86-615: Stuyvesant Farm , also known as the Great Bowery , was the estate of Peter Stuyvesant , the last Dutch director-general of the colony of New Netherland , as well as his predecessors and later his familial descendants. The land was at first designated Bowery No. 1 , the largest and northernmost of six initial estates of the Dutch West India Company north of New Amsterdam , used as the official residence and economic support for Willem Verhulst and all subsequent directors of
172-517: A French alliance led to the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover , the long-term trend was against him. Support for re-asserting English naval power provided limited backing in the Third Anglo-Dutch War but ended once that had been achieved. The treaty disappointed Orangists by failing to restore the House of Orange or allow exiles home, as promised by Charles. When Zeeland and Friesland, in response to
258-700: A delegation of twelve met at Stuyvesant Farm to negotiate the Articles of Surrender of New Netherland , and papers were later signed by Johannes de Decker on an English ship in the harbor. Terms were generous enough that Stuyvesant kept his estate and lived the rest of his life there, after a three-year trip back to the Netherlands until the Peace of Breda . The property was inherited in Stuyvesant family , sometimes with new land acquisitions. The family continued to hold slaves into
344-553: A father his children," and began the task of rebuilding the physical and moral state of the colony. In September 1647 he appointed the Nine Men , an advisory council composed of representatives of the colonists, to help rebuild relationships with them, temper his rule with their guidance, and restore New Netherland to the kind of well-run place that the Dutch preferred. In 1648 a conflict began between him and Brant