58-506: Sukkur Express ( Sindhi : سکر ايڪسپريس , Urdu : سکھر ایکسپریس ) is a daily passenger train service between Karachi and Jacobabad in Pakistan . The train named after Sukkur , a city in Sindh , Pakistan. In beginning it was run between Karachi and Sukkur; later its route was extended to Karachi and Jacobabad. Sukkur Express has Economy, AC lower and AC Sleeper class accommodation. It covers
116-706: A Sindhi Army in the Battle of Rasil in 644 beside the Indian Ocean sea coast, then reached the Indus River . Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab denied them permission to cross the river or operate in Makran and the Arabs returned home. Muhammad bin Qasim , after his conquest of Sindh, wrote to `the kings of Hind (India)' calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam. He dispatched
174-491: A case marker (usually the genitive جو jo ). The case markers are listed below. The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother". Umayyad campaigns in India [REDACTED] Umayyad Caliphate (until 750) The Umayyad Dynasty came to rule
232-456: A force against al-Baylaman ( Bhinmal ), which is said to have offered submission. The Mid people of Surast ( Maitrakas of Vallabhi ) also made peace. Bin Qasim then sent a detachment of 10,000 cavalry to Kannauj along with a decree from the Caliph. He himself went with an army to the prevailing frontier of Kashmir called Panj-Māhīyāt (in western Punjab ). Although Arabs were successful in
290-485: A language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati . Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn). Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following
348-459: A mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period. Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun , Sohni Mahiwal , Momal Rano , Noori Jam Tamachi , Lilan Chanesar , and others. The greatest poet of Sindhi
406-521: A relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels . The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8. All plosives , affricates , nasals , the retroflex flap , and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives . The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of
464-650: A scheduled language in India , making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan . There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV , Awaz Television Network , Mehran TV, and Dharti TV . Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati . Some of
522-456: A strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s. The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi. In Pakistan, Sindhi
580-683: A subsidiary line of Mauryas based in Vallabhi and the Gurjaras of Bharuch under Jayabhata IV. In Puri's interpretation, this invasion of the Arab forces was limited to the southern parts of modern Gujarat with several small kingdoms, which was halted by the Chalukyan Kingdom. Indications are that Al-Hakam was overstretched. An appeal for reinforcements from the Caliphate in 737 is recorded, with men being sent,
638-449: A surprisingly small 3000 contingent. Even this force was absorbed in its passage through Iraq for quelling a local rebellion. The defeat at the hands of Chalukyas is believed to have been a blow to the Arab forces with large costs in men and arms. The weakened Arab forces were driven out by the subsidiaries of the erstwhile kings. Bappa Rawal . the King of Mewar (r. 734–753) drove out
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#1732855493031696-548: Is a similar paradigm to Punjabi . Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender. The different paradigms are listed below with examples. The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in
754-546: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh , where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language , without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both
812-506: Is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu , the original name of the Indus River , along whose delta Sindhi is spoken. Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ( Sanskrit ) via Middle Indo-Aryan ( Pali , secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha ). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from
870-615: Is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day ' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah , passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language of Pakistan . The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as
928-577: Is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh , where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan , especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela , Hub , Kachhi , Sibi , Sohbatpur , Jafarabad , Jhal Magsi , Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad . In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in
986-663: The Bhattis of Jaisalmer , the Gurjaras of Bhinmal, the Moris of Chittor , the Guhilas of Mewar , the Kacchelas of Kutch, the Maitrakas of Saurashtra and Gurjaras of Lata . Altogether, Al-Junayd have conquered all of Gujarat, a large part of Rajasthan, and some parts of Madhya Pradesh. Blankinship states that this was a full-scale invasion carried out with the intent of founding a new province of
