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48-584: Sunchales is located in the most fertile part of Argentina, at the core of the Humid Pampa , and within the so-called "central milk basin", which manufactures most of the country's production of dairy and exports it through the ports on the Paraná River (mainly Rosario and San Lorenzo ). It is an important station of the Nuevo Central Argentino railway. The town was the starting point of SanCor ,

96-481: A Peronist). Santa Fe suffered the violence of the late '70s and the depression of the 1980s more than most other provinces. It continued to languish economically during the prosperous 1990s, as the revalued Argentine peso put pressure on its productive sectors. Touching bottom around 2002, its economy has grown by 7% a year since then. The heart of Argentina's lucrative soy harvest, the province's importance has continued to grow, now rivaling Buenos Aires Province as

144-423: A catastrophic flood of the capital and many communities in the north-center of the province, prompting the evacuation of no fewer than 100,000 people and major economic losses. In 2007, several days of heavy rainfall flooded more than 60 towns in the center and south of the province, including sections of Santa Fe and Rosario, causing tens of thousands of people to be evacuated, crop losses, and widespread damage to

192-688: A dairy cooperative and the leader in its field in Argentina. It is named the Provincial Capital of Cooperativism, and holds important celebrations of the International Day of Cooperatives during the first week of July. Sunchales is also the seat of the National Festival of Children's Soccer in October, and celebrates the feast of its patron saint, Charles Borromeo , on November 4. The city has

240-399: A local basketball team, Libertad Sunchales , which belongs to Argentina's National Basketball League . A fort was established in the site of Sunchales on 11 April 1796 to prevent attacks by aboriginal tribes and guard the road used to carry mercury from Buenos Aires to be at the mines in present-day Peru . The fort also guarded a settlement of about 1,000 people. In 1810, on the wake of

288-460: A provincial constitution of a strongly conservative flavour, after rejecting a project proposed by a provincial assembly; Santa Fe was the first province to have its constitution. During the civil strifes of 1820, Santa Fe troops were decisive in the defeat of Buenos Aires ' centralist army. So, in time, López gradually became the Federation's Patriarch , establishing himself as the central figure of

336-697: A very well developed dairy industry. The main river, and connection to open sea through the Río de la Plata is the Paraná River . There are also other tributaries to the Paraná including the Salado del Norte , the Carcarañá and the Arroyo del Medio . The plain lands tend to be flooded after heavy rains due to the growth of the Paraná and Salado rivers. In 2003 a rapid rise of the Salado produced

384-511: Is a province of Argentina , located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco (divided by the 28th parallel south ), Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Buenos Aires , Córdoba , and Santiago del Estero . Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region . Santa Fe's most important cities are Rosario (population 1,193,605),

432-505: Is concentrated today in cities within the Humid Pampa ( Buenos Aires , Córdoba and Rosario are the largest). In all, over 23 million Argentines live in this area, which produces two-thirds of the Argentine economy . Given the commercial and agricultural desirability of most of this area for the last 130 years, not much pristine land remains. One of the best corners of unspoiled pampa is

480-529: Is well-developed and very diversified, relying little on tourism or the public sector. Tourism is not an important activity in spite of the wide range of hotels and restaurants. Rosario , home to the National Flag Memorial ( Monumento Nacional a la Bandera ) and a number of museums, receives a number of visitors from Argentina. The replica of the Sancti Spiritus Fort , the ruins of Cayastá and

528-460: The May Revolution , a number of the stationed soldiers were recruited for the independentist expedition led by Manuel Belgrano to Paraguay . The settlement was disbanded by an aboriginal incursion. In 1867, under the provincial government of Nicasio Oroño , colonists came into the area from Esperanza . The fort was again depopulated when its forces were sent to combat the aboriginal tribes in

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576-479: The Otamendi Natural Preserve near Campana, Buenos Aires Province . Established in 1990 on 2,600 hectares (10 mi ) of former grazing land, the parcel has become one of Argentina's chief points of interest in its agrotourism circuit. Santa Fe Province The Province of Santa Fe ( Spanish : Provincia de Santa Fe , Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanta ˈfe] , lit. "Holy Faith")

624-595: The Pampas in general, the region's terrain is predominantly hilly and of a temperate climate, though rich mollisols are more abundant here than to the west, where soils of loessic origin are more common. Except for a few bluffs near the Paraná and Río de la Plata rivers, as well as the Tandilia and Ventania mountain ranges to the south, the region's slope rarely exceeds 6 degrees. It covers Buenos Aires Province almost completely,

