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53-494: (Redirected from Surui ) Suruí may refer to: The Suruí, or Paiter , an indigenous people of Rondônia, Brazil Surui language , language of the Paiter people Suruí do Pará people , an indigenous people of Pará, Brazil Suruí do Pará language Suruí River , a river in Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil BYD Surui ,

106-571: A sink of greenhouse gases . The REDD+ mechanism addresses both issues of emission reduction and enhanced removal of greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases from forest land can be reduced by slowing down the rates of deforestation and forest degradation, covered by REDD+ eligible activities . Another option would be some form of reduced impact logging in commercial logging, under the REDD+ eligible activity of sustainable management of forests. Removals of greenhouse gases (specifically CO 2 ) from

159-614: A clear distinction is no accident. FAO forest definitions date from 1948 and define forest only by the number, height, and canopy cover of trees in an area. Similarly, there is a lack of a consistent definition for forest degradation. A national REDD+ strategy need not refer solely to the establishment of national parks or protected areas; by the careful design of rules and guidelines, REDD+ could include land use practices such as shifting cultivation by Indigenous communities and reduced-impact-logging, provided sustainable rotation and harvesting cycles can be demonstrated. Some argue that this

212-671: A combination of remote sensing and ground-based observations. Remote sensing is particularly suited to the assessment of areas of forest and stratification of different forest types. Ground-based observations involve forest surveys to measure the carbon pools used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, as well as other parameters of interest such as those related to safeguards and eligible activity implementation. The reporting has to follow

265-487: A key component for any national REDD+ program. They serve as a baseline for measuring the success of REDD+ programs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests. They are available for examination by the international community to assess the reported emission reductions or enhanced removals. It establishes the confidence of the international community in the national REDD+ program. The results measured against these baselines may be eligible for results-based payments. Setting

318-530: A premium trim level of the BYD F3 compact sedan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Suruí . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suruí&oldid=1057412382 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

371-582: A reduction in deforestation. This Technical Annex was reviewed through the International Consultation and Analysis process and on 22 September 2015 a technical report was issued by the UNFCCC which states that "the LULUCF experts consider that the data and information provided in the technical annex are transparent, consistent, complete and accurate" (paragraph 38). (a) Continuation in updating and improving

424-521: A reference level for plantation timber species and one for natural regeneration , possibly stratified by ecological region or forest type. Details on the reporting and technical assessment of reference levels are given in Decision 13/CP.19. In Decision 2/CP.15 of the UNFCCC countries are requested to develop national forest monitoring systems (NFMS) that support the functions of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of actions and achievements of

477-567: A voluntary basis, the summary of information may be posted on the UNFCCC REDD+ web platform. All pertinent issues that comprise REDD+ are exclusively those that are included in the decisions of the COP, as indicated in the above sections. There is, however, a large variety of concepts and approaches that are labelled (as being part of) REDD+ by their proponents, either being a substitute for UNFCCC decisions or complementary to those decisions. Below follows

530-416: A – no doubt incomplete – list of such concepts and approaches. Deforestation and forest degradation account for 17–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction of which is estimated to be one of the most cost-efficient climate change mitigation strategies. Regeneration of forest on degraded or deforested lands can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere through the build-up of biomass, making forest lands

583-436: Is a safeguard against the conversion of natural forest, developing country Parties are free to include plantations of commercial tree species (including exotics like Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., Acacia spp.), agricultural tree crops (e.g. rubber , mango , cocoa , citrus ), or even non-tree species such as palms ( oil palm , coconut , dates ) and bamboo (a grass). Some opponents of REDD+ argue that this lack of

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636-551: Is currently finalizing an approach to REDD+ results-based payments. REDD+ is also eligible for inclusion under CORSIA , the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)'s market-based greenhouse gas offset mechanism. Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 73, suggests that national capacity for implementing REDD+ is built up in phases, "beginning with the development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, and capacity-building, followed by

689-618: Is designed to sequester at least five million tons of carbon dioxide over 30 years while protecting critical rainforest habitat. Profits from the sale of credits will be used as part of the 50-year tribal management plan. REDD%2B REDD+ (or REDD-plus ) is a framework to encourage developing countries to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases through a variety of forest management options, and to provide technical and financial support for these efforts. The acronym refers to "reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and

