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56-580: The Airport Rail Link (ARL) ( Thai : รถไฟฟ้าแอร์พอร์ต เรล ลิงก์ ) is an express and commuter rail line in Bangkok , Thailand . The line provides an airport rail link from Suvarnabhumi Airport , via Makkasan station , to Phaya Thai station in central Bangkok. Most of the line is on a viaduct over the main eastern railway. It is owned by State Railway of Thailand (SRT) and, since 2021, operated by Asia Era One Company Limited . The 28.6-kilometer (17.8 mi)-long Airport Rail Link opened for service on 23 August 2010. The airport link contract

112-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of

168-551: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

224-543: A 4 months auction period before the successful bidder is awarded. The cost of the project is estimated to be over 200 billion baht, of which the Thai Government will fund 123 billion baht and the private sector estimated to contribute 90 billion baht. As of April 2020, the Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao rail connection was still described as is a "proposed railway". It has been envisaged to partly run as

280-621: A baggage car with no passenger seating The other five City Line trains—three cars, blue colour—are used for commuter City Line service stopping at all eight stations on the Airport Line. Since the suspension of the Express Services in September 2014, all Express sets have been used as all stop City Line services. In 2017, the SRTET commenced refurbishment of the four Express trains to install seating in

336-609: A day on weekdays and 40,000 a day on weekends in 2015. As of May 2018, the daily average is around 72,000 passengers and overcrowding is still a major problem during peak periods due to insufficient rolling stock with only 7 of the 9 trains operational. The commuter/suburban City Line stops at all eight stations. It is used by many residents and students in the eastern suburbs as well as airport staff. The City Line has suffered from significant overcrowding since 2012. City Line units allow passengers to bring bicycles during off peak periods and on weekends, but excessively large bags for trips to

392-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

448-510: A high-speed line. In October 2021, state authorities announced that the link connecting all three airports will be ready in four years. In July 2022, the government announced construction would begin in October 2022, and be competed in 2026. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by

504-627: A month. All check-in services ceased in September 2014 when the Express service was suspended. The line is 28.6 km (17.8 mi) long and is elevated, running above the existing eastern railway, with an underground terminal at the airport. Commuter trips take 27 minutes from Phaya Thai to Suvarnabhumi Airport. Unlike most railways in Thailand, which use meter-gauge railways , the Airport Rail Link uses standard-gauge railways . The Airport Rail Link

560-461: A period of two years. Construction resumed along the elevated line to the station at Don Mueang International Airport in late 2016. In February 2015, the Thai Cabinet approved a budget for land appropriation with the expectation that the extension would be tendered later in 2015. However, this did not occur and there was no advance on the project in 2016. In 2017 that the Thai Government decided that

616-469: A series of legal challenges from squatters and property owners who had encroached on SRT's land, repeatedly delayed the project. Initial test runs were conducted in October 2009, with a free limited trial service open to the public running from April 2010. Full commercial services were launched on 23 August 2010. It was initially operated by the S.R.T. Electrified Train Company (SRTET), a wholly-owned subsidiary of

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672-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

728-443: Is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form

784-507: Is electrified via overhead lines at 25 kV 50 Hz AC . All stations were built to accommodate 10-car trains, and the express train platform of Makkasan station and all platforms at Suvarnabhumi are fitted with platform automatic screen doors . The top speed is 160 km/h (99 mph), but the short distances between the stations do not permit commuter services to reach that speed. At Makkasan and Suvarnabhumi, both lines have their own tracks and platforms. At Hua Mak

840-525: Is part of the Eastern Economic Corridor of Thailand . A HSR line to the eastern seaboard was first proposed in 1996 but there was no progress for over a decade. In 2009, the government requested the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) to create a plan for new HSR network in Thailand that included an eastern HSR line to Rayong. The route was finalised before the 2011 election with

896-528: The Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It

952-812: The Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao high-speed railway is complete. Standard fare for the City Line is between 15 and 45 baht depending on distance. (The Express Line was priced between 90/150 baht for one way/return). From 4 January 2011, a baggage check-in service began for passengers traveling on flights operated by Thai Airways , 08:00–21:00. Passengers checking in at Makkasan station (the city air terminal) were required to purchase an Express Line ticket and check in at least between 3 and 12 hours prior to flight departure. Bangkok Airways discontinued baggage check-in service in this facility on 13 June 2011. However, very few passengers—20 or fewer per day—used

1008-530: The Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao high-speed railway . Services originally consisted of both express services and the City Line, a commuter rail service with eight stations. However, since September 2014, all express services have been suspended indefinitely due to a shortage of rolling stock availability. The ARL operates daily from 05:30 to 24:00, with services departing every 10–11 minutes during peak hours (06:00-09:00 and 16:00-20:00) and every 12–13 minutes off peak and weekends. The number of passengers using

