Misplaced Pages

#798201

68-421: Sveti Stefan consists of a small island now connected to the mainland by a narrow tombolo and the mainland part, where most of the residents live. The island has a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) coast line in the central part of Montenegro Adriatic coast line. It is situated to the south of Budva between Pržno and Petrovac na Moru . The pink sandy beaches of Sveti Stefan, Miločer Beach, and Queen's Beach are part of

136-609: A Venetian calque of the Montenegrin phrase " Crna Gora ", meaning literally "Black Mountain", deriving from the appearance of Mount Lovćen which was covered in dense evergreen forests. Crna Gora was mentioned for the first time in edicts issued by Stefan Uroš I to the Serbian Orthodox Zeta Episcopate seat at Vranjina island in Lake Skadar . It came to denote the majority of contemporary Montenegro in

204-413: A federation . In June 2006 Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia and Montenegro following an independence referendum , creating Montenegro and Serbia as they exist today. Montenegro is therefore one of the newest internationally recognised countries in the world. Montenegro has an upper-middle-income economy , mostly service-based , and is in late transition to a market economy . It

272-458: A Cigar Room. Tombolo A tombolo is a sandy or shingle isthmus . A tombolo, from the Italian tombolo , meaning 'pillow' or 'cushion', and sometimes translated incorrectly as ayre (an ayre is a shingle beach of any kind), is a deposition landform by which an island becomes attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar . Once attached, the island

340-430: A beached shipwreck can change the way that waves move, leading to different deposition of sediments. Sea level rise may also contribute to accretion, as material is pushed up with rising sea levels. Tombolos are more prone to natural fluctuations of profile and area as a result of tidal and weather events than a normal beach is. Because of this susceptibility to weathering, tombolos are sometimes made more sturdy through

408-542: A legend recounted by Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša , the town fortification was funded after Paštrovići looted Turkish ships moored in front of Jaz during Barbarossa 's siege of Kotor in 1539 . The town was razed shortly after, during the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War . After continuous pleas by Paštrovići, the Venetian Republic agreed to rebuild it in the 16th century. In the 15th century, the fortified village

476-490: A luxury hotel and moved the remaining inhabitants to the mainland, and the island village became an exclusive resort frequented by high-profile elites of the world. One of the four churches belonging to Praskvica Monastery on Sveti Stefan was turned into a casino by the government. The resort was visited by many celebrities, including Orson Welles , Elizabeth Taylor , Sophia Loren , Marilyn Monroe , Princess Margaret , Carlo Ponti , Ingemar Stenmark , and Kirk Douglas . It

544-519: A member of NATO in June 2017, despite attempts by Russia to sabotage it, an event that triggered a promise of retaliatory actions from Russia's government . Montenegro has been in negotiations with the EU since 2012. In 2018, the earlier goal of acceding by 2022 was revised to 2025. Legislation is being passed bringing Montenegro law in line with EU membership requirements. In April 2018, Milo Djukanovic ,

612-574: A new agreement for continued cooperation and entered into negotiations regarding the future status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . This resulted in the Belgrade Agreement, which saw the country's transformation into a more decentralised state union named Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. The Belgrade Agreement also contained a provision delaying any future referendum on the independence of Montenegro for at least three years. The status of

680-634: A puppet Kingdom of Montenegro . In May, the Montenegrin branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia started preparations for an uprising planned for mid-July. The Communist Party and its Youth League organised 6,000 of its members into detachments prepared for guerrilla warfare . According to some historians, the first armed uprising in Nazi -occupied Europe happened on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro. Unexpectedly,

748-619: Is Podgorica , while Cetinje is the Old Royal Capital and cultural centre. Before the arrival of the Slav peoples in the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the area now known as Montenegro was inhabited principally by people known as Illyrians . During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja , roughly corresponding to

SECTION 10

#1733104270799

816-509: Is a 5-star franchise hotel of the international group of Aman Resorts , completed in 2009 and operating under a 30-year lease. The hotel has been closed since early 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic , and remains closed with no announced reopening date. In communication to guests and media, Aman has indicated security concerns and conflicts with government entities as reasons for continued closure. The Aman Sveti Stefan resort has 58 guest rooms, cottages, and suites, including 8 suites that are part of

884-604: Is a country in Southeastern Europe , on the Balkan Peninsula . Its 25 municipalities have a total population of 633,158 people in an area of 13,812 km (5,333 sq mi). It is bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city

