one in Dana and two in The Speaker , and George William Russell published three of Joyce's short stories in the Irish Homestead . These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of Dubliners . In September 1904, Joyce was having difficulties finding
14280-410: The collection of poems Chamber Music at this time; which was also rejected. He did publish three poems, one in Dana and two in The Speaker , and George William Russell published three of Joyce's short stories in the Irish Homestead . These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of Dubliners . In September 1904, Joyce was having difficulties finding
14450-421: The compensation case but losing the one for libel. The incident ended up creating acrimony between the British consulate and Joyce for the rest of his time in Zürich. By 1919, Joyce was in financial straits again. McCormick stopped paying her stipend, partly because he refused to submit to psychoanalysis from Jung, and Zürich had become expensive to live in after the war. Furthermore, he was becoming isolated as
14620-421: The compensation case but losing the one for libel. The incident ended up creating acrimony between the British consulate and Joyce for the rest of his time in Zürich. By 1919, Joyce was in financial straits again. McCormick stopped paying her stipend, partly because he refused to submit to psychoanalysis from Jung, and Zürich had become expensive to live in after the war. Furthermore, he was becoming isolated as
14790-409: The couple had left Ireland, Nora had already become pregnant. Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola, and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of 1905, both families were living together. Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for Dubliners , " Clay ", and worked on his novel Stephen Hero . He disliked Pola, calling it
14960-409: The couple had left Ireland, Nora had already become pregnant. Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola, and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of 1905, both families were living together. Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for Dubliners , " Clay ", and worked on his novel Stephen Hero . He disliked Pola, calling it
15130-528: The creation of a European economic union after the war. Following the death of his parents, Svevo married his cousin Livia Veneziani in a civil ceremony in 1896. Soon after, Livia convinced him to convert to Catholicism and take part in a religious wedding (probably after a troublesome pregnancy). Personally, however, Svevo was an atheist. He became a partner in his wealthy father-in-law's paint business - that specialized in manufacturing industrial paint, that
15300-451: The editor Harriet Shaw Weaver , who operated The Egoist , and the psychotherapist Edith Rockefeller McCormick , who lived in Zürich studying under Carl Jung . Weaver financially supported Joyce throughout the entirety of his life and even paid for his funeral. Between 1917 and the beginning of 1919, Joyce was financially secure and lived quite well; the family sometimes stayed in Locarno in
15470-401: The editor Harriet Shaw Weaver , who operated The Egoist , and the psychotherapist Edith Rockefeller McCormick , who lived in Zürich studying under Carl Jung . Weaver financially supported Joyce throughout the entirety of his life and even paid for his funeral. Between 1917 and the beginning of 1919, Joyce was financially secure and lived quite well; the family sometimes stayed in Locarno in
15640-508: The exhilarating feeling that he was now beginning life over without the burden of his old habits and mistakes. That feeling was, however, so strong that he found smoking irresistible, if only so that he could stop smoking again, in order to experience that thrill once more. After being involved in a serious car crash, he was brought into hospital in Motta di Livenza , where his health rapidly failed. As death approached, he asked one of his visitors for
15810-434: The family praying at her bedside. John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart. Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues, and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books. Joyce's life began to change when he met Nora Barnacle on 10 June 1904. She was a twenty-year-old woman from Galway city , who
15980-434: The family praying at her bedside. John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart. Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues, and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books. Joyce's life began to change when he met Nora Barnacle on 10 June 1904. She was a twenty-year-old woman from Galway city , who
16150-482: The fashionable small town of Bray , 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin. Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong fear of dogs . He later developed a fear of thunderstorms , which he acquired through a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath. In 1891, nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem " Et Tu , Healy" on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell that his father printed and distributed to friends. The poem expressed
16320-482: The fashionable small town of Bray , 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin. Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong fear of dogs . He later developed a fear of thunderstorms , which he acquired through a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath. In 1891, nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem " Et Tu , Healy" on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell that his father printed and distributed to friends. The poem expressed
