Sugawara no Kiyotomo ( 菅原 清公 , 770 – November 26, 842) , also read as Kiyokimi , was a Japanese court noble , poet, and politician of the early Heian period . He served as Vice Minister of Ceremonial Affairs , Mayor of the Left Capital District , and Vice Governor of Harima Province (824–825), and held the court rank of Junior Third Rank .
31-485: Sugawara (written: 菅原 lit. "sedge field"), also read as Sugahara , is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: Sugawara no Kiyotomo (770–842), Japanese courtier and bureaucrat of the early Heian period Sugawara no Michizane (845–903), Japanese scholar, poet, and politician of the Heian period Sugawara no Koreyoshi (812–880), Japanese noble and scholar of
62-513: A benign deity through ritual pacification and posthumous honors. Michizane had an exceptional talent in poetry both for waka (poetry in Japanese) and kanshi (poetry in Chinese). Like his father, Michizane had a talent for poetry, and it is said that he began composing waka at the age of five. His waka appeared in various Chokusen wakashū (imperial waka anthologies) compiled at
93-546: A minor official in the court bureaucracy under the Ministry of Civil Affairs . By 874 Michizane had reached the fifth rank (his father the fourth rank), and served briefly under the Ministry of War before being transferred to a more desirable role in the Ministry of Popular Affairs . His training and skill with Classical Chinese language and literature afforded him many opportunities to draft edicts and correspondences for officials in
124-485: A private school in his mansion and taught students who prepared for the entrance examination to the national school or who had ambitions to be officers of the court, including his own son Michizane. Michizane passed the entrance examination, and entered Daigaku , as the national academy was called at the time. After graduation he began his career in the court as a scholar as a relatively prestigious senior sixth rank upper in 870. His rank coincided with his role initially as
155-419: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Sugawara no Kiyotomo He was the father of Sugawara no Koreyoshi , and grandfather of Sugawara no Michizane who was deified as Tenjin , the deity of scholarship. He was born in 770 as the fourth son of Governor ( suke kokushi ) of Tōtōmi Province , Sugawara no Furuhito . Although his father was a well-known Confucian scholar, his home
186-486: Is often called one of the “Three Great Onryō of Japan.”. He was born into a family of scholars, who bore the hereditary title of Ason ( 朝臣 ) which predated the Ritsuryō system and its ranking of members of the court. His grandfather, Sugawara no Kiyotomo , served the court, teaching history in the national school for future civil bureaucrats and even attained the third rank. His father, Sugawara no Koreyoshi , began
217-576: Is the original form of this poem, when re-collected later in Hōbutsushū , the last phrase was modified into haru na wasure so (meaning remains unchanged), which became its popular variation. A romantic legend says the plum tree was so fond of its master that it finally flew to Dazaifu, and that tree became known as tobi-ume ( 飛梅 , 'the flying plum' ) at Dazaifu Tenman-gū (a shrine dedicated to its master). A more realistic legend says Michizane or his friend transplanted its seedling to Dazaifu. He
248-461: Is thought to be something he received in Tang China. Kiyotomo also helped compile a poetry anthology called Ryōunshū , along with Ono no Minemori , in 814. He also participated in the compilation of Bunka Shūreishū and Ryōnogige . He died on November 26, 842, at the age of 71 or 72. Sugawara no Michizane Sugawara no Michizane ( 菅原 道真/菅原 道眞 , August 1, 845 – March 26, 903)
279-502: The Ako controversy or Akō Incident ( 阿衡事件 , akō jiken ) in 888 over Mototsune's unclear role in the court after Emperor Uda's ascension. Michizane, defending the court scholars and emperor sent a letter of censure to Mototsune, and gained the favor of Emperor Uda. With his term as governor completed in 890, Michizane returned to the court in Kyoto . In Emperor Uda's struggles to restore power to
310-495: The surname Sugawara . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugawara&oldid=1135710407 " Categories : Surnames Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles with short description Short description
341-661: The Imperial University ( daigaku no suke ). After this, he served as chief expert on literacy ( monjō hakase ), Vice Minister of Ceremonial Affairs ( shikibu taifu ), Senior Assistant of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office ( danjō daihitsu ), and Mayor of the Left Capital District ( Sakyō no Daibu ), and received the court rank of Junior Third Rank . In 824, Kiyotomo was appointed as Vice Governor ( gon no kami ) of Harima Province . However,