952-1146: Is a member of the United Nations , NATO , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the Council of Europe , and the Central European Free Trade Agreement . Montenegro is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean , and has been in the process of joining the European Union since 2012. Montenegro's ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ɪ ˈ n iː ɡ r oʊ , - ˈ n eɪ ɡ r oʊ , - ˈ n ɛ ɡ r oʊ / MON -tin- E(E)G -roh, -⁠ AY -groh ; Montenegrin : Crna Gora / Црна Гора ; Albanian : Mali i Zi ) English name derives from

1020-572: Is then known as a tied island . Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level are called a tombolo cluster . Two or more tombolos may form an enclosure (called a lagoon ) that can eventually fill with sediment. The shoreline moves toward the island (or detached breakwater ) owing to the accretion of sand in the lee of the island, where wave energy and longshore drift are reduced and therefore deposition of sand occurs. True tombolos are formed by wave refraction and diffraction . As waves near an island, they are slowed by

1088-902: The Bay of Kotor . After the second session of the AVNOJ during World War II in Yugoslavia , the contemporary modern state of Montenegro was founded as the Federal State of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Савезна држава Црне Горе / Savezna država Crne Gore ) on 15 November 1943 within the Yugoslav Federation by the ZAVNOCGB . After the war, Montenegro became a republic under its name, the People's Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Народна Република Црна Гора / Narodna Republika Crna Gora ) on 29 November 1945. In 1963, it

1156-736: The Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Empire, de facto recognizing Montenegro's independence. In the Battle of Vučji Do Montenegrins inflicted a major defeat on the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha . In the aftermath of the Russian victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , the major powers restructured

1224-518: The Isle of Portland , which it has reached. In this and similar cases like Cádiz , while the strip of beach material connected to the island may be technically called a tombolo because it links the island to the land, it is better thought of in terms of its formation as a spit , because the sand or shingle ridge is parallel rather than at right angles to the coast. Tombolos demonstrate the sensitivity of shorelines . A small piece of land, such as an island, or

1292-599: The Karađorđević dynasty and opposing communism went on to become Chetniks , and turned to collaboration with Italians against the Partisans. War broke out between Partisans and Chetniks during the first half of 1942. Pressured by Italians and Chetniks, the core of the Montenegrin Partisans went to Serbia and Bosnia, where they joined with other Yugoslav Partisans. Fighting between Partisans and Chetniks continued through

1360-840: The Liberal Alliance of Montenegro , the Social Democratic and Socialist Parties, as well as minority parties such as the Democratic League in Montenegro , leading to a relatively low turnout of 66%. During the 1991–1995 Bosnian War and Croatian War , Montenegrin police and military forces, under orders of president Momir Bulatovic and Interior Minister Pavle Bulatovic joined Serbian troops in attacks on Dubrovnik , Croatia. These operations, aimed at acquiring more territory, were characterised by large-scale violations of human rights. Montenegrin General Pavle Strugar

1428-707: The Neretva River. Nicholas's grandson, the Serb King Alexander I , dominated the Yugoslav government. Zeta Banovina was one of nine banovinas that formed the kingdom; it consisted of the present-day Montenegro and parts of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia. In April 1941, Nazi Germany , the Kingdom of Italy , and other Axis allies attacked and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Italian forces occupied Montenegro and established

SECTION 20

#1733104270799

1496-646: The 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro ( Zeta ) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family , then the Crnojević noble family , and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora . In 1421, Zeta was annexed to the Serbian Despotate , but after 1455, another noble family from Zeta, the Crnojevićs , became sovereign rulers of

1564-583: The 15th century. Modern-day Montenegro was more and more known by that name in the historical period following the fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1459. Originally, it had referred to only a small strip of land under the rule of the Paštrovići tribe, but the name eventually came to be used for the wider mountainous region after the Crnojević noble family took power in Upper Zeta . The aforementioned region became known as Stara Crna Gora ' Old Montenegro ' by

1632-491: The 19th century to distinguish the independent region from the neighbouring Ottoman-occupied Montenegrin territory of Brda (the "Highlands"). Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century, as the result of wars against the Ottoman Empire , which saw the annexation of Old Herzegovina and parts of Metohija and southern Raška . Its borders have changed little since then, losing Metohija and gaining

1700-517: The 2011 census, the town has a population of 364. Population by ethnicity in 2011: Aman Sveti Stefan (formerly Sveti Stefan Hotel ) is a hotel resort in the town of Sveti Stefan, on the Adriatic coast of Montenegro . The resort includes the islet of Sveti Stefan and part of the mainland, where the Villa Miločer ( pronounced [vîla mîlɔ̝tʃe̞r] ) part of the resort is located. The hotel