16490-486: The first two, but when he was told he had to sight read the third, he refused. Joyce won the third-place medal anyway. After the contest, Palmieri wrote Joyce that Luigi Denza , the composer of the popular song " Funiculì, Funiculà " who was the judge for the contest, spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training. Palmieri even offered to give Joyce free singing lessons afterwards. Joyce refused
16660-486: The first two, but when he was told he had to sight read the third, he refused. Joyce won the third-place medal anyway. After the contest, Palmieri wrote Joyce that Luigi Denza , the composer of the popular song " Funiculì, Funiculà " who was the judge for the contest, spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training. Palmieri even offered to give Joyce free singing lessons afterwards. Joyce refused
16830-577: The intellectual circle of Paris and was integrated into the international modernist artist community. Joyce met Valery Larbaud , who championed Joyce's works to the French and supervised the French translation of Ulysses . Paris became the Joyces' regular residence for twenty years, though they never settled into a single location for long. Joyce finished writing Ulysses near the end of 1921, but had difficulties getting it published. With financial backing from
17000-479: The intellectual circle of Paris and was integrated into the international modernist artist community. Joyce met Valery Larbaud , who championed Joyce's works to the French and supervised the French translation of Ulysses . Paris became the Joyces' regular residence for twenty years, though they never settled into a single location for long. Joyce finished writing Ulysses near the end of 1921, but had difficulties getting it published. With financial backing from
17170-419: The late 1930s. Pound became Joyce's promoter, helping ensure that Joyce's works were both published and publicized. After Pound persuaded Dora Marsden to serially publish A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the London literary magazine The Egoist , Joyce's pace of writing increased. He completed A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by 1914; resumed Exiles , completing it in 1915; started
17340-419: The late 1930s. Pound became Joyce's promoter, helping ensure that Joyce's works were both published and publicized. After Pound persuaded Dora Marsden to serially publish A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the London literary magazine The Egoist , Joyce's pace of writing increased. He completed A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by 1914; resumed Exiles , completing it in 1915; started
17510-574: The lawyer John Quinn , Margaret Anderson and her co-editor Jane Heap had begun serially publishing it in The Little Review in March 1918 but in January and May 1919, two instalments were suppressed as obscene and potentially subversive. In September 1920, an unsolicited instalment of the "Nausicaa" episode was sent to the daughter of a New York attorney associated with the New York Society for
17680-407: The lawyer John Quinn , Margaret Anderson and her co-editor Jane Heap had begun serially publishing it in The Little Review in March 1918 but in January and May 1919, two instalments were suppressed as obscene and potentially subversive. In September 1920, an unsolicited instalment of the "Nausicaa" episode was sent to the daughter of a New York attorney associated with the New York Society for
17850-513: The left eye and his right eye functioned poorly. He even had all of his teeth removed because of infection. At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish Finnegans Wake , asking the Irish author James Stephens to complete it if something should happen. Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money. Despite these issues, he published Pomes Penyeach in 1927,
18020-513: The left eye and his right eye functioned poorly. He even had all of his teeth removed because of infection. At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish Finnegans Wake , asking the Irish author James Stephens to complete it if something should happen. Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money. Despite these issues, he published Pomes Penyeach in 1927,
18190-447: The lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year. His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him. Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works. Throughout 1904, Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation. On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining aesthetics called A Portrait of
18360-447: The lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year. His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him. Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works. Throughout 1904, Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation. On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining aesthetics called A Portrait of
18530-577: The model for Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . In November, Joyce wrote an article, The Day of the Rabblement , criticising the Irish Literary Theatre for its unwillingness to produce the works of playwrights like Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy , and Gerhart Hauptmann . He protested against nostalgic Irish populism and argued for an outward-looking, cosmopolitan literature. Because he mentioned Gabriele D'Annunzio 's novel Il fuoco ( The Flame ), which