1064-459: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

1120-510: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on

1176-496: The State Railway of Thailand (SRT). In October 2021 operation of the line was transferred to a new special-purpose vehicle led by the consortium of Charoen Pokphand (CP) Holding and partners including Ch. Karnchang PLC. (CK), Bangkok Expressway and Metro PLC. (BEM), Italian-Thai Development PLC. (ITD) and China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC) and the service rebranded as AERA1 City . The consortium will also operate

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1232-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

1288-569: The Makkasan station check-in service. The SRTET stated that they wanted to encourage further airlines to use the City check in service in early 2014 with a target of 1,000 people a day by late 2014. However, in July 2014 the SRTET stated that it would most likely cease check-in operations as only 10 people were using it a day with only 200 pieces of luggage checked in each month. The service was costing SRTET 5.27m baht

1344-615: The SRT agreed that by extending the line to terminate at Don Mueang it would effectively include the long delayed extension of the Airport Rail Link (Bangkok) from Makkasan Station to Don Mueang Airport as part of the project. The Eastern Economic Corridor Office (EEC Office) in October 2017 finalised previous OTP plans to build the 10 station Eastern HSR line linking Don Mueang Airport, Bang Sue, Makkasan, Suvarnabhumi Airport, Chonburi, Si Racha, Pattaya, U-Tapao Airport, and Rayong. In early-2018,

1400-399: The Thai Cabinet approved a budget of 5.2 billion baht for the SRT to order seven new, four car sets of Siemens Desiro rolling stock to be delivered by 2014. However, as of June 2013 no orders for new rolling stock had been placed. Four Express trains—four cars, red colour—were used for the two separate express service between Makkasan and Phaya Thai and Suvarnabhumi Airport. The fourth car is

1456-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

1512-419: The airport can be difficult during peak periods. The system has come under some local scrutiny for this. On 1 June 2011, additional Express Line services became available between Phaya Thai station and the airport with a journey time of 18 minutes. This resulted in two distinct Express Services: one to/from Phaya Thai with a 60-minute headway; and one to/from Makkasan Terminal also with a 60-minute headway. This

1568-633: The bidding process. In early 2017, the SRT Deputy Director stated that the new rolling stock would be tendered and a contract signed by the end of 2017. However, in January 2018 the SRT stated that the purchase would be delayed until the finalisation of the Eastern high speed line tender as rolling stock for this line would be used on the extended ARL. Since its inception, the ARL was intended to be extended north to

1624-541: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

1680-528: The eastern HSR route and suggested that it could be extended to Don Mueang International Airport beyond the terminus at Bang Sue Intercity Terminal thus providing a link with three airports. Extending the line would provide a link between Don Mueang Airport, Suvarnabhumi Airport, and U-Tapao International Airport in Ban Chang District . During 2017, OTP and the Ministry of Transport in consultation with

1736-737: The express line can bypass the city line via a passing loop. Nine four-car and three-car Siemens Desiro EMUs based on the British Rail Class 360 are used. The only significant difference from the UK units is a much larger air conditioning pod on the roof, providing extra cooling to cope with the Thai climate. As with other Class 360 units, the trains were built in Krefeld , Germany – and were delivered from 2007, and testing in Bangkok began in March 2008. On 15 May 2012

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1792-530: The fourth car in order to increase passenger capacity. Approval was granted by the Transport Ministry (MOT) for the SRT to purchase seven new, four car sets of rolling stock in early 2012 due to overcrowding and the urgent need to provide extra rolling stock. During 2013, the MOT reviewed the purchase intention to consider cheaper Chinese rolling stock. In December 2013, the Thai Cabinet approved 4.9 billion baht for

1848-488: The latter half of 2013. The political crisis in the last three months of 2013 and early-2014 delayed any further progress of the project. The military coup of May 2014 resulted in a military administration which did not fund the project in 2014. The ARL was intended to be the backbone of a future high speed rail line (HSR) to Chonburi and Rayong – originally scheduled to be completed by 2018. The military coup of May 2014 subsequently resulted in deferring all HSR line proposals for

1904-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

1960-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

2016-534: The new SRT Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal and ultimately Don Mueang Airport (DMK). This would use the SRT Dark Red Line and main SRT north line corridor. The 21.8 km (13.5 mi) extension—3.5 km (2.2 mi) underground and 18.3 km (11.4 mi) elevated—would consist of five stations beyond the current terminus at Phaya Thai: Ratchawithi (underground), Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal, Bang Khen, Laksi, and Don Mueang. Originally, it

2072-462: The new Eastern high speed line would originate at Don Mueang Airport, and not Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal. Thus, this project effectively became the ARL extension to Don Mueang Airport as it will use the ARL track and stations. In early 2018, the SRT stated that the Eastern HSR line section from Phaya Thai to Krung Thep Aphiwat and Don Mueang Airport is expected to be tendered by May 2018 with

