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44-445: Sub-divisional police officer (SDPO), also known as circle officer (CO) in some states like In the states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, the post is known as circle officer (CO)., is a police officer of the rank of deputy superintendent of police (DSP) or assistant superintendent of police (ASP) heading a police sub-division in India. In commissionerate system in metropolitan cities,
88-481: A Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander would be in overall command in the Control Room. Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing citations which typically may result in
132-499: A Senior Deputy with The San Francisco Sheriff's Office earned a top salary of double those in Connecticut. There are numerous concerns affecting the safety and health of police officers, including occupational stress and death in the line of duty. On August 6, 2019, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced the creation of the first U.S. state-wide program to support the mental health of police officers. The goal of
176-453: A corresponding uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to pass themselves off as members of the public. In most countries police officers are given exemptions from certain laws to perform their duties. For example, an officer may use force if necessary to arrest or detain a person when it would ordinarily be assault. In some countries, officers can also violate traffic code to perform their duties. The word "police" comes from
220-488: A medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic first aid such as CPR . Some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas military police perform law enforcement functions within the military. In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education. Increasing numbers of people joining
264-431: A policy—fleshing out the broader mandates of authorizing legislation. For example, typically a legislature would pass a law mandating the establishment of safe drinking water standards, and then assign an agency to develop the list of contaminants and safe levels through rulemaking. The rise of the rulemaking process itself is a matter of political controversy. Many find that obscure and complex rulemaking tends to undercut
308-434: A public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies , disasters , search and rescue operations, and traffic collisions . To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with fire and emergency medical services . In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as firefighters (creating the role of fire police ). In many countries, there
352-440: A rule argue that it fails to follow the instructions of the authorizing legislation. Rules can be found to exceed statutory authority if they are too strict or too lax. If a law instructs an agency to issue regulations to ban a chemical, but the agency issues a rule that instead sets levels for safe use—or vice versa—a court may order the agency to issue a new rule. Bolt out of the blue. Occasionally, interested parties argue that
396-411: A typical U.S. federal rulemaking would contain these steps: (a) the information to be collected “is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency”; (b) the agency is not seeking “unnecessarily duplicative” collection of “information otherwise reasonably accessible to the agency”; (c) the agency “has taken every reasonable step to ensure that the proposed collection of information …
440-516: Is a common emergency telephone number that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom , have introduced command procedures for use in major emergencies or disorder. In the UK, The Gold Silver Bronze command structure is a system set up to improve communications between ground-based officers and the control room. Typically,
484-410: Is a generic term not specifying a particular rank. In some, the use of the rank " officer " is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of suspects and the prevention, detection, and reporting of crime , protection and assistance of the general public, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an oath , and have
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#1732855362159528-592: Is in the public interest. Significant rules (defined by Executive Order 12866) and major rules (defined by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act ) are required to have a 60-day delayed effective date. Most modern rulemaking authorities have a common law tradition or a specific basic law that essentially regulates the regulators, subjecting the rulemaking process to standards of due process , transparency, and public participation . Private rulemaking bodies, such as
572-420: Is moving toward posting rulemaking dockets online at www.regulations.gov . Supporting documentation for 37% of new rulemakings was available on-line as of August 2006. By August 2007 it was available for 80% of new rulemakings. Interested parties frequently comb through the agency's data to find flaws in the agency's reasoning. Also, interested parties’ comments on the rule then become part of this record. In
616-523: Is no reasonable way that the agency could have drafted the rule, given the evidence in the rulemaking record. A court may send a rule back to the agency for further analysis, generally leaving the agency to decide whether to change the rule to match the existing record or to amend the record to show how they arrived at the original rule. If a court does remand a rule back to the agency, it almost always involves an additional notice and public comment period. Exceeds statutory authority. Frequently, opponents of
660-543: Is no stigma in shunning promotion, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded. Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may apply for specialist positions, such as detective , police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed). In some countries, including Singapore , police ranks are supplemented through conscription , similar to national service in