18700-460: The model for Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . In November, Joyce wrote an article, The Day of the Rabblement , criticising the Irish Literary Theatre for its unwillingness to produce the works of playwrights like Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy , and Gerhart Hauptmann . He protested against nostalgic Irish populism and argued for an outward-looking, cosmopolitan literature. Because he mentioned Gabriele D'Annunzio 's novel Il fuoco ( The Flame ), which
18870-468: The most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer 's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness . Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry,
19040-631: The novel in their magazine, transition . When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver— wrote negatively about it, and it was criticised by writers like Seán Ó Faoláin , Wyndham Lewis , and Rebecca West . In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress , which included writings by Samuel Beckett and William Carlos Williams . An additional purpose of publishing these essays
19210-581: The novel in their magazine, transition . When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver— wrote negatively about it, and it was criticised by writers like Seán Ó Faoláin , Wyndham Lewis , and Rebecca West . In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress , which included writings by Samuel Beckett and William Carlos Williams . An additional purpose of publishing these essays
19380-412: The novel was banned for obscenity in the United Kingdom in 1922, where it was blacklisted until 1936. Almost immediately after Anderson and Healy were ordered to stop printing Ulysses , Beach agreed to publish it through her bookshop. She had books mailed to people in Paris and the United States who had subscribed to get a copy; Weaver mailed books from Beach's plates to subscribers in England. Soon,
19550-412: The novel was banned for obscenity in the United Kingdom in 1922, where it was blacklisted until 1936. Almost immediately after Anderson and Healy were ordered to stop printing Ulysses , Beach agreed to publish it through her bookshop. She had books mailed to people in Paris and the United States who had subscribed to get a copy; Weaver mailed books from Beach's plates to subscribers in England. Soon,
19720-501: The novelette Giacomo Joyce , which he eventually abandoned; and began drafting Ulysses . In August 1914, World War I broke out. Although Joyce and Stanislaus were subjects of the United Kingdom, which was now at war with Austria-Hungary, they remained in Trieste. Even when Stanislaus, who had publicly expressed his sympathy for the Triestine irredentists, was interned at the beginning of January 1915, Joyce chose to stay. In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, and less than
19890-501: The novelette Giacomo Joyce , which he eventually abandoned; and began drafting Ulysses . In August 1914, World War I broke out. Although Joyce and Stanislaus were subjects of the United Kingdom, which was now at war with Austria-Hungary, they remained in Trieste. Even when Stanislaus, who had publicly expressed his sympathy for the Triestine irredentists, was interned at the beginning of January 1915, Joyce chose to stay. In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, and less than
20060-555: The postal officials of both countries began confiscating the books. They were then smuggled into both countries. Because the work had no copyright in the United States at this time, "bootleg" versions appeared, including pirate versions from publisher Samuel Roth , who only ceased his actions in 1928 when a court enjoined publication. Ulysses was not legally published in the United States until 1934 after Judge John M. Woolsey ruled in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses that
20230-501: The postal officials of both countries began confiscating the books. They were then smuggled into both countries. Because the work had no copyright in the United States at this time, "bootleg" versions appeared, including pirate versions from publisher Samuel Roth , who only ceased his actions in 1928 when a court enjoined publication. Ulysses was not legally published in the United States until 1934 after Judge John M. Woolsey ruled in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses that
20400-489: The principles of Jesuit education laid down in the Ratio Studiorum ( Plan of Studies ). He displayed his writing talent by winning first place for English composition in his final two years before graduating in 1898. Joyce enrolled at University College in 1898 to study English, French and Italian. While there, he was exposed to the scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas , which had a strong influence on his thought for
20570-433: The principles of Jesuit education laid down in the Ratio Studiorum ( Plan of Studies ). He displayed his writing talent by winning first place for English composition in his final two years before graduating in 1898. Joyce enrolled at University College in 1898 to study English, French and Italian. While there, he was exposed to the scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas , which had a strong influence on his thought for
20740-462: The printers, but the entire novel was published by B. W. Huebsch in 1916. In 1918, Pound got a commitment from Margaret Caroline Anderson , the owner and editor of the New York-based literary magazine The Little Review , to publish Ulysses serially. Joyce co-founded an acting company, the English Players, and became its business manager. The company was pitched to the British government as