1768-637: The German Deutsche Mark as its currency and subsequently adopted the euro , although not part of the Eurozone . Subsequent governments pursued pro-independence policies, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite political changes in Belgrade . Targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during Operation Allied Force in 1999, although the extent of these attacks was limited in both time and area affected. In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to

1836-458: The Montenegrin opposition, Serbian nationals and Russian agents; the coup was prevented. In 2017, fourteen people, including two Russian nationals and two Montenegrin opposition leaders, Andrija Mandić and Milan Knežević , were indicted for their alleged roles in the coup attempt on charges such as "preparing a conspiracy against the constitutional order and the security of Montenegro" and an "attempted terrorist act." Montenegro formally became

1904-568: The Ottoman Empire that permitted Montenegrin clans freedom from certain restrictions. Nevertheless, the Montenegrins were disgruntled with Ottoman rule, and in the 17th century, repeatedly rebelled, which culminated in the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century. Montenegrin territories were controlled by warlike clans. Most clans had a chieftain ( knez ), who

1972-418: The Ottoman Empire. Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in about 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II in 1909. The political skills of Abdul Hamid II and Nicholas I played a major role in the mutually amicable relations. Modernization of the state followed, culminating with the draft of a Constitution in 1905. However, political rifts emerged between

2040-707: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE), and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation." Furthermore,

2108-515: The Partisans in May and June 1943, Germans disarmed many Chetniks without fighting, as they feared they would turn against them in case of an Allied invasion of the Balkans. After the capitulation of Italy in September 1943, Partisans managed to take hold of most of Montenegro for a brief time, but Montenegro was soon occupied by German forces , and fierce fighting continued during late 1943 and 1944. Montenegro

Sveti Stefan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-548: The Villa Miločer. The Villa Miločer was built between 1934 and 1936 as the summer residence of Queen Marija Karađorđević (1900–1961). Out of the eight suites of Villa Miločer, two are Queen Marija Suites forming an annex structure. The main dining of the resort on the island of Sveti Stefan is The Piazza, an open-air square in the heart of the island's village which includes the Taverna , Enoteca , Pasticceria , an Antipasti Bar, and

2244-415: The breakup of Yugoslavia by Milo Đukanović (four-time prime minister and also twice president), accused of having established an authoritarianism and clientelist regime, while maintaining close relations with organized crime . The massive privatizations of the Đukanović era lead to the enrichment of him and oligarchs close to him. His brother Aleksandar, owner of Montenegro's first private bank, oversaw

2312-477: The city of Budva , in that time known as "Budua". The Venetian territory was centred on the Bay of Kotor , and the Republic introduced governors who meddled in Montenegrin politics. Venice controlled territories in present-day Montenegro until its fall in 1797. Large portions fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire from 1496 to 1878. In the 16th century, Montenegro developed a unique form of autonomy within

2380-623: The coastline. The island encompasses an area of 12,400 m (133,000 sq ft). The earliest record of Sveti Stefan is as the capital of the Paštrovići community, which became a protectorate of the Republic of Venice in 1423, having been independent since the twelfth century. The Paštrovići accepted Venetian sovereignty because they were fearful of attack from the Turks . They retained considerable autonomy and paid no tribute to Venice, in return for ceasing piracy against Venetian ships. According to

2448-563: The construction of roads or parking lots. The sediments that make up a tombolo are coarser towards the bottom and finer towards the surface. It is easy to see this pattern when the waves are destructive and wash away finer grained material at the top, revealing coarser sands and cobbles as the base. Some of these may be simple isthmuses, and not have the deposition creation that defines a true tombolo. Montenegro in Europe  (dark grey)  –  [ Legend ] Montenegro

2516-475: The country, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the Ottomans in 1496, and got annexed to the sanjak of Shkodër . For a short time, Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous sanjak in 1514–1528 ( Sanjak of Montenegro ). Also, Old Herzegovina region was part of Sanjak of Herzegovina . From 1392, numerous parts of the territory were controlled by Republic of Venice , including

2584-508: The electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member-states of the European Union, and the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council all recognised Montenegro's independence. The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an OSCE / ODIHR team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from CDT (OSCE PA),

2652-552: The fighters laid down their arms and returned home. Nevertheless, intense guerrilla fighting lasted until December. Fighters who remained under arms fractured into two groups. Most of them went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans, consisting of communists and those inclined towards active resistance; these included Arso Jovanović , Sava Kovačević , Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo , Milovan Đilas , Peko Dapčević , Vlado Dapčević , Veljko Vlahović , and Blažo Jovanović . Those loyal to

