Misplaced Pages

#641358

35-400: Sudanese Arabic is highly diverse. Famed Sudanese linguist Awn ash-Sharif Gasim noted that "it is difficult to speak of a 'Sudanese colloquial language' in general, simply because there is not a single dialect used simultaneously in all the regions where Arabic is the mother tongue. Every region, and almost every tribe, has its own brand of Arabic." However, Gasim broadly distinguishes between

70-409: A laminal consonant , and ⟨ ◌̪ ⟩, the diacritic marking a dental consonant ). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as ⟨ s̄ ⟩, ⟨ θˢ̣ ⟩, or ⟨ s̟ ⟩ ( advanced diacritic ). Dalbor (1980) describes this sound as follows: " [s̄] is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called s coronal or s plana because of

105-570: A voiceless alveolar fricative ( /s/ ) (as in Indonesian ), voiceless dental stop ( /t/ ), or a voiceless labiodental fricative ( /f/ ); known respectively as th-alveolarization , th-stopping , and th-fronting . The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots , English , and Icelandic , but it

140-559: A marginal presence in Darfur Arabic and other varieties of Sudanese Arabic in loanwords from indigenous Sudanese languages. Some examples include: The Arabic letter ǧīm ج ‎ maintains an archaic pronunciation [ ɟ ] in Sudanese (other dialects typically have [ dʒ ] , [ ʒ ] or [ j ] ), while Cairene Arabic has [ g ] . The long mid vowels /eː / and /oː / are equivalent respectively to

175-528: A minister in all Sudanese governments. During this period he demonstrated exceptional qualities as a leader and political religious figure and soon became one of the most popular and beloved ministers in Sudan's 1970s government for his strong work ethics, humbleness and honesty. He was able to connect with different religious groups and to promote ideas of peace and harmony among these groups. Qasim continued to write during this period and published dozens of books for

210-618: A noticeable impact on the lexicon of Sudanese Arabic, particularly on vocabulary relating to agriculture and Nubian foods and traditions. Many of the Nubian influences on Sudanese Arabic hail from the Nobiin language , such as the word for cat, /kadiːsa/, as well as the Nobiin accusative suffix -ga/ka which appears in many loanwords of Nubian origin. There is also influence of Nubian in Sudanese Arabic from

245-627: A phonological analysis of 2,155 languages. Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English , northern varieties of the Berber languages of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish , various dialects of Arabic , Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative. Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with

280-526: Is T . The IPA symbol is the lowercase Greek letter theta , which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek , and the sound is thus often referred to as " theta ". The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called " interdental " because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth , and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants . This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in

315-503: Is Inta shadīd? Inti shadīda? "Are you well? (to a male and a female, respectively)", the response to which is usually al-Hamdo lillāh "Praise God" assuming you are indeed feeling well, ma batal "not bad" or nosnos "half-half", if feeling only okay or taˤban showayya "a little tired" if not so well. Of course, there can be many other responses but these are used in everyday language. Other everyday greetings include kwayyis(a), alhamdulilah "Good, thanks to Allah", Kēf al-usra? "how

350-511: Is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages , Peninsular Spanish , Galician , Venetian , Tuscan , Albanian , some Occitan dialects and Greek . It has likewise disappeared from many modern vernacular varieties of Arabic , like Egyptian Arabic. Classical Arabic (used in reciting

385-473: Is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in think . Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ θ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol

SECTION 10

#1732845435642

420-406: Is also common to shake hands on first meeting, sometimes simultaneously slapping or tapping each other on the left shoulder before the handshake (particularly for good friends). Handshakes in Sudan can often last as long as greetings. A handshake between well-acquainted Sudanese will often be preceded by raising one's right hand and touching each other's left shoulder simultaneously before engaging in

455-568: Is considerable regional variation in Arabic spoken throughout the country. Thus, the term 'Sudanese Arabic' typically refers to Arabic spoken in northern and central parts of Sudan. The other most commonly mentioned derivative of Sudanese Arabic is Juba Arabic , a pidgin of Arabic spoken in South Sudan , which is much more heavily influenced by other local languages. In northern Sudan, greetings are typically extended, and involve multiple questions about