20910-405: The printers, but the entire novel was published by B. W. Huebsch in 1916. In 1918, Pound got a commitment from Margaret Caroline Anderson , the owner and editor of the New York-based literary magazine The Little Review , to publish Ulysses serially. Joyce co-founded an acting company, the English Players, and became its business manager. The company was pitched to the British government as
21080-876: The psychological novel La Coscienza di Zeno . The work, showing the author's interest in the theories of Sigmund Freud , is written in the form of the memoirs of Zeno Cosini, who writes them at the insistence of his psychoanalyst . Svevo's novel received almost no attention from Italian readers and critics at the time. The work might have disappeared altogether if it were not for the efforts of James Joyce . Joyce had met Svevo in 1907, when Joyce tutored him in English, while working for Berlitz in Trieste . Joyce read Svevo's earlier novels, Una Vita and Senilità . Joyce championed Zeno's Conscience , helping to have it translated into French and then published in Paris , where critics praised it extravagantly. That led Italian critics, including Eugenio Montale , to discover it. Zeno Cosini,
21250-437: The publication of Dubliners came to an end as Roberts refused to publish the book due to concerns of libel. Roberts had the printed sheets destroyed, though Joyce was able to obtain a copy of the proof sheets. When Joyce returned to Trieste, he wrote an invective against Roberts, "Gas from a Burner". He never went to Dublin again. Joyce's fortunes changed for the better in 1913 when Richards agreed to publish Dubliners . It
21420-437: The publication of Dubliners came to an end as Roberts refused to publish the book due to concerns of libel. Roberts had the printed sheets destroyed, though Joyce was able to obtain a copy of the proof sheets. When Joyce returned to Trieste, he wrote an invective against Roberts, "Gas from a Burner". He never went to Dublin again. Joyce's fortunes changed for the better in 1913 when Richards agreed to publish Dubliners . It
21590-554: The rest of his life. He participated in many of Dublin's theatrical and literary circles. His closest colleagues included leading Irish figures of his generation, most notably, George Clancy , Tom Kettle and Francis Sheehy-Skeffington . Many of the acquaintances he made at this time appeared in his work. His first publication—a laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen 's When We Dead Awaken —was printed in The Fortnightly Review in 1900. Inspired by Ibsen's works, Joyce sent him
21760-491: The rest of his life. He participated in many of Dublin's theatrical and literary circles. His closest colleagues included leading Irish figures of his generation, most notably, George Clancy , Tom Kettle and Francis Sheehy-Skeffington . Many of the acquaintances he made at this time appeared in his work. His first publication—a laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen 's When We Dead Awaken —was printed in The Fortnightly Review in 1900. Inspired by Ibsen's works, Joyce sent him
21930-432: The rise of fascism and antisemitism. As early as 1938, Joyce was involved in helping a number of Jews escape Nazi persecution. After the fall of France in 1940, Joyce and his family fled from Nazi occupation , returning to Zürich a final time. On 11 January 1941, Joyce underwent surgery in Zürich for a perforated duodenal ulcer . He fell into a coma the following day. He awoke at 2 am on 13 January 1941, and asked
22100-432: The rise of fascism and antisemitism. As early as 1938, Joyce was involved in helping a number of Jews escape Nazi persecution. After the fall of France in 1940, Joyce and his family fled from Nazi occupation , returning to Zürich a final time. On 11 January 1941, Joyce underwent surgery in Zürich for a perforated duodenal ulcer . He fell into a coma the following day. He awoke at 2 am on 13 January 1941, and asked
22270-785: The sentiments of the elder Joyce, who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church , the Irish Parliamentary Party , and the British Liberal Party that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure Irish Home Rule in the British Parliament . This sense of betrayal, particularly by the church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art. That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement. John Joyce's name
22440-532: The sentiments of the elder Joyce, who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church , the Irish Parliamentary Party , and the British Liberal Party that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure Irish Home Rule in the British Parliament . This sense of betrayal, particularly by the church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art. That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement. John Joyce's name
22610-480: The stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement. Trieste was Joyce's main residence until 1920. Although he would temporarily stay in Rome, travel to Dublin and emigrating to Zürich during World War I— it became a second Dublin for him and played an important role in his development as a writer. He completed Dubliners, reworked Stephen Hero into A Portrait of
22780-480: The stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement. Trieste was Joyce's main residence until 1920. Although he would temporarily stay in Rome, travel to Dublin and emigrating to Zürich during World War I— it became a second Dublin for him and played an important role in his development as a writer. He completed Dubliners, reworked Stephen Hero into A Portrait of