742-619: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Paiter The Paiter speak the Suruí-Paíter language , which belongs to the Tupi-Guarani language family. Portions of the Bible were translated into Suruí-Paíter in 1991. A 2015 genetic study reached a surprising conclusion about the origins of the Surui people. Unlike other Native American peoples,

795-418: Is effectively a peer-review by a team composed of an expert from an Annex I Party and an expert from a non-Annex I Party which "will be conducted in a manner that is nonintrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty". This "technical team of experts shall analyse the extent to which: However, unlike a true verification the technical assessment cannot "approve" or "reject" the reference level, or

848-681: Is not surprising given that REDD+ and its requirements were completely new to all developing countries. Some countries are already implementing aspects of a national forest monitoring system and activities aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing removals that go beyond REDD+ readiness. For example, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility has 19 countries in the pipeline of the Carbon Fund, which will provide payments to these countries based on verified REDD+ emissions reductions achieved under national or subnational programs. Following

901-414: Is open to review and function of the objectives of the convention. Decision 1/CP.16 requests all developing countries aiming to undertake REDD+ to develop the following elements: It further requests developing countries to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation , land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and social and environmental safeguards, ensuring

954-572: Is prospective. Reference levels have to eventually have national coverage, but they may be composed from a number of sub-national reference levels. As an example, forest degradation may have a reference emission level for commercial selective logging and one for extraction of minor timber and firewood for subsistence use by rural communities. Effectively, every identified driver of deforestation or forest degradation has to be represented in one or more reference emission level(s). Similarly for reference levels for enhancement of carbon stocks, there may be

1007-550: Is typically referred to as the "Readiness phase" (a term like Reddiness is also encountered). There is a very substantial number of REDD+ projects globally and this section lists only a selection. One of the more comprehensive online tools with up-to-date information on REDD+ projects is the Voluntary REDD+ Database . Most REDD+ activities or projects implemented since the call for demonstration activities in Decision 2/CP.13 December 2007 are focused on readiness, which

1060-614: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , as well as the International Mother Earth Day. The UNFCCC does not define what constitutes a forest; it only requires that Parties communicate to the UNFCCC on how they define a forest. The UNFCCC does suggest using a definition in terms of minimal area, minimal crown coverage and minimal height at maturity of perennial vegetation. While there

1113-452: The 'safeguards', explained in more detail below – but in essence, REDD+ is no more than a set of guidelines on how to report on forest resources and forest management strategies and their results in terms of reducing emissions and enhancing removals of greenhouse gases. However, a set of requirements has been elaborated to ensure that REDD+ programs contain key elements that reports from Parties are consistent and comparable and that their content

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1166-589: The Biennial Update Reports (BURs), instead of the National Communications of Parties. The technical assessment of these results is an independent, external process that is managed by the Secretariat to the UNFCCC; countries need to facilitate the requirements of this assessment. The technical assessment is included within the broader process of International Consultation and Analysis (ICA), which

1219-512: The Coalition for Rainforest Nations. The three remaining activities constitute the "+" in REDD+. The last one enhances the removal of greenhouse gases, while the effect of the other two on emissions or removals is indeterminate but expected to be minimal. In the text of the convention repeated reference is made to national "policies and measures", the set of legal, regulatory and administrative instruments that parties develop and implement to achieve

1272-538: The Copenhagen Accord was reached, noting in section 6 the recognition of the crucial role of REDD and REDD+ and the need to provide positive incentives for such actions by enabling the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries. The Accord goes on to note in section 8 that the collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, will approach US$ 30 billion for

1325-514: The GHG inventory; (d) Continuation of the improvements related to monitoring of forest degradation; (e) Expansion of the forest monitoring system to cover additional biomes. Since the first discussion on REDD+ in 2005, and particularly at COP 13 in 2007 and COP 15 in 2009, many concerns have been voiced on aspects of REDD+. Though it is widely understood that REDD+ will need to undergo full-scale implementation in all non-Annex I countries to meet

1378-477: The IPCC guidance, in particular the "Good Practice Guidance for Land use, land-use change, and forestry ". This provides reporting templates to be included in National Communications of Parties to the UNFCCC. Also included in the guidance are standard measurements protocols and analysis procedures that greatly impact the measurement systems that countries need to establish. The actual reporting of REDD+ results goes through