490-582: Is related to Sudanese Arabic's realization of the Modern Standard Arabic voiceless uvular plosive [q] as the voiced velar stop [g], as is done in Sa'idi Arabic and other varieties of Sudanic Arabic, as well as Sudanese Arabic's realization of the Modern Standard Arabic voiced alveopalatal fricative [dʒ] as the voiced palatal stop [ɟ]. However, Sudanese Arabic also retains the plethora of innovations on Classical Arabic found in other Egypto-Sudanic varieties, such as

525-586: Is the family?" or kēf al awlād? "how are the children". For friends, the question Kēf? can also be formed using the person's first name, prefixed by ya , for example; kēf ya Yōsif? "How are you, Joseph?". Another standard response in addition to al-hamdu lillāh is Allāh ybarik fik "God's blessing upon you". Additional greetings are appropriate for particular times and are standard in most varieties of Arabic, such as Sabāh al-khēr? / Sabāh an-Nōr . Sudanese that know each other well will often use many of these greetings together, sometimes repeating themselves. It

560-541: Is typically not used in formal writing or on Sudanese news channels. However, Sudanese Arabic is employed extensively on social media and various genres of Sudanese poetry (such as dobeyt and halamanteesh ), as well as in Sudanese cinema and television. In 1889 the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain claimed that the Arabic spoken in Sudan was "a pure but archaic Arabic". This

595-524: The Dongolawi language , in particular terms relating to device and water wheel in the form of loanwords like "Kolay". Other words of Nubian origin identified by researchers include: The Beja language , also known as Bidawiyet, is one of Sudan's most spoken indigenous languages, and also contributes significantly to the Sudanese Arabic lexicon. Loanwords from Bidawiyet include: Because of the varying influence of local languages in different parts of Sudan, there

630-581: The 20th century. Qasim was born in Sudan's ancient city Halfayat Almilook in 1933. His father immigrated to Sudan from Yemen in 1925 and settled in the city of Halfayat Almilook in Khartoum North and became a known religious figure in the area teaching and educating on Islamic sciences . Due to this background, Qasim was exposed to a heritage of Islamic and Arabic culture education since his early childhood that later on shaped his life. He graduated from

665-756: The Arabic spoken by the Shaigiya and Shukriyya tribes , have also elicited special interest from linguists. The variety evolved from the varieties of Arabic brought by Arabs who migrated to the region after the signing of the Treaty of Baqt , a 7th-century treaty between the Muslim rulers of Egypt and the Nubian kingdom of Makuria . Testimonies by travelers to the areas that would become modern-day Sudan, like Ibn Battuta , indicate that Arabic coexisted alongside indigenous Sudanese languages, with multilingualism in Arabic and non-Arabic Sudanese languages being well-attested by travelers to

700-611: The College of Liberal Arts at the University of Khartoum in 1957. He earned his master's degree in 1960, majoring in Arabic and Islamic studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . In 1967, he earned his PhD from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland . Qasim served as a minister of religious affairs for 10 years (1971-1981) the longest period served by

735-468: The Quran) still retains the sound. Features of the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative: The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of Andalusian Spanish . It has no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet , though its features would be transcribed ⟨ s̻̪ ⟩ or ⟨ s̪̻ ⟩ (using the ⟨ ◌̻ ⟩, the diacritic marking

SECTION 20

#1732845435642

770-619: The Walis, the Righteous, the 'Ulema and the Poets in the Sudan ( Arabic : كتاب الطبقات في خصوص الاولياء والصالحين والعلماء والشعراء في السودان ) by Muhammad wad Dayf Allah. While the written Arabic used in these Sultanates more closely resembles the norms of Classical Arabic , Dayf Allah's book features early attestations of some elements of modern Sudanese phonology and syntax. Like other varieties of Arabic outside of Modern Standard Arabic , Sudanese Arabic

805-446: The diphthongs [aj] and [aw] found in Modern Standard Arabic. Multilingualism in Arabic and indigenous Sudanese languages has been the norm in Sudan since the entry of Arabic into the region, resulting in noticeable influences from Nubian, Beja, western Sudanese, and Nilotic languages on the vocabulary of Sudanese Arabic. Prior to the widespread adoption of Arabic, the Nubian languages were dominant in medieval Sudan, and have thus made

840-446: The handshake, all while exchanging verbal greetings. The Sudanese Arabic word for "yes" varies; aye is widely used, although aywa or na‘am are also commonly used. Awn Alsharif Qasim Awn Al-Sharif Qasim ( Arabic : عون الشريف قاسم ) (June 16, 1933 – January 19, 2006) was a prolific Sudanese writer, encyclopedist , scholar, community leader, and one of Sudan's leading experts on Arabic language and literature . He