22950-526: The war's politics and maintained strict neutrality. He made few comments about the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland; although he was sympathetic to the Irish independence movement, he disagreed with its violence. He stayed intently focused on Ulysses and the ongoing struggle to get his work published. Some of the serial instalments of "The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" in The Egoist had been censored by
23120-424: The war's politics and maintained strict neutrality. He made few comments about the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland; although he was sympathetic to the Irish independence movement, he disagreed with its violence. He stayed intently focused on Ulysses and the ongoing struggle to get his work published. Some of the serial instalments of "The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" in The Egoist had been censored by
23290-597: The war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in 1920, which became his primary residence until 1940. Ulysses was first published in Paris in 1922, but its publication in the United Kingdom and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed until the mid-1930s, when publication finally became legal. Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake , in 1923, publishing it sixteen years later in 1939. Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. He and Nora were married in
23460-597: The war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in 1920, which became his primary residence until 1940. Ulysses was first published in Paris in 1922, but its publication in the United Kingdom and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed until the mid-1930s, when publication finally became legal. Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake , in 1923, publishing it sixteen years later in 1939. Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. He and Nora were married in
23630-507: The war, he was kept under surveillance by both the British and Austro-Hungarian secret services. Joyce's first concern was earning a living. One of Nora's relatives sent them a small sum to cover the first few months. Pound and Yeats worked with the British government to provide a stipend from the Royal Literary Fund in 1915 and a grant from the British civil list the following year. Eventually, Joyce received large regular sums from
23800-446: The war, he was kept under surveillance by both the British and Austro-Hungarian secret services. Joyce's first concern was earning a living. One of Nora's relatives sent them a small sum to cover the first few months. Pound and Yeats worked with the British government to provide a stipend from the Royal Literary Fund in 1915 and a grant from the British civil list the following year. Eventually, Joyce received large regular sums from
23970-763: Was a vacancy at the Berlitz Language School , but when he arrived there was no position. The couple stayed in Zürich for a little over a week. The director of the school sent Joyce on to Trieste , which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the First World War. There was no vacancy there either. The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in Pola , then Austria-Hungary's major naval base, where he mainly taught English to naval officers. Less than one month after
24140-529: Was a vacancy at the Berlitz Language School , but when he arrived there was no position. The couple stayed in Zürich for a little over a week. The director of the school sent Joyce on to Trieste , which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the First World War. There was no vacancy there either. The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in Pola , then Austria-Hungary's major naval base, where he mainly taught English to naval officers. Less than one month after
24310-435: Was another of Joyce's students. He helped Joyce financially by commissioning him to write for the newspaper. Joyce quickly produced three articles aimed toward the Italian irredentists in Trieste. He indirectly paralleled their desire for independence from Austria-Hungary with the struggle of the Irish from British rule. Joyce earned additional money by giving a series of lectures at Trieste's Università Popolare on Ireland and
24480-435: Was another of Joyce's students. He helped Joyce financially by commissioning him to write for the newspaper. Joyce quickly produced three articles aimed toward the Italian irredentists in Trieste. He indirectly paralleled their desire for independence from Austria-Hungary with the struggle of the Irish from British rule. Joyce earned additional money by giving a series of lectures at Trieste's Università Popolare on Ireland and
24650-606: Was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. He attended the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers–run O'Connell School . Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit Belvedere College and graduated from University College Dublin in 1902. In 1904, he met his future wife, Nora Barnacle , and they moved to mainland Europe. He briefly worked in Pula and then moved to Trieste in Austria-Hungary , working as an English instructor. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as