1431-647: The Surui northward, finding their way to the New World and to the interior Amazon Basin . The first prolonged contact with the modern world came in 1969. The tribe was decimated by disease; nearly 90 percent died within a few years. The Surui have recently made headlines as one of the first indigenous people of South America to use high-tech tools (in particular Google Earth ) to police their territory. In cooperation with Google Earth Outreach , they can request more detailed satellite photos when they spot suspicious areas. If loggers or miners are detected, they refer

1484-689: The Surui own the carbon rights to the territory, setting a precedent for future indigenous-led carbon projects in Brazil. Significant progress was next made in 2013. The project has now gained verification through the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and Climate, Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Alliance as a REDD+ project. In September 2013, the Surui Forest Carbon Project transacted its first sale of 120,000 tons of carbon offsets to Brazilian cosmetics firm Natura Cosméticos. The project

1537-509: The Surui, Karitiana , and Xavante have an ancestry partially related to indigenous populations of the Andaman Islands , New Guinea , and Australia . Scientists speculate that the relationship derives from an earlier people, called "Population Y", in East Asia from whence both groups diverged 15,000 to 30,000 years ago, the future Australasians migrating south and the remote ancestors of

1590-416: The UNFCCC, there are few prescriptions that specifically mandate how to implement the mechanism at the national level; the principles of national sovereignty and subsidiarity imply that the UNFCCC can only provide guidelines for implementation, and require that reports are submitted in a certain format and open for review by the convention. There are certain aspects that go beyond this basic philosophy – such as

1643-612: The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus, the first country had submitted a Biennial Update Report with a Technical Annex containing the details on emission reductions from REDD+ eligible activities. Brazil submitted its first Biennial Update Report on 31 December 2014. The Technical Annex covers the Amazon biome within Brazil's territory, a little under half of the national territory, reporting emission reductions against Brazil's previously submitted reference emission level of 2,971.02 MtCO 2 e from

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1696-444: The [REDD+] actions … are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits. Footnote to this safeguard: Taking into account the need for sustainable livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities and their interdependence on forests in most countries, reflected in

1749-411: The amounts are emissions, the reference level becomes a reference emission level (REL); however, these RELs are seen by some as incomplete as they do not take into account removals. Reference levels are based on a scope ‒ what is included? ‒ a scale ‒ the geographical area from which it is derived or to which it is applied ‒ and a period over which the reference level is calculated. The scope, the scale and

1802-462: The atmosphere can be achieved through various forest management options, such as replanting degraded or deforested areas or enrichment planting , but also by letting forest land regenerate naturally. Care must be taken to differentiate between what is a purely ecological process of regrowth and what is induced or enhanced through some management intervention. In 2009, at COP 15 in Copenhagen,

1855-450: The carbon density map, including through the use of improved ground data from Brazil's first national forest inventory, possibly prioritizing geographic areas where deforestation is more likely to occur; (b) Expansion of the coverage of carbon pools, including improving the understanding of soil carbon dynamics after the conversion of forests to non-forests; (c) Consideration of the treatment of non-CO 2 gases to maintain consistency with

1908-496: The case to the authorities who have them removed. Satellite pictures show that this is highly effective as the Suruí territory is the only intact remaining piece of rainforest in the area. The Surui have recently launched a forest carbon project as part of their 50-year tribal management plan. Conceived in 2007, the project hoped to reforest and avoid degradation with Surui lands. A 2010 legal opinion by Baker & McKenzie determined that

1961-561: The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The UNFCCC decisions call on countries to make an assessment of these drivers and to base the policies and measures on this assessment, such that the policies and measures can be directed to where the impact is greatest. Some of the drivers will be generic – in the sense that they are prevalent in many countries, such as increasing population pressure – while others will be very specific to countries or regions within countries. Countries are encouraged to identify "national circumstances" that impact

2014-556: The drivers: specific conditions within the country that impact the forest resources. Hints for typical national circumstances can be found in preambles to various COP decisions, such as " Reaffirming that economic and social development and poverty eradication are global priorities" in the Bali Action Plan, enabling developing countries to prioritize policies like poverty eradication through agricultural expansion or hydropower development over forest protection. Reference levels are

