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40-546: Sundhnúkur ( Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsʏntˌn̥uːkʏr̥] ) is a volcanic hill, within its associated Sundhnúksgígar crater row and volcanic fissures ( Sundhnúksgígaröðin [ˈsʏntˌn̥uksˌciːɣaˌrœːðɪn] ) in the Svartsengi volcanic system , part of the Reykjanes Peninsula rift zone of Iceland . It is the location of the 2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions . The region has basalt lava shields with
80-502: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
120-456: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
160-804: A Steady Rate" . IMO, Iceland . Retrieved 1 November 2024 . ^ "Eruption on the Sundhnúkur Fissure Swarm" . IMO . 2024-11-21. Archived from the original on 2024-11-21 . Retrieved 2024-11-21 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundhnúksgígar&oldid=1258731344 " Categories : Reykjanes Volcanic Belt Volcanic craters Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Icelandic IPA Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using
200-464: A coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for
240-837: A fissure erupted to the north of the previous eruptions, in what transpired to be the largest eruption of the series, with lava subsequently spreading over an area known to have old American munitions. Sundhn%C3%BAksg%C3%ADgar Coordinates : 63°52′34″N 22°23′24″W / 63.876°N 22.39°W / 63.876; -22.39 Volcanic crater in Iceland Further information: 2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions Sundhnúksgígar [REDACTED] Highest point Coordinates 63°52′34″N 22°23′24″W / 63.876°N 22.39°W / 63.876; -22.39 Geography [REDACTED] The approximate Sundhnúksgígaröðin alignment outlined in violet of
280-588: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
320-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
360-616: A second eruption began following seismic activity associated with the area of the Sundhnúksgígar craters. As of November 2024 there had been seven eruptions. See also [ edit ] Geography of Iceland Geology of Iceland Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula Volcanism of Iceland References [ edit ] ^ Sigurgeirsson, Magnús Á.; Einarsson, Sigmundur (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Reykjanes and Svartsengi volcanic systems" . Icelandic Meteorological Office, Institute of Earth Sciences at
400-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
440-475: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
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#1732851485748480-519: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
520-519: Is a hill just south of Sundhnúksgígar. The craters are aligned in a row called Sundhnúksgígaröðin . The first eruption of the crater row took place about 2000 years ago. There was volcanic activity nearby during the period known as the Reykjanes fires with the last previous eruption being about 1240 CE. In December 2023, as part of the Sundhnúkur eruptions , some craters began to erupt. On 14 January 2024,
560-452: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
600-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
640-471: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
680-515: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
720-499: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
760-708: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
800-524: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
840-499: The Kartographer extension Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form
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#1732851485748880-756: The Sundhnúksgígar (Sundhnúkagígar) crater row as it existed before 2023. Clicking on the image enables mouse-over with more detail where shading also shows: other fissure swarms, central volcanoes, calderas subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), seismically active areas between 1995 and 2007. Country [REDACTED] Iceland Geology Mountain type Volcanic Sundhnúksgígar ( Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsʏntˌn̥uksˌciːɣar̥] ) or Sundhnúkagígar are volcanic craters east of Eldvörp–Svartsengi in Iceland . They are named after Sundhnúkur , which
920-641: The University of Iceland, Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police . Retrieved 1 November 2024 . ^ "Sundhnúkaröðin" . Ferlir.is . ^ "Icelandic volcano erupts, sending lava flow toward town, Met office says" . ABC . 14 January 2024 . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "Uplift and Magma Accumulation Continue in Svartsengi at
960-566: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
1000-409: The course of 24 hours. Its fifth eruption has been the one of this sequence with the most volcanic ash released as of June 1, 2024 due to contact with groundwater that has accumulated from rain. The amount of available magma is estimated to be around 20 million cubic metres. The fifth eruption ceased on 22nd June and afterward inflow continued into the magma reservoir. At 21:26 UTC on the 22nd of August
1040-613: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
1080-404: The direction of Grindavík. An Icelandic Civil Defence official told the public broadcaster RÚV that the eruption had happened quickly and appeared to be "quite a large event". The eruption was described as the largest in the area since the beginning of activity in 2021, and was visible as far away as the capital Reykjavík , 42 km (26 mi) away. By 19 December, the scent of smoke and ash
1120-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
1160-443: The eruption occurred at around 22:17 GMT following a series of small earthquakes at around 21:00. It pinpointed the origin of the eruption near Hagafell, about 4 km (2.5 mi) north-east of Grindavík, and noted that the eruption stemmed from a fissure with a length of about 3.5 km (2.2 mi), with lava flowing at a rate of around 100 to 200 cubic metres per second, adding that seismic activity appeared to be moving towards
1200-401: The evening of 18 December 2023, a volcanic eruption occurred at Sundhnúksgígaröð north of Grindavík, with images showing lava spewing from fissures in the ground. The intensity of the eruption and accompanying seismic activity which preceded it decreased early on 19 December, with lava seen spreading laterally from both sides of the newly opened fissures. Iceland's Meteorological Office said
1240-527: The fissure system past the older mountains of Hagafell to its east and Svartsengisfell to its west. The crater row is usually now classified as part of the Eldvörp–Svartsengi or Svartsengi volcanic system which is part of the Reykjanes volcanic belt . There are previous classifications that included the volcano in the Reykjanes volcanic system and what was termed the Grindavik volcanic fissure system. On
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1280-468: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
1320-553: The larger ones being tholeiitic and smaller ones being picritic or tholeiitic. The hills are hyaloclastite table mountains or ridges and pillow lava mounds. The previous lava eruption from the Sundhnúkur crater row has been dated at 2350 ± 90 BP , and was of basaltic ʻaʻā type. The lava field that erupted prior to 2023 extends north-east from Grindavík in the south with the fissures and Sundhnúksgígar crater row extending 8.3 km (5.2 mi) at strike of 35°. This takes
1360-749: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
1400-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
1440-579: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
1480-460: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
1520-507: The same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
1560-540: Was detected as far as 30 km (19 mi) from the eruption site, raising fears that volcanic gases could reach Reykjavík by the next day. The eruptions continued into 2024. An eruption started on 14th January 2024, lasting two days, with property damage, including to the town of Grindavík . The next eruption commenced on the 8th February 2024, and finished the next day with road and hot water supply infrastructure damage. Another eruption began on 16 March 2024 that lasted for an unusually long period of time. The eruption
1600-490: Was initially a row of fissures, but has since then been confined to 1 crater. As of 25 April 2024, land uplift resumed after almost grinding to a complete halt at the start on the March 16 eruption. The eruption finished on the 9th of May. In the interlude between the March 16 and May 29 eruptions, land uplift occurred. At 12:45:58 UTC on 29 May, the fissure had its fifth eruption that petered out (but did not completely stop) over
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