875-619: The highest prestigious prize awarded by Sudanese government. He was also awarded the Egyptian prestigious First Class Golden Award for scientific achievements in 1992 by Egyptian President Muhammad Husni Mubarak . Qasim also authored the Dictionary of the Sudanese dialect , another valuable source of information on Sudanese culture. His dictionary is used worldwide by scholars as a valuable reference on Sudanese dialects. Voiceless dental fricative The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative

910-529: The loss of interdental fricatives. As with other Egypto-Sudanic varieties, Modern Standard Arabic interdental fricatives / θ / , / ð / , and / ðˤ / are substituted by either their fricative or stop counterparts. As is the case in Egyptian Arabic and Levantine Arabic , interdental fricatives are realized as / t / , / d / , and / dˤ / in inherited words, and as / s / , / z / , and / zˤ / in loans from Modern Standard Arabic. Similar to Sa'idi Arabic ,

945-495: The other person's health, their family etc. When greeting an informal acquaintance, it is common to begin with the word o , followed by the person's first name: Ō, Khalafalla or Ō, kēf ya Khalafalla . Formal greetings often begin with the universal As-salām ˤalaykom and the reply, Wa ˤalaykom as-salām , an exchange common to Muslims everywhere. However, other greetings typical to Sudan include Izzēyak (to men) or Izzēyik (to women). A rather informal way to say "How are you",

980-482: The public. After the military coup by Omer Al Bashir , he was arrested along with other ministers from Nimeiri's government. In the mid-1990s, he authored the Sudanese Encyclopedia of Tribes and Genealogies , a pioneer, state of the art series of books for the different Sudanese tribes, their roots and origins. This project has entitled him to earn Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence ,

1015-461: The region up until the 19th-century. Sudanese Arabic has characteristics similar to Egyptian Arabic . As a point of difference, though, the Sudanese dialect retains some archaic pronunciation patterns, such as the letter ج, and it also exhibits characteristics of the ancient Nobiin language that once covered the region. Accordingly, linguists have identified a variety of influences from Nubian , Beja , Fur , Nilotic , and other Sudanese languages on

1050-402: The relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal [s̄] , heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of /θ/ ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this [s̄] as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it

1085-604: The varieties spoken by sedentary groups along the Nile (such as the Ja'aliyyin ) and pastoralist groups (such as the Baggara groups of west Sudan). The most widely-spoken variety of Sudanese is variably referred to as Central Sudanese Arabic, Central Urban Sudanese Arabic, or Khartoum Arabic, which more closely resembles varieties spoken by sedentary groups. Some, like researcher Stefano Manfredi, refer to this variety as "Sudanese Standard Arabic" due to

Sudanese Arabic - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-451: The variety's comparative prestige and widespread use. Linguist Ibrahim Adam Ishaq identifies two varieties of Arabic spoken in Darfur besides Sudanese Standard Arabic, including Pastoral Arabic and what is generally termed Darfur Arabic, which refers to the Arabic primarily spoken by multilingual Darfuris living in rural parts of the region. A number of especially distinct tribal varieties, such as

1155-546: The vocabulary and phonology of Sudanese Arabic. By the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultanates of Darfur and Sennar emerged and adopted Arabic as an official language, employing the language in public documents and as an intermediary language between the myriad of languages spoken at the time. Under the Sultanate of Sennar , Arabic was also employed in the writing of historical and theological books, most famously The Tabaqat of

1190-492: The voiced velar stop / g / corresponds to the Modern Standard Arabic voiced uvular plosive / q / in Sudanese. Gasim also attests to the realization of Modern Standard Arabic [ q ] as [ ɣ ] in Sudanese. Varieties of Sudanese Arabic spoken by non-Arab groups, such as Darfur Arabic, substitute pharyngeal or emphatic consonants with non-pharyngeal counterparts, i.e., / s / for Modern Standard Arabic / sˤ / . The consonants / ɲ / , / c / , and / ŋ / also have

1225-424: Was a strong advocate of Arabic / Islamic culture and its interweaving with Sudanese culture . Qasim authored more than 70 books in the area of Islamic history and civilization, Arabic literature, studies in the Sudanese dialect languages. Along with Professor Abdalla Eltayeb and Professor Abu Saleem, Qasim was considered one of the scholars who shaped the Sudanese academic scene during the last three decades of

#641358