2720-657: The island, inviting international bids for a revitalization project. The contract was awarded to Aman Resorts in 2007, and the refurbished resort was completed in 2009. The Aman Sveti Stefan has a 30-year lease. On 13 July 2010 Montenegrin Statehood Day , Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli gave a concert at the resort to mark the Golden Jubilee of the hotel. The hotel won the Hotel of the Year award from Gallivanter's Guide in 2010. According to

2788-643: The map of the Balkan region. The Ottoman Empire recognised the independence of Montenegro in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The first Montenegrin constitution (also known as the Danilo Code) was proclaimed in 1855. Under Nicholas I (ruled 1860–1918), the principality was enlarged several times in the Montenegro-Turkish Wars and was recognised as independent in 1878. Nicholas I established diplomatic relations with

Sveti Stefan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-407: The next few decades, it expanded its territory to neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia, and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the beginning of the 12th century. After King Bodin's death (in 1101 or 1108), civil wars ensued. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–1081), and his grandson Constantine Bodin (1081–1101). As the nobility fought for

2924-690: The northern part of the country, compared to 3.9 per cent in the coastal region, while a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line (2018). The Law on the Status of the Descendants of the Petrović Njegoš Dynasty was passed by the Parliament of Montenegro on 12 July 2011. It rehabilitated the Royal House of Montenegro and recognised limited symbolic roles within the constitutional framework of

2992-507: The occupation, King Nicholas fled the country and established a government-in-exile in Bordeaux . In 1922, Montenegro formally became the Oblast of Cetinje in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , with the addition of the coastal areas around Budva and Bay of Kotor . In a further restructuring in 1929, it became a part of a larger Zeta Banate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that reached

3060-400: The privatizations, while his sister, Ana Kolarevic, has long controlled the judiciary. The clientelist networks of the ruling party dominated all segments of social life. A party card was required to start a business or obtain a position in the administration. This policy also contributed to the reinforcement of regional disparities and social inequalities. Unemployment climbs to 36.6 per cent in

3128-399: The reigning People's Party , who supported the process of democratisation and union with Serbia, and those of the True People's Party , who were monarchist. In 1910, Montenegro became a kingdom , and as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, a common border with Serbia was established, with Shkodër being awarded to Albania , though the current capital city of Montenegro, Podgorica,

3196-474: The report stated that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights." On 3 June 2006, the Montenegrin Parliament declared the independence of Montenegro, formally confirming the result of the referendum. On 28 June 2006, Montenegro joined the United Nations as its 192nd member state. Montenegro has been dominated since

3264-422: The republic's title. Since 22 October 2007, a year after its independence, the name of the country became simply known as Montenegro . The country is known as Mali i Zi (lit. black mountain) in Albanian , while it is known as Crna Gora in Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian , and Croatian . Modern-day Montenegro was part of Illyria and populated by the Indo-European-speaking Illyrians . The Illyrian kingdom

3332-423: The republic. In 2015, the investigative journalists' network OCCRP named Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister Milo Đukanović "Person of the Year in Organized Crime". The extent of Đukanović's corruption led to street demonstrations and calls for his removal. In October 2016, for the day of the parliamentary election , a coup d'état was prepared by a group of persons that included leaders of

3400-413: The rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first as a theocracy and later as a secular principality . Montenegro's independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1910, the country became a kingdom . After World War I , the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia , the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together proclaimed

3468-407: The shallow water surrounding it. These waves then bend around the island to the opposite side as they approach. The wave pattern created by this water movement causes a convergence of longshore drift on the opposite side of the island. The beach sediments that are moving by lateral transport on the lee side of the island will accumulate there, conforming to the shape of the wave pattern. In other words,

SECTION 50

#1733104270799

3536-487: The southern half; Travunia , the west; and Rascia proper, the north. The Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries. From the late 14th century to the late 18th century, large parts of southern Montenegro were ruled by the Venetian Republic and incorporated into Venetian Albania . The name Montenegro was first used to refer to the country in the late 15th century. After falling under Ottoman Empire rule, Montenegro gained semi-autonomy in 1696 under

3604-400: The throne, the kingdom was weakened, and by 1186, the territory of modern-day Montenegro became part of the state ruled by Stefan Nemanja and was a part of various state formations ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for the next two centuries. After the Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, the most powerful Zetan family, the Balšićs , became sovereigns of Zeta. By

3672-404: The union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by a referendum on Montenegrin independence on 21 May 2006. A total of 419,240 votes were cast, representing 86.5% of the electorate; 230,661 votes (55.5%) were for independence and 185,002 votes (44.5%) were against. This narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to