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#1732852268139372-1157: The behest of successive emperors and the Daijō Tennō (abdicated emperor) . His waka appear in the Kokin Wakashū , the Gosen Wakashū , the Shūi Wakashū , and the Shin Kokin Wakashū , among others. Michizane is traditionally credited with the Shinsen Man'yōshū , but the attribution has been challenged. One of his waka was included in Fujiwara no Teika 's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu : このたびは ぬさもとりあへず 手向山 紅葉の錦 神のまにまに Kono tabi wa Nusa mo toriaezu Tamuke-yama Momiji no nishiki Kami no mani-mani On this journey I have no streamers made of silk to offer up. Gods, if it pleases you, may you take instead this beautiful brocade of Mt. Tamuke's autumn colors. The poem
403-460: The court he ran the school his father founded, the Kanke Rōka ( 菅家 廊下 , lit. "Sugawara Family Hall") . In 877, he was also promoted to professor of literature at the academy, Later, he was also appointed Doctorate of Literature ( 文章博士 , monjō hakushi ) the highest professorial office at Daigaku. This office was considered to be the highest honor a historian could achieve. In 886, Sugawara
434-659: The court in addition to his menial duties. Records show at this time he composed three petitions for Fujiwara no Yoshifusa as well as the Emperor. Michizane also took part in receiving delegations from the Kingdom of Parhae , where Michizane's skill with Chinese again proved useful in diplomatic exchanges and poetry exchange. In 877, he was assigned to the Ministry of the Ceremonial, which allowed him to manage educational and intellectual matters more than before. In addition to his offices at
465-483: The crown prince as the main successor to the emperor's throne, Michizane was demoted from his aristocratic rank of junior second to a minor official post at Dazaifu , in Kyūshū 's Chikuzen Province where he and his entire family was banished. He died in exile in 903. After Michizane's death, plague and drought spread and sons of Emperor Daigo died in succession. The Imperial Palace's Great Audience Hall ( shishinden )
496-1462: The early Heian period Bunta Sugawara (1933–2014), Japanese actor Chieko Sugawara (born 1976), Japanese fencer Hiroshi Sugawara (born 1955), Japanese film director, film producer, and screenwriter Hirotaka Sugawara (born 1938), Japanese physicist Isshu Sugawara (born 1962), Japanese politician Julia Sugawara (born 1982), Canadian rugby union player Kazuhiko Sugawara (born 1927), Japanese former speed skater Koichi Sugawara ( 菅原 貢一 , born 1950) , Japanese bobsledder Kota Sugawara (born 1985), Japanese football player Ryunosuke Sugawara ( 菅原 龍之助 , born 2000) , Japanese footballer Sadatoshi Sugawara (born 1939), Japanese former volleyball player Shinobu Sugawara (born 1980), Japanese professional wrestler Sayuri Sugawara (born 1990), Japanese singer Takeo Sugawara ( 菅原 武男 , born 1938) , Japanese hammer thrower Taro Sugahara (born 1981), Japanese footballer Takuya Sugawara (born 1983), Japanese professional wrestler Tomo Sugawara (born 1976), Japanese football player Tomoko Sugawara , Japanese harpist Tsûsai Sugawara ( 菅原通済 or 菅原通濟, also Tsusai Sugawara , born 1894) , Japanese social activist and actor Yasaburo Sugawara (born 1952), Japanese former wrestler Yoshimasa Sugawara ( 菅原 義正 , born 1941) , Japanese rally driver Yukinari Sugawara (born 2000), Japanese footballer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
527-478: The east wind blows, flourish in full bloom, you plum blossoms! Even though you lose your master don't be oblivious to spring. Nioi okose yo can be interpreted as "spread your scent" rather than "flourish in full bloom", although such a usage of the word nioi as "scent" or "smell" is relatively modern and rare in the classical period. The above is from the 1006th poem of the Shūi Wakashū ; although this
558-526: The emperor to abolish the Japanese envoys to Tang. The theory is that if Michizane had been sent to Tang as an ambassador, he would have been removed from the center of power at the court, and he advised the emperor to abolish the envoys to avoid this. Within the abdication of Emperor Uda, Michizane's position became increasingly vulnerable. In 901, through the political maneuverings of his rival, Fujiwara no Tokihira, who accused him of favouring Prince Tokiyo over
589-515: The imperial family, away from the Fujiwara, a number of officials from non-Fujiwara families were promoted to key positions, including Imperial offshoots in the Minamoto family and Sugawara no Michizane. In a rapid series of promotions beginning in 891, Michizane rose to the senior third rank in 897. According to one document signed by Michizane in 894, he already held the following posts in the court: He
620-403: The university who are eligible to take the examination to become a government official. After this, Kiyotomo was appointed Junior Secretary ( shōjō ) of Mino Province . In 798, he was appointed Junior Secretary of the Imperial University. In 804, he was sent as a missionary to Tang China , and following this, Emperor Saga changed his formal dress into Tang style. Returning in 805, Kiyotomo