2067-457: The form, for instance, of explaining the legal and regulatory environment with regards to the recognition, inclusion and engagement of Indigenous Peoples, and information on how these requirements have been implemented. Decision 12/CP.19 established that the "summary of information" on the safeguards will be provided in the National Communications to the UNFCCC, which for developing country Parties will be once every four years. Additionally, and on

2120-419: The full and effective participation of stakeholders, inter alia Indigenous peoples and local communities. The decisions on REDD+ enumerate five "eligible activities" that developing countries may implement to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases: The first two activities reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and they are the two activities listed in the original submission on REDD in 2005 by

2173-490: The implementation of REDD+ activities. NFMS is the key component in the management of information for national REDD+ programs. A fully functional monitoring system can go beyond the requirements posted by the UNFCCC to include issues such as a registry of projects and participants, and evaluation of program achievements and policy effectiveness. It may be purpose-built, but it may also be integrated into existing forest monitoring tools. Measurements are suggested to be made using

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2226-413: The implementation of national policies and measures and national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities, and evolving into results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified". The initial phase of the development of national strategies and action plans and capacity building

2279-592: The objective of the convention. These policies can be specific to climate change mitigation or adaptation , or of a more generic nature but with an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the signatory parties to the UNFCCC have by now established climate change strategies and response measures. The REDD+ approach has a similar, more focused set of policies and measures. Forest sector laws and procedures are typically in place in most countries. In addition, countries have to develop specific national strategies and/or action plans for REDD+. Of specific interest to REDD+ are

2332-486: The objectives of the Paris Agreement, many challenges need resolving before this can happen. One of the largest issues is how reduction of emissions and the removal of greenhouse gases will be monitored consistently on a large scale, across a number of countries, each with separate environmental agencies and laws. Other issues relate to the conflict between the REDD+ approach and existing national development strategies,

2385-435: The participation of forest communities and Indigenous peoples in the design and maintenance of REDD+, funding for the countries implementing REDD+, and the consistent monitoring of forest resources to detect permanence of the forest resources that have been reported by countries under the REDD+ mechanism. Safeguard (e): That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that

2438-595: The period 2010–2012. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established at COP 17 to function as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC, thereby including REDD+ finance. The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus makes various references to the GCF, instructing developing country Parties to apply to the GCF for result-based finance . The GCF currently finances REDD+ programs in phase 1 (design of national strategies or action plans, capacity building) and phase 2 (implementation of national strategies or action plans, demonstration programs). It

2491-406: The period can be modified in reference to national circumstances: specific conditions in the country that would call for an adjustment of the basis from which the reference levels are constructed. A reference level can be based on observations or measurements of amounts in the past, in which case it is retrospective, or it can be an expectation or projection of amounts into the future, in which case it

2544-448: The potential for negative consequences resulting from the implementation of REDD+ the UNFCCC established a list of safeguards that countries need to "address and respect" and "promote and support" in order to guarantee the correct and lasting generation of results from the REDD+ mechanism. These safeguards are: Countries have to regularly provide a summary of information on how these safeguards are addressed and respected. This could come in

2597-400: The reference levels too lax will erode the confidence in the national REDD+ program, while setting them too strict will erode the potential to earn the benefits with which to operate the national REDD+ program. Careful consideration of all relevant information is therefore of crucial importance. The requirements and characteristics of reference levels are under the purview of the UNFCCC. Given

2650-404: The reported results measured against this reference level. It does provide clarity on potential areas for improvement. Financing entities that seek to provide results-based payments (payments per tonne of mitigation achieved) typically seek a true verification of results by external experts, to provide assurance that the results for which they are paying are credible. In response to concerns over

2703-502: The role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries". REDD+ is a voluntary climate change mitigation framework developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). REDD originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries", which was the title of the original document on REDD. It

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2756-547: The wide variety of ecological conditions and country-specific circumstances, these requirements are rather global and every country will have a range of options in its definition of reference levels within its territory. A reference level (RL) is expressed as an amount, derived by differencing a sequence of amounts over a period of time. For REDD+ purposes the amount is expressed in CO 2 -equivalents (CO 2 e) (see article on global warming potential ) of emissions or removals per year. If

2809-417: Was superseded by REDD+ in the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus negotiations. Since 2000, various studies estimate that land use change , including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions . For this reason the inclusion of reducing emissions from land use change is considered essential to achieve the objectives of the UNFCCC. As with other approaches under

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