3740-492: The uprising took hold, and by 20 July, 32,000 men and women had joined the fight. Except for the coast and major towns (Podgorica, Cetinje, Pljevlja, and Nikšić), which were besieged, Montenegro was mostly liberated. In a month of fighting, the Italian army suffered 5,000 dead, wounded, and captured. The uprising lasted until mid-August, when it was suppressed by a counter-offensive of 67,000 Italian troops brought in from Albania. Faced with new and overwhelming Italian forces, many of

3808-416: The war. Chetniks with Italian backing controlled most of the country from mid-1942 to April 1943. Montenegrin Chetniks received the status of "anti-communist militia" and received weapons, ammunition, food rations, and money from Italy. Most of them were moved to Mostar , where they fought in the Battle of Neretva against the Partisans, but were dealt a heavy defeat. During German operation Schwartz against

3876-427: The waves sweep sediment together from both sides. Eventually, when enough sediment has built up, the beach shoreline, known as a spit, will connect with an island and form a tombolo. In the case of longshore drift due to an oblique wave direction, like at Chesil Beach or Spurn Head , the flow of material is along the coast in a movement which is not determined by wave diffraction around the now tied island , such as

3944-412: Was "Vladika of Montenegro"). People from Montenegro in this historical period were described as Orthodox Serbs. In 1858, one of the major Montenegrin victories over the Ottomans occurred at the Battle of Grahovac . Grand Duke Mirko Petrović , elder brother of Knjaz Danilo , led an army of 7,500 and defeated the numerically superior Ottomans with 15,000 troops at Grahovac on 1 May 1858. This forced

4012-404: Was built to defend against the Turks and became a haven for pirates of the Adriatic . Initially, the island with its fortress had twelve families. In the 1800s, a village was established on the island with a population of about 400 people. Villa Miločer was built between 1934 and 1936 as the summer residence of Queen Marija Karađorđević (1900–1961) of the Karađorđević family of Serbia , which

4080-404: Was conquered by the Roman Republic in the Illyro-Roman Wars and the region was incorporated into the province of Illyricum (later Dalmatia and Praevalitana ). Three principalities were located on the territory: Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia , the west, and Raška , the north. Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Roman Empire in 1042. Over

4148-405: Was convicted for his part in the bombing of Dubrovnik. Bosnian refugees were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča , where they were subjected to systematic torture and executed. In 1996, Milo Đukanović 's government severed ties between Montenegro and its partner Serbia, which was led by Slobodan Milošević . Montenegro formed its own economic policy and adopted

SECTION 60

#1733104270799

4216-412: Was described as "a '70s Adriatic playground on a hilly peninsula that's barely connected to the mainland". It was also a venue for political conferences and an occasional chess venue, attracting top-class players such as Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer . However, the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s brought a decline to the resort. The Government of Montenegro proposed to recreate the old charm of

4284-424: Was established until the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ratified a new constitution in 1974. After the formal dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller Federal Republic of Yugoslavia along with Serbia. In the referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia in 1992 , 96% of the votes cast were in favour of the federation with Serbia. The referendum was boycotted by opposition parties such as

4352-419: Was liberated by the Partisans in December 1944. Montenegro became one of the six constituent republics of the communist Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Its capital became Podgorica, renamed Titograd in honour of President Josip Broz Tito . After the war, the infrastructure of Yugoslavia was rebuilt, industrialization began, and the University of Montenegro was established. Greater autonomy

4420-421: Was not permitted to assume the title unless he proved to be as worthy a leader as his predecessor. An assembly of Montenegrin clans ( Zbor ) was held every year on 12 July in Cetinje, and any adult clansman could take part. In 1515, Montenegro became a theocracy led by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral , which flourished after the Petrović-Njegoš of Cetinje became the prince-bishop (whose title

4488-462: Was on the old border of Albania and Yugoslavia. Montenegro became one of the Allied Powers during World War I (1914–1918). In the Battle of Mojkovac fought in January 1916 between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegrins achieved a decisive victory even though they were outnumbered five to one. The Austro-Hungarians accepted military surrender on 25 January 1916. From 1916 to October 1918 Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro. During

4556-448: Was refurbished as part of the Aman Sveti Stefan resorts that opened in 2008–2009. The villa, surrounded by 800 olive trees, is laid out over a 32-hectare (79-acre) plot. The population of the island declined in the first half of the twentieth century, as residents left to join the armed forces or to move overseas. From 400 inhabitants in the nineteenth century, there were just 20 remaining by 1954. The Yugoslav government converted it into

4624-406: Was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора / Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora ). As the breakup of Yugoslavia occurred, the SRCG was renamed to the Republic of Montenegro ( Montenegrin : Република Црна Гора / Republika Crna Gora ) on 27 April 1992 within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by removing the adjective "socialist" from

#798201