651-488: The upper court nobility ( kugyō ) opposed this decision as they did not want "the founding father of the nation" of such great talent to be sent so far. He was sent back to the capital the next year. In his elder years, he began having trouble to walk, and was allowed to enter the Imperial Palace on a bullock carriage . It is said that his appearance never seemed to age and he always used "an effective medicine", which
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#1732852268139682-563: Was a scholar, poet, and politician of the Heian period of Japan. He is regarded as an excellent poet, particularly in waka and kanshi poetry, and is today revered in Shinto as the god of learning, Tenman-Tenjin ( 天満天神 , often shortened to Tenjin ) . In the famed poem anthology Hyakunin Isshu , he is known as Kanke ( 菅家 ) , and in kabuki drama he is known as Kan Shōjō ( 菅丞相 ) . Along with Taira no Masakado and Emperor Sutoku , he
713-529: Was also interested in kanshi , because in those days the immersion in the Chinese culture was regarded as a proof of refinement and scholarship. Since his excellence in kanshi was well known throughout the court, Emperor Daigo suggested he compile his Chinese poems, and therefore he published Kanke Bunsō ( 菅家文草 , "Chinese poetry by Sugawara no Michizane") and dedicated it to the emperor in 900. After his exile he continued to work on kanshi and compiled them into
744-475: Was appointed ambassador to China in the 890s, but instead came out in support of abolition of the imperial embassies to China in 894, theoretically in consideration for the decline of the Tang dynasty . On the other hand, some historians point to a power struggle between Michizane and his political rivals, the influential Fujiwara no Tokihira and other Fujiwara clans , as another reason for Sugawara Michizane to advise
775-461: Was appointed to be Provincial governor ( Kokushi ) of Sanuki Province . Modern research shows that many bureaucrats in the court, if they lacked sufficient reputation, were assigned at least one term in a remote province, and Michizane was no exception. During his four-year tenure in the province, Michizane's informal poetry increased, and up to 26% of his poetry still extant was composed in this narrow time. Among his duties, based on limited records,
806-448: Was deified as Tenjin-sama , a god of sky and storms. Eventually Tenjin evolved into a benign kami of scholarship. Today many Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to him. He became the most notable example of an interesting spiritual transformation: a vengeful Japanese spirit, onryō or goryō , often a former aristocrat who was wrongfully killed, and consequently seeking revenge, becomes
837-480: Was influential in bringing several attributes of Tang culture into the Japanese court, such as Tang architecture and court manners. He was also a well-known scholar of his time, giving lectures to the court nobility about Chinese books such as Wen Xuan and Book of the Later Han . After his return from Tang China, he received the court rank of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade and was appointed assistant director of
868-527: Was originally the 420th of the Kokin Wakashū . Another of his famous waka is a poem written in 901 just before he left Kyoto for Daizaifu by demotion. He felt deep sorrow that he would never see his precious plum tree in his residence in Kyoto again, so he talked endearingly to it: 東風吹かば にほひをこせよ 梅の花 主なしとて 春を忘るな Kochi fukaba Nioi okose yo Ume no hana Aruji nashi tote Haru o wasuru na When
899-471: Was poor and Kiyotomo and his brothers suffered from poverty. Because his home was poor, he decided to study economic history. In 784, after an imperial edict, he began his service under Crown Prince Sawara and became a student of literary studies at the Imperial University in 789, at the age of 20. He excelled in his studies and was a monjō tokugōshō , a title awarded to the two best students at
930-413: Was struck repeatedly by lightning, and the city experienced weeks of rainstorms and floods. Attributing this to the angry spirit of the exiled Sugawara, the imperial court built a Shinto shrine called Kitano Tenman-gū in Kyoto, and dedicated it to him. They posthumously restored his title and office, and struck from the record any mention of his exile. Even this was not enough, and 70 years later Sugawara
961-551: Was to tour the province, recommend outstanding individuals to the court, and to punish as needed. In 887, Michizane had to petition and pray to the Buddhas and the Shinto kami to help relieve a drought at the time. Records of the time imply that Michizane's time as governor had met with only middling success. While serving as governor, a political conflict arose between Emperor Uda and Fujiwara no Mototsune of powerful Fujiwara clan called