24820-688: Was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar , Dublin , Ireland, to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane "May" ( née Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised with the name James Augustine Joyce according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church in the nearby St Joseph's Church in Terenure on 5 February 1882 by Rev. John O'Mulloy. His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. John Stanislaus Joyce's family came from Fermoy in County Cork , where they owned
24990-521: Was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar , Dublin , Ireland, to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane "May" ( née Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised with the name James Augustine Joyce according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church in the nearby St Joseph's Church in Terenure on 5 February 1882 by Rev. John O'Mulloy. His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. John Stanislaus Joyce's family came from Fermoy in County Cork , where they owned
25160-447: Was diagnosed with schizophrenia . Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung, who had previously written that Ulysses was similar to schizophrenic writing. Jung suggested that she and her father were two people going into a river, except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was falling. In spite of Joyce's attempts to help Lucia, she remained permanently institutionalised after his death. In the late 1930s, Joyce became increasingly concerned about
25330-447: Was diagnosed with schizophrenia . Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung, who had previously written that Ulysses was similar to schizophrenic writing. Jung suggested that she and her father were two people going into a river, except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was falling. In spite of Joyce's attempts to help Lucia, she remained permanently institutionalised after his death. In the late 1930s, Joyce became increasingly concerned about
25500-502: Was initially well-received, but fell apart after Joyce left. He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister, Eileen. From 1910 to 1912, Joyce still lacked a reliable income. This brought his conflicts with Stanislaus, who was frustrated with lending him money, to their peak. In 1912, Prezioso arranged for him to lecture on Hamlet for the Minerva Society between November 1912 and February 1913. Joyce once more lectured at
25670-444: Was initially well-received, but fell apart after Joyce left. He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister, Eileen. From 1910 to 1912, Joyce still lacked a reliable income. This brought his conflicts with Stanislaus, who was frustrated with lending him money, to their peak. In 1912, Prezioso arranged for him to lecture on Hamlet for the Minerva Society between November 1912 and February 1913. Joyce once more lectured at
25840-453: Was intended to be a layover on their way to London. For the first four months, he stayed with Ludmila Savitzky [ fr ] and met Sylvia Beach , who ran the Rive Gauche bookshop, Shakespeare and Company . Beach quickly became an important person in Joyce's life, providing financial support, and becoming one of Joyce's publishers. Through Beach and Pound, Joyce quickly joined
26010-400: Was intended to be a layover on their way to London. For the first four months, he stayed with Ludmila Savitzky [ fr ] and met Sylvia Beach , who ran the Rive Gauche bookshop, Shakespeare and Company . Beach quickly became an important person in Joyce's life, providing financial support, and becoming one of Joyce's publishers. Through Beach and Pound, Joyce quickly joined
26180-518: Was issued on 15 June 1914, eight and a half years since Joyce had first submitted it to him. Around the same time, he found an unexpected advocate in Ezra Pound , who was living in London. On the advice of Yeats, Pound wrote to Joyce asking if he could include a poem from Chamber Music , "I Hear an Army Charging upon the Land" in the journal Des Imagistes . They struck up a correspondence that lasted until
26350-419: Was issued on 15 June 1914, eight and a half years since Joyce had first submitted it to him. Around the same time, he found an unexpected advocate in Ezra Pound , who was living in London. On the advice of Yeats, Pound wrote to Joyce asking if he could include a poem from Chamber Music , "I Hear an Army Charging upon the Land" in the journal Des Imagistes . They struck up a correspondence that lasted until
26520-560: Was on the Roman Catholic list of prohibited books , his college magazine refused to print it. Joyce and Sheehy-Skeffington—who had also had an article rejected—had their essays jointly printed and distributed. Arthur Griffith decried the censorship of Joyce's work in his newspaper United Irishman . Joyce graduated from the Royal University of Ireland in October 1902. He considered studying medicine and began attending lectures at
26690-446: Was on the Roman Catholic list of prohibited books , his college magazine refused to print it. Joyce and Sheehy-Skeffington—who had also had an article rejected—had their essays jointly printed and distributed. Arthur Griffith decried the censorship of Joyce's work in his newspaper United Irishman . Joyce graduated from the Royal University of Ireland in October 1902. He considered studying medicine and began attending lectures at
26860-439: Was one of his students. Svevo was a Catholic of Jewish origin who became one of the models for Leopold Bloom. Joyce learned much of what he knew about Judaism from him. The two became lasting friends and mutual critics. Svevo supported Joyce's identity as an author, helping him work through his writer's block with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Roberto Prezioso, editor of the Italian newspaper Piccolo della Sera ,