1044-942: The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty , Siladitta IV (710-740 CE) of Maitraka dynasty , Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty , and other small Indian kingdoms between 724 and 750 CE. Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri (723 – 726 CE) recaptured Sindh, conquered Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan, however, Arab forces invading Malwa and achieved victory. The fourth Umayyad campaign was launched after Arabs lost control of Sindh and conquered territories of Rajasthan and Gujarat under Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi (726 – 731 CE). Al-Hakam ibn Awana , assisted by Amr, son of Muhammad ibn Qasim, pacified Sindh, established garrison cities of Al Mahfuza and Al Mansura , then campaigned in Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Lalitaditya Muktapida and Yashovarman of Kannauj checked
1102-580: The Umayyad Caliphate lasted from 692 to 718 CE. The reign of Al-Walid I (705–715 CE) saw the most dramatic Marwanid Umayyad conquests, in a period of barely ten years, North Africa , Iberia , Transoxiana , and Sindh were subdued and colonized by the Arabs. Sindh, ruled by King Dahir of the Brahmin dynasty, was captured by the Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim , which became a second-level province of
1160-534: The Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. Europe North America Oceania The name "Sindhi"
1218-462: The Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi ( c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had
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#17328554930311276-438: The semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe . The postpositions are divided into case markers , which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions , which combine with
1334-449: The 560-kilometre (350 mi) distance from Karachi to Jacobabad in 11 hours and 55 minutes. Karachi to Jacobabad via Hyderabad and Rohri This Pakistan rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sindhi language Sindhi ( / ˈ s ɪ n d i / SIN -dee ; Sindhi: سِنڌِي ( Perso-Arabic ) or सिन्धी ( Devanagari ) , pronounced [sɪndʱiː] )
1392-513: The Arab campaigns to the east of Indus proved ineffective. However, they had the unintended effect of integrating the Indian kingdoms in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The Chalukyas extended their kingdom to the north after fighting off the Arabs successfully. Nagabhata I secured a firm position and laid the foundation for a new dynasty, which would rise to become the principal deterrent against Arab expansion. Blankinship also notes that Hakam's campaigns caused
1450-470: The Arab occupation of Sindh in 712 CE. Settling down in the northern tip of Kathiawar, they had a ruler by the name of Pushyadeva. The Cavotakas (also called Capotaka or Capa ) were also associated with Kathiawar, with their capital at Anahilapataka . Saurashtra is south Kathiawar. The Mauryas and Gurjaras are open to interpretation. Blankinship takes them to be the Moris of Chittor and Gurjaras of Bhinmal whereas Baij Nath Puri takes them to be
1508-404: The Arabs in Punjab, although Al-Hakam conquered Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan, the Arabs were decisively defeated at Navsari in 739 CE by Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin , a general of Vikramaditya II . Arabs lost their conquests in Rajasthan and Gujarat by 743 CE. These events took place during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 691–743 CE), the 10th Umayyad Caliph, which saw a turn in
1566-453: The Arabs who had put an end to the Mori dynasty at Chittor. A Jain prabandha mentions a King Nahada , who is said to have been the first ruler of his family at Jalore , near Bhinmal , and who came into conflict with a Muslim ruler whom he defeated. Nahada is identified with Nagabhata I (r. 730–760), the founder of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, which is believed to have started from
1624-486: The Caliphate ( iqlim ) and a suitable base for excursions into India, but, after bin Qasim's departure in 715 CE most of his captured territories were recaptured by Indian kings. Yazid II (720 to 724 CE) launched the third Umayyad expansion along all the warring frontiers, including in India, which resulted in a series of battles between the Arabs and Silluka (725 – 750 CE) of the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura , Nagabhata I of
1682-754: The Caliphate in 661 CE, and during the first half of the 8th century CE, a series of battles took place in the Indian subcontinent between armies of the Umayyad Caliphate and Indian kingdoms situated to the east of the Indus river , subsequent to the Arab conquest of Sindh (present day Pakistan ) during 711 – 713 CE. During the Rashidun Caliphate (632 – 661 CE), a few raids were launched in India, but no permanent conquest took place. The second wave of military expansion of
1740-401: The Caliphate. In 726 CE, the Caliphate replaced Al-Junayd by Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi (Tamim) as the governor of Sindh. During the next few years, all of the gains made by Junayd were lost. The Arab records do not explain why, except to state that the Caliphate troops, drawn from distant lands such as Syria and Yemen , abandoned their posts in India and refused to go back. Blankinship admits