2128-661: The next 15 years and 60 million passengers in the next 20 years," Mr Kanit said. Without specifying a time frame, he said the route will generate a return of 700 billion baht. It is expected to create 19,000 new jobs in the EEC according to the Employers Confederation of Thai Trade and Industry. Two rival consortia vied for the airport link contract. The Charoen Pokphand (CP) Group-led consortium consisting of Italian-Thai Development , China Railway Construction Corporation Ltd , CH. Karnchang, and Bangkok Expressway and Metro , won

2184-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

2240-496: The private sector estimated to contribute 90 billion baht. Trains on the route are projected to have a speed of 250 kilometres per hour over the 220 km distance when it opens. According to Kanit Sangsubhan, Secretary-General of the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) Office, tourist numbers will increase by eight percent due to the train. "It will handle 15 million passengers in the next five years, 30 million passengers in

2296-469: The project had been completed. Many idle pillars left from BERTS stood in the way of the new system. After an extensive debate and an engineering review on their suitability for use in the ARL project—and demands for compensation from Hopewell—the SRT eventually decided to demolish the pillars and build new ones. Originally scheduled to be completed by 2007, the Hopewell debacle, an extended bidding process, and

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2352-563: The project with a 224 billion baht bid in December 2018. Their winning bid is valid until 8 November 2019. Until 16 October 2019, the consortium had refused to sign the contract, citing land expropriation and eviction problems and the consortium's request that the government share the risk in the project. Negotiations were further complicated by the resignation of the entire board of the State Railway. On 16 October 2019, news reports announced that

2408-480: The promise to begin construction the next year if the government was re-elected, but they lost the election. After the 2011 election, the new government reviewed all HSR plans and the SRT stated that the line would be tendered in early-2014. After the May 2014 coup there were further delays while the military government reviewed all HSR lines, initially deferring all projects. In early-2016, the government agreed to proceed with

2464-513: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as

2520-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

2576-498: The section to Rayong was excluded due to environmental and safety concerns and it was decided that the line would terminate at U-Tapao Airport. The SRT stated that the first tenders for the Eastern HSR line are expected to be tendered by May 2018 with a four month auction period before the contract is awarded. The cost of the project was estimated to be over 200 billion baht, of which the Thai Government would fund 123 billion baht and

2632-545: The service in the first three years of operation was about half that projected. The SRT estimated about 95,000 passengers total per day, but the actual ridership was about 40,000, including 38,000 for the City Line and 2,500 for the Express Line. Airport Rail Link, a subsidiary of the SRT set up to operate the Airport Link services, has operated at a loss since the start of its operations. The ARL averaged around 56,000 passengers

2688-476: The seven new sets of rolling stock. As of mid-2014, a supplier had not been selected, but the SRT indicated its intention to invite bidders to tender for new rolling stock in September 2014. This was subsequently delayed with the SRT expecting to conduct an e-tender in April 2015 with a schedule to sign the contract by June 2015. However, a subsequent tender was suspended in 2016 after allegations of corruption surrounding

2744-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

2800-457: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Don Mueang%E2%80%93Suvarnabhumi%E2%80%93U-Tapao high-speed railway This project

2856-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

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2912-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

2968-524: Was due to a design flaw in the original laying of the rail which meant that the Express Line track terminates at Makkasan and does not connect with the City Line track which run on the outer side of the Express line, to Phaya Thai. The SRT allocated 17m baht in Feb 2012 to rectify this problem. As of early 2018 the two tracks had still not been connected. At the end of April 2014, the Phaya Thai Express service

3024-457: Was signed in January 2005, and construction began in July 2005. The line was built by a consortium of B.Grimm , STECON, and Siemens . The cost of the project was 25.9 billion baht . The line is built largely along the same alignment as the failed Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System (BERTS) project, which was started by Hopewell Holdings and ceased construction in 1997, when only 10 percent of

3080-571: Was suspended for 12 months due to insufficient rolling stock being available while long term, overhaul maintenance of the express rolling stock was undertaken. Thereafter, the hourly Makkasan Express service was only averaging 400 passengers a day. Subsequently, in September 2014 the SRTET decided to suspend the Makkasan Express due to low passenger numbers and insufficient rolling stock. There have been no Express Services since this time. It will eventually be replaced with high speed train services once

3136-409: Was thought that work on the extension would not commence until after 2016. However, the Thai Cabinet designated a two-airport policy in March 2012 encouraging airlines, particularly low-cost carriers, to move to Don Mueang Airport. This resulted in an advance of the ARL extension timeline. The SRT budgeted for the extension in its 2013 budget and the 27 billion baht extension was planned to be tendered in

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