704-533: Is the least burdensome necessary”; and (d) the regulations are “written using plain, coherent, and unambiguous terminology.” In the United States when an agency publishes a final rule generally the rule is effective no less than thirty days after the date of publication in the Federal Register. If the agency wants to make the rule effective sooner, it must cite "good cause" (persuasive reasons) as to why this
748-536: Is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest and detain, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to calls for service , along with routine community policing . Police are often used as an emergency service and may provide
792-538: The Internet Engineering Task Force , Java Community Process , and other technical communities, have adopted similar principles and frameworks to ensure fairness, transparency, and thoroughness. While the mechanics vary, these efforts follow the same pattern of an open rulemaking record, public publication of proposals, and an opportunity for public comment on those proposals before they are finalized. Public participation requires some official methods for
836-672: The democratic ideal of a government that is closely watched by and accountable to its citizens. Although executive agencies are usually charged with executing, not promulgating a regulatory scheme, the breadth and depth of regulation today renders it difficult, if not impossible, for legislatures to specify the details of modern regulatory schemes. As a result, the specification of these details are mostly delegated to agencies for rulemaking. Common purposes of rulemaking include: Rulemaking processes are generally designed to ensure that The primary administrative law statutes and other laws that govern agency rule making include: For example,
880-517: The Greek politeia , meaning government , which came to mean its civil administration. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer. A sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire . A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy. Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce
924-591: The Latin capere , brought to English via the Old French caper . The responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within
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#1732855362159968-431: The U.S., interested parties can sue to have a judge review the rulemaking process once the rule is finalized. Interested parties frequently sue the rulemaking agency, asking the court to order the agency to reconsider. For example, environmental groups may sue, claiming that the rule is too lax on industry; or industry groups may sue, claiming that the rule is too onerous. Traditionally, courts are reluctant to step into
1012-709: The United States, an average patrol officer's salary was $ 64,610 in 2021. In London, capital of the UK, a police officer's average basic salary in 2020 was £36,773 per annum. In the Netherlands, the average police officer working on the street is ranked in salary scale 6 to 9, €27,584 to €54,177 gross (€23,805 to €38,037 net) per year. Apart from these scales, there are higher functions which can increase an officer's salary. In some towns of Fairfield County, Connecticut , Police officers have earned $ 178,000-$ 312,000 with overtime. Similar pay rates have made reports for New Jersey and Oakland, California police officers. In 2023,
1056-411: The activities of all police stations and units under the jurisdiction of that subdivision. Police officer public safety , civil service , public service , rescue, A police officer (also called a policeman (male) or policewoman (female), a cop , an officer , or less commonly a constable ) is a warranted law employee of a police force . In most countries, "police officer"
1100-515: The agency to communicate with the public. Generally, agencies produce an official gazette , or periodical for publishing all rulemaking notice, such as the Federal Register . Once a rule is final, the language of the rule itself (not the supporting analysis or data) is codified in the official body of regulations, such as the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). In essence, the accountability of
1144-399: The community, and in many contexts, restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer may wear. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even when off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty. In the majority of Western legal systems, the major role of the police
1188-429: The decision is not patently unreasonable (under Canadian law) or Wednesbury unreasonableness (under British law) or similar doctrines described below. These powers of review of administrative decisions, while often governed by statute, were originally developed out of the royal prerogative writs of English law such as the writ of mandamus and the writ of certiorari . Thus, it is not enough to simply claim that
1232-451: The facts and analysis behind the rule. Agencies must assemble and make public a rulemaking record that includes all information considered as part of the rulemaking process. These records can be enormous and can easily fill scores to hundreds of boxes. Interested parties generally must travel to an agency repository to inspect and copy this record. In the United States, the Federal government
1276-462: The final rule contains provisions that were never vetted during the public comment period. A court may intervene if it finds that there was no way that the commenting public could have anticipated the new provisions and provided comments. If so, the new provisions are said to be, in a colorful legal phrase, a 'bolt out of the blue' rather than a reasonable course correction during the rulemaking process. Frequently, agencies will vet several options during
1320-404: The imposition of fines , particularly for violations of traffic law. Traffic enforcement is often, but not always, accomplished by police officers on police motorcycles —called motor officers, these officers refer to the motorcycles they ride on duty as simply motors. Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose cars have broken down and people experiencing
1364-450: The laws it creates. In The Federalist collection of articles and essays, James Madison wrote: " If men were angels, no Government would be necessary ". These words apply to those who serve government, including police. A common nickname for a police officer is "cop"; derived from the verb sense "to arrest", itself derived from "to grab". Thus, "someone who captures", a "copper", was shortened to just "cop". It may also find its origin in
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1408-620: The military or security services. In the United States, state laws may codify statewide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training, but in other countries requirements are set by local police agencies. Generally, each police agency has different requirements. Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary , it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There
1452-518: The military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. Conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but minimum academic qualification requirements are less stringent. Some join as volunteers, again via differing qualification requirements. In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they have served. In
1496-503: The police possess tertiary education qualifications and in response to this, many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend two to three years as a constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as sergeants or inspectors . (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.) Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in
1540-424: The post is equivalent to Assistant commissioner of police (ACP). The nomenclature varies from state to state. However, the most common term is sub-divisional police officer (SDPO), and the functions are the same throughout India. Circle officer or SDPO is responsible for overseeing law and order, crime prevention, and investigation within a designated area known as a police subdivision. They supervise and coordinate
1584-401: The power to arrest people and detain them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers. Some officers are trained in special duties, such as counter-terrorism , surveillance , child protection , VIP protection , civil law enforcement , and investigation techniques into major crime including fraud , rape , murder , and drug trafficking . Although many police officers wear
1628-632: The program is to train officers in emotional resiliency and to help destigmatize mental health problems. Almost universally, police officers are authorized to use force, up to and including deadly force , when acting in a law enforcement capacity. Although most law enforcement agencies follow some variant of the use of force continuum , where officers are only authorized to use the level of force required to match situational requirements, specific thresholds and responses vary between jurisdictions . While officers are trained to avoid excessive use of force, and may be held legally accountable for infractions,
1672-594: The required autonomy, protection, and discretion . As an example, the use of body-worn cameras has been shown to reduce both instances of misconduct and complaints against officers. Rule making In administrative law , rulemaking is the process that executive and independent agencies use to create, or promulgate , regulations . In general, legislatures first set broad policy mandates by passing statutes , then agencies create more detailed regulations through rulemaking . By bringing detailed scientific and other types of expertise to bear on policy,
1716-447: The rulemaking agency could have done a better job. Instead, under U.S. administrative law, to ask the court to order changes in a rule, a party must argue that the rule is: Arbitrary and capricious and/or unsupported by the record. Most frequently, objectors will argue that, even if the judge is not an expert, the judge can tell that there is an obvious gap in the agency's data or analysis. A court may intervene if it finds that there
1760-550: The rulemaking process has been the means by which some of the most far-reaching government regulations of the 20th century have been created. For example, science-based regulations are critical to modern programs for environmental protection , food safety , and workplace safety . However, the growth in regulations has fueled criticism that the rulemaking process reduces the transparency and accountability of democratic government. Legislatures rely on rulemaking to add more detailed scientific, economic, or industry expertise to
1804-410: The rulemaking process. The agency rulemaking is usually required to consider and publish a written response to all comments. Although high-profile rulemakings may include public hearings, most rulemakings are simply noticed in the Federal Register with a call for written comments by a set deadline. Holding agencies accountable for objective, fact-based rulemaking requires maintaining a formal record of
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1848-469: The rulemaking system assumes that the public does take note of all of the notices in the Federal Register, which can run over a hundred pages per day. In practice, many industry or public advocacy lobbyists and lawyers monitor the Federal Register Table of Contents every day by email on behalf of their constituents or clients. Public comments are the heart of the public's ability to participate in
1892-407: The shoes of the technical experts and re-open the decisions made in the agency's detailed analysis. However, courts do review whether a rulemaking meets the standards for the rulemaking process. The basis of this review by the courts may be limited to certain questions of fairness or the procedures that ensure that both sides of a dispute are treated equally before any decision making occurs or that
1936-436: The variability of law enforcement and its dependence on human judgment have made the subject an area of controversy and research. In the performance of their duties, police officers may act unlawfully, either deliberately or as a result of errors in judgment. Police accountability efforts strive to protect citizens and their rights by ensuring legal and effective law enforcement conduct, while affording individual officers
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