27030-439: Was one of his students. Svevo was a Catholic of Jewish origin who became one of the models for Leopold Bloom. Joyce learned much of what he knew about Judaism from him. The two became lasting friends and mutual critics. Svevo supported Joyce's identity as an author, helping him work through his writer's block with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Roberto Prezioso, editor of the Italian newspaper Piccolo della Sera ,
27200-529: Was published in Stubbs' Gazette , a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November 1891, and he was temporarily suspended from work. In January 1893, he was dismissed with a reduced pension. Joyce began his education in 1888 at Clongowes Wood College , a Jesuit boarding school near Clane , County Kildare, but had to leave in 1891 when his father could no longer pay the fees. He studied at home and briefly attended
27370-431: Was published in Stubbs' Gazette , a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November 1891, and he was temporarily suspended from work. In January 1893, he was dismissed with a reduced pension. Joyce began his education in 1888 at Clongowes Wood College , a Jesuit boarding school near Clane , County Kildare, but had to leave in 1891 when his father could no longer pay the fees. He studied at home and briefly attended
27540-481: Was the birthplace of the idea for " The Dead ", which would become the final story of Dubliners , and for Ulysses , which was originally conceived as a short story. His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for Exiles . While there, he read the socialist historian Guglielmo Ferrero in depth. Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews would find their way into Ulysses , particularly in
27710-481: Was the birthplace of the idea for " The Dead ", which would become the final story of Dubliners , and for Ulysses , which was originally conceived as a short story. His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for Exiles . While there, he read the socialist historian Guglielmo Ferrero in depth. Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews would find their way into Ulysses , particularly in
27880-422: Was to market Work in Progress to a larger audience. Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as Finnegans Wake in 1939, the same year he completed it. It was published in London by Faber and Faber with the assistance of T. S. Eliot. Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations, but his vision severely declined. By 1930, he was practically blind in
28050-422: Was to market Work in Progress to a larger audience. Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as Finnegans Wake in 1939, the same year he completed it. It was published in London by Faber and Faber with the assistance of T. S. Eliot. Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations, but his vision severely declined. By 1930, he was practically blind in
28220-546: Was unable to find one, so he submitted it to a Dublin publisher, Maunsel and Company, owned by George Roberts . In July 1909, Joyce received a year's advance payment from one of his students and returned to Ireland to introduce Giorgio to both sides of the family, his own in Dublin and Nora's in Galway. He unsuccessfully applied for the position of Chair of Italian at his alma mater , which had become University College Dublin. He met with Roberts, who seemed positive about publishing
28390-497: Was unable to find one, so he submitted it to a Dublin publisher, Maunsel and Company, owned by George Roberts . In July 1909, Joyce received a year's advance payment from one of his students and returned to Ireland to introduce Giorgio to both sides of the family, his own in Dublin and Nora's in Galway. He unsuccessfully applied for the position of Chair of Italian at his alma mater , which had become University College Dublin. He met with Roberts, who seemed positive about publishing
28560-552: Was used on naval warships. He became successful in growing the business, and after trips to France and Germany set up a branch of the company in England. Svevo lived for part of his life in Charlton , south-east London, while working for a family firm. He documented this period in his letters to his wife, which highlighted the cultural differences he encountered in Edwardian England. His old home at 67 Charlton Church Lane now carries
28730-514: Was working in Dublin as a chambermaid. They had their first outing together on 16 June 1904, walking through the Dublin suburb of Ringsend , where Nora masturbated him. This event was commemorated as the date for the action of Ulysses , known in popular culture as " Bloomsday " in honour of the novel's main character Leopold Bloom . This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died. Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been carousing with his colleagues, approached
28900-514: Was working in Dublin as a chambermaid. They had their first outing together on 16 June 1904, walking through the Dublin suburb of Ringsend , where Nora masturbated him. This event was commemorated as the date for the action of Ulysses , known in popular culture as " Bloomsday " in honour of the novel's main character Leopold Bloom . This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died. Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been carousing with his colleagues, approached
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