672-457: The Argentine cereal and 55% of the country's exports. In 2004, Santa Fe's exports (US$ 7,170 million) accounted for 21% of the national total. Between 2001 and 2004 they increased 65.2%. Derivates of soybean, flours and vegetable oils comprised over US$ 2 billion and over 7.6 million tonnes. In 2005 the ports of southern Santa Fe shipped 60% of the grains, 93% of the agricultural subproducts and 85% of

720-534: The Federal Party until his death in 1838. After López's death it was his secretary and right-hand man, José María Cullen who was elected governor. However, Cullen being a potential rival of Buenos Aires governor and Confederation's Foreign Affairs Representative, Juan Manuel de Rosas , he sought and obtained Cullen's capture and execution, naming the pro-Rosas Juan Pablo López as governor. The new governor remained in power, alternating with Pascual Echagüe , until

768-498: The Humid Pampa (and not a proper tree but a herb), grows naturally north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Paraná, seldom south of the Río de la Plata and never south of the Salado . Before the introduction of cattle, horses and sheep by the Spaniards on the 16th century, the region was covered by hard grass, but the animals' grazing facilitated the growth of softer, greener grass. Due to

816-677: The Supreme Court and completed by several inferior tribunals. The Constitution of Santa Fe Province forms the formal law of the province. From 1991, the executive and legislative officials were elected in single-round elections by a controversial system known as the Ley de Lemas . This system was abolished in 2004; the new one includes compulsory primary elections , which were held for the first time in August 2005, with good results according to most analysis. The parliamentary elections of 23 October 2005 were

864-530: The capital Santa Fe (369,000), Rafaela (100,000), Reconquista (99,000) Villa Gobernador Gálvez (74,000), Venado Tuerto (69,000), and Santo Tomé (58,000). Citizens of the province are known as santafesinos (fem. santafesinas ). The aboriginal tribes who inhabited this region were the Tobas , Timbúes , Mocovíes , Pilagás , Guaycurúes , and Guaraníes . They were nomadic , lived from hunting, fishing and fruit recollection. The first European settlement

912-544: The centre and south of Santa Fe Province , most of Córdoba Province and the eastern third of La Pampa Province , totalling at least 600,000 km . The Uruguayan savanna , which lies east of the rivers in Entre Ríos Province of Argentina, Uruguay and the south of Brazil , is sometimes considered part of the Humid Pampa. The Uruguayan savanna is not as flat as the named aforementioned areas. The flatlands are also interrupted by low hill's ranges like Tandilia in

960-411: The city of Santa Fe are also common destinations. The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a governor, popularly elected for non- reelegible four-year terms, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative, formed by a bicameral legislature (a 50-member Chamber of Deputies and a 19-member Senate, all elected for four-year terms); and the judiciary, headed by

1008-770: The conservative groups was challenged by the new ideas brought by the European immigrants gave birth to the Radical Civic Union (UCR) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and the creation of the Argentine Agrarian Federation . These two parties had many strong electoral contests with the province's conservative parties. After the Electoral Reform of Roque Sáenz Peña in 1912, the UCR reached

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1056-523: The construction of the Hernandarias Tunnel , a 10-mile (16 km)-long connection between the city of Santa Fe and neighboring Paraná . The tunnel, most of which runs under the massive Paraná River, is the longest in Argentina. Forced to resign after conservative pressure drove President Frondizi from office in 1962, Begnis had the satisfaction of seeing Hernandarias open in 1969, and voters overwhelmingly return him to office in 1973 (this time as

1104-414: The east, decreasing towards the west, where there is a distinctive dry season during the winter. The south presents lower temperatures, averaging 14 °C (57 °F), and slightly less precipitations. Summers are hot and humid throughout the province, with average highs ranging from 30 °C (86F) in the south to 34 °C (93F) in the northwest corner, and night temperatures between 17 °C (63F) in

1152-431: The era of Santa Fe as an autonomous province. This period was short lived, since that same year Candioti died and central government reestablished the dependent government. However, in 1816, the caudillos Mariano Vera and Estanislao López deposed the governor delegate and proclaimed the sovereignty of the province and its membership into Artigas 's Free Peoples League ( Liga de Pueblos Libres ). López drew, in 1818,

1200-437: The first immigrants arriving in 1884. The land plan of the new colony was approved by governor José Gálvez on October 19, 1886. The town was declared a city on the 81st anniversary of its official foundation, in 1967. In addition to Libertad Sunchales, which has a basketball and soccer team, the town is the home of Club Atlético Unión de Sunchales . Sunchales is served by Sunchales Aeroclub Airport , which has had service in

1248-700: The first main elections to be held after the abolition of the Ley de Lemas . In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Santa Fe Provincial Police . Ethno-racial groups in Santa Fe (2022 census) According to the 2022 Argentine national census, the Province of Santa Fe has 3,556,522 inhabitants. The origin of

1296-478: The first time the Argentine flag on the banks of the Paraná River, at Rosario (by that time a small village), 160 km (99 mi) south of Santa Fe. In 1815, while Alvear 's central government fell due to Ignacio Álvarez Thomas ' rebellion (at that time commander of an army sent to Santa Fe against Artigas ), Francisco Candioti, the local militia chief, took over the government peacefully, thus starting

1344-625: The government and stayed until the coup of 1930. During this time, more precisely in 1919, the National University of the Littoral was founded. In 1932 it was the PDP who got the governor's seat. The contentious 1958 elections (from which Peronist candidates were barred) brought an ally of President-elect Arturo Frondizi to power in Santa Fe, Dr. Carlos Sylvestre Begnis . Gov. Begnis quickly steered budgets into sorely needed public works, most notably

1392-653: The important immigration to Argentina in the second half of the 19th century and first decades of the 20th, and because the weather allowed for two annual harvests, the lands started being heavily used for agriculture, which made Argentina a major agricultural producer (the self-styled "Granary of the World"). Being fertile and close to the Atlantic Ocean , the Humid Pampa was one of the preferred destinations of millions of immigrants, who were mostly Italian , French and Spanish , but also German and other Europeans. The lands of

1440-476: The main rivers but have been mostly cut down during the 20th century. The great rhea lives in the pampas of Argentina and eats plants, lizards, insects, frogs, small birds and snakes. The Humid Pampa is characterized by medium-height grassland, with both perennial and annual grasses with scattered herbs and shrubs. The grasslands are interspersed with areas of dry woodland as well as freshwater and saltwater wetlands and lagoons. The ombú , considered an emblem of

1488-474: The nation's leading agricultural producer, with Rosario as one of the most important ports in Argentina. Most of the province consists of green flatlands, part of the humid Pampas , bordering to the north with the Gran Chaco region. There are low sierras to the west. The north has higher temperatures, with an annual average of 19 °C (66 °F) and precipitations of up to 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in

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1536-485: The national average. Though the economy is well-diversified, agriculture continues to play an indispensable role through its profitability and foreign exchange earnings via exports. Twenty-one percent of the cultivated lands of Argentina are in Santa Fe, whose main crops are soybean (main national producer), sunflower , maize , wheat , and rice . In smaller scale strawberry , honey and derivatives (300,000 beehives ), wood, and cotton are produced. The green grass of

1584-399: The north of the province and the south of Chaco , and the colonists disbanded. A few years later, sponsored by governor Mariano Cabal , a group of immigrants (Italian, French, Swiss, German, Spanish, British and Belgian) came into the area, but bad harvests, food shortages and native attacks caused the settlement to fail once again. The last attempt was conducted by Carlos Christiani, with

1632-492: The north, and lows from 10 °C (50F) to 15 °C (59F). Frost arrives in May in the south, where it occurs frequently until September; in the extreme north, frost is much more sporadic: some years might bring frosty May days, on other years it may come in July, but generally speaking there will always be a few frosty days every year even in the extreme north. Winter is drier in the west of

1680-432: The northeast to 800 mm (31 in) in the southwest and extreme northwest. Snowfall is unprecedented in the northern two-thirds of the province, and very rare in the south, where the last occurrence was in 2007 with several centimeters accumulated. This humid, temperate climate explains why Central and Southern Santa Fe are among the nation's richest agricultural regions, with crops such as maize and soybeans popular, and

1728-513: The past by airlines such as Aerochaco but which has no commercial air service as of 2017. Humid Pampa The Humid Pampas ( Spanish : Pampa Húmeda ) is an extensive ecoregion of flat, fertile grassland of loessic origin in Argentina . It has a precipitation average of 900 mm per year, in contrast with the Dry Pampas to the west, which average less than 700 mm. Like

1776-442: The physical infrastructure of the area. Santa Fe's economy is the fourth most important in the country, having been displaced from third place by neighboring Córdoba Province around 1970. Accounting for 8% of the Argentine total, its output was estimated at US$ 27 billion in 2006 (which shall be around US$ 43 billion in 2011 according to Argentina's economical growing), or, US$ 9,000 per capita (around US$ 13,000 in 2011), somewhat above

1824-489: The population is majority European , descended from the great wave of immigration from 1850 to 1950, being Italians (mainly from Piedmont ), Spanish , Swiss and Germans the main ethnic groups in the province. Since 1970, Rosario has been chosen by internal migrants, mainly from the north of Santa Fe and the northern provinces. A smaller minority of the population (20%) are Mestizos and an even lesser number (2-4%) are of full Amerindian descent. Historical evolution of

1872-551: The population of the province: The province is divided into 19 departments (in Spanish, departamentos ), and the departments are divided in districts which can be organized as communes or municipalities . The communes are smaller towns, generally administered by a local commission led by a "communal president". The municipalities, which must have more than 10,000 inhabitants, are what is commonly called "cities". Municipalities have an executive officer (a mayor, called intendente ) and

1920-487: The province and wetter in the east. In the south, temperatures range from 15 °C (59F) in the day to 4 °C (39F) at night, whereas in the north, from 21 °C (70F) to 9 °C (48F). Cold waves often bring temperatures of -5 °C (23F) in the south, with extremes of -8 °C (18F) recorded; further north, the thermometer descends occasionally to -2 °C (28F) and very rarely to -5 °C (23F). There are often short warm periods of up to 30 °C (86F) during

1968-410: The province is ideal for the 6.5 million head of cattle (20% of national stock), which is not only source of meat but of 2.6 billion of liters of milk per year (40% of the national production), which is processed by over 5,000 dairies . The ports between Rosario and San Lorenzo are departure points for the export of the production of the Santa Fe and many other provinces; through them leave 65% of

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2016-490: The province's invasion by Justo José de Urquiza 's Great Army in 1851, and during his term the province adopted a new constitution in 1841. After the organization of the nation, the province entered an era of peace and prosperity; in 1872 the railways already connected many points of the province, as well as the telegraph lines, and in 1889 the Provincial University of Santa Fe was founded. The political hegemony of

2064-491: The region were taken care of by the gauchos for centuries, and the region was the centre of their culture, including their music and dances. Areas that were kept for extensive breeding of cattle and sheep stayed under the control of large estates' owners, and in lesser number to medium-size estates. Smaller farms are known as " chacras " (their owners being chacareros or chacreros ). The urban population of Argentina (89% of its 38.6 million inhabitants, as estimated for 2005)

2112-412: The south and 21 °C (70F) in the north. Thunderstorms are common, and so are heat waves what can bring temperatures up to 40 °C (104F) and hot muggy nights. These are often interrupted by cold fronts that bring crisp, cool weather from the south. March brings cooler nights in the south, and April brings comfortable weather, with highs ranging from 22 °C (72F) in the south to 26 °C (79F) in

2160-751: The southeast, namely at Sierra de los Padres , Balcarce , Olavarría , Tandil and like the higher system of the Sierra de la Ventana to the south, near Bahía Blanca . Finally, there are also some dunes at the Atlantic coast, such as at the city of Banderaló . The area is characterised by four distinct seasons. Winter brings chilly, occasionally frosty nights. Humid, temperate weather characterizes spring and fall. Summer days can be extremely hot. The natural vegetation comprises meadows of high grass with isolated forests (locally referred to as montes ) of algarrobos , talas and chanares, which used to be common in areas near

2208-418: The vegetable oils exported by Argentina. Manufacturing in Santa Fe represents 18% of its economy and is also among the top in Argentina. Mills that produce different flours and oils , beer , and other food industries, leather and textiles, hydrocarbon refineries, steel (1 million tonnes a year) and metals production, industrial and agricultural machines, car industry and others. The services sector

2256-484: The winter, followed by much colder weather with drizzle and temperatures around 6 °C (43F). Spring starts as soon as the end of August in the north, with very warm weather already present by early October; in the south, nights remain cool until most of November. Generally speaking, spring is unpredictable, with heat waves followed by extended periods of cool weather, as well as dry spells followed by severe thunderstorms. Rainfall ranges from 1,200 mm (47 in) in

2304-465: Was established in 1527, at the confluence of the Paraná and Carcarañá rivers, when Sebastian Cabot , on his way to the north, founded a fort named Sancti Spiritus , which was destroyed two years later by the natives. In 1573 Juan de Garay founded the city of Santa Fe in the surroundings of present town Cayastá, but the city was moved in 1651 and 1660 to its present location. In 1812 the lawyer and general Manuel Belgrano created and displayed for

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