1798-568: The Jalore-Bhinmal area and spread to Avanti at Ujjain . The Gwalior inscription of the Pratihara King Bhoja I , says that Nagabhata, the founder of the dynasty, defeated a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas (" Baluch " barbarians ) around 725 CE. Even though many historians believe that Nagabhata repulsed Arab forces at Ujjain, there is no authentic information about where precisely he encountered them. Baij Nath Puri states that
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1856-507: The Kanauj expedition. The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as al-Kiraj in later records (Kira Kingdom in Kangra Valley , Himachal Pradesh ), which was apparently subdued. Bin Qasim was recalled in 715 CE and died en route . Al-Baladhuri writes that, upon his departure, the kings of al-Hind had come back to their kingdoms. The period of Caliph Umar II (r. 717–720)
1914-544: The Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi is first attested in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following
1972-565: The Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language. Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah , and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught. Sindhi
2030-522: The Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa , corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as
2088-570: The borders of India. The raided ports in India were Thane , Bharuch , and Debal (in Sindh). These expeditions were not sanctioned by Caliph Umar and Uthman escaped punishment only because there weren't any casualties. The motivation for these expeditions may have been to seek plunder or to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the Arabian Sea , not to start the conquest of India. Arabs led by Suhail b. Abdi and Hakam al Taghilbi later defeated
2146-551: The boundaries of the new province would have included western and southern Rajasthan , nearly all of Gujarat , and a small part of Madhya Pradesh . Towards the North, Umayyads attempted to expand into Punjab but were defeated by Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir . Another force was dispatched south. It subdued Qassa ( Kutch ), al-Mandal (perhaps Okha ), Dahnaj (unidentified), Surast ( Saurashtra ) and Barus or Barwas ( Bharuch ). The kingdoms weakened or destroyed included
2204-482: The creation of larger, more powerful kingdoms, which was inimical to the caliphate's interests. Al-Hakam died in battle in 740 CE while fighting the Meds of north Saurashtra ( Maitrakas , probably under the vassalage of Chalukyas at this time). The death of Al-Hakam effectively ended the Arab presence to the east of Sindh. In the following years, the Arabs were preoccupied with controlling Sindh. They made occasional raids to
2262-505: The details of the campaigns. However, several Indian sources record victories over the Arab forces. The Lord of Nandipuri , Jayabhata IV, documented, in an inscription dated to 736 CE, that he went to the aid of his suzerein, the King of Vallabhi and inflicted a crushing defeat on a Tājika (Arab) army. The Arabs then overran the feudatory of Jayabhata himself and proceeded on to Navsari in southern Gujarat. The Arab intention might have been to make inroads into South India . However, to
2320-519: The development of modern Sindhi literature. The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi , one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh. The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan , commencing a push to establish
2378-421: The documented dialects of Sindhi are: The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages. Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) Tahee(n)/Taee(n) /Murs/Musālu /Kāko/Hamra Bacho/Kako Phar (animal) /Bārish Lapātu/Thapu Dhowan(u) Dhoon(u) Sindhi has
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2436-632: The edge of the Indus river, but their push to become the central power of north India was repeatedly thwarted by the Rashtrakutas. This uneasy balance of power between the three powers lasted till the end of the caliphate. In 756, the Caliphal governor of Sindh sent a naval fleet against the Saindhavas. This naval attack was repulsed by the Saindhavas as they had a strong navy. Later in 776, another naval expedition by
2494-553: The establishment of indigenous Muslim dynasties ( Soomras and Sammas ) there. The first incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate , long before any Arab Army reached the frontier of India by land. Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi , the governor of Bahrain and Oman , had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire , and further east to
2552-428: The following states: and Daman and Diu Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status. Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh. According to
2610-552: The fortune of the Umayyads which resulted in eventual defeat on all the fronts and a complete halt of Arab expansionism. The hiatus from 740 to 750 CE due to military exhaustion, also saw the advent of the third of a series of civil wars, which resulted in the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Arab defeats led to an end of their eastward expansion in India, and later manifested in the overthrow of Arab rulers in Sindh itself and
2668-726: The nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below. The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو ko "someone" are ھَرڪو har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو te-ko "that one" (correlative). Most nominal relations (e.g.
2726-558: The possibility that the Indians must have revolted, but thinks it more likely that the problems were internal to the Arab forces. Governor Tamim is said to have fled Sindh and died en route . The Caliphate appointed al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi (Al-Hakam) in 731 who governed till 740. Al-Hakam restored order to Sindh and Kutch and built secure fortifications at Al-Mahfuzah and Al-Mansur. He then proceeded to retake Indian kingdoms previously conquered by Al-Junayd. The Arab sources are silent on
2784-533: The seaports of Kathiawar to protect their trading routes but did not venture inland into Indian kingdoms. Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta chief of Berar turned against his Chalukya overlords in 753 and became independent. The Gurjara-Pratiharas immediately to his north became his foes and the Arabs became his allies, due to the geographic logic as well as the economic interests of sea trade. The Pratiharas extended their influence throughout Gujarat and Rajasthan almost to
2842-732: The singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ ( ABL ) and -i ( LOC ). A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ bhāu "brother", پِيءُ pīu "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ dhīa "daughter", نُونھَن nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ bheṇa "sister", ماءُ māu "mother", and جوءِ joi "wife". Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives . These decline in
2900-565: The south of the Mahi River lay the powerful Chalukya Kingdom . In the Battle of Navsari , the Chalukyan General Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin decisively defeated the invading Arab forces as documented in a Navsari grant of 739 CE. The Tājika (Arab) army defeated was, according to the grant, one that had attacked "Kacchella, Saindhava, Saurashtra, Cavotaka, Maurya and Gurjara" kings. Pulakeshin subsequently received
2958-745: The tip of the tongue, so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop. The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/ . Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'. Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This
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#17328554930313016-639: The titles "Solid Pillar of Deccan " ( Dakshināpatha-sādhāra ) and the "Repeller of the Unrepellable" ( Anivartaka-nivartayitr ). The Rashtrakuta prince Dantidurga , who was vassal to the Chalukyas at this time, also played an important role in the battle. The kingdoms recorded in the Navsari grant are interpreted as follows: Kacchelas were the people of Kutch . The Saindhavas are thought to have been emigrants from Sindh, who presumably moved to Kathiawar after
3074-796: The use of Sindhi in official documents. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script . The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in
3132-566: Was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh. The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print
3190-617: Was appointed the governor of Sindh in 723 CE. After subduing Sindh, Junayd sent campaigns to various parts of India. The justification was that these parts had previously paid tribute to Bin Qasim but then stopped. The first target was al-Kiraj (possibly Kangra valley ), whose conquest effectively put an end to the kingdom. A large campaign was carried out in Rajasthan which included Mermad (Maru-Mada, in Jaisalmer and Jodhpur ), al-Baylaman (Bhillamala or Bhinmal ) and Jurz ( Gurjaradesa —southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat). Another force
3248-499: Was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867. In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency . Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian . Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered
3306-412: Was relatively peaceful. Umar invited the kings of "al-Hind" to convert to Islam and become his subjects, in return for which they would continue to remain kings. Hullishah of Sindh and other kings accepted the offer and adopted Arab names. During the caliphates of Yazid II (r. 720–724) and Hisham (r. 724–743), the expansion policy was resumed. Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri (or Al Junayd)
3364-483: Was sent against Uzayn ( Ujjain ), which made incursions into its country (Avanti) and some parts of it were destroyed (the city of Baharimad , unidentified). Ujjain itself was not conquered. A separate force was also sent against al-Malibah ( Malwa , to the east of Ujjain ), The Arabs tried to extend Muslim dominion over interior parts of India. They conquered most of the western India and conquered Bhinmal , Juzr , Marmad, Mandal, Dahnaz, Burwas and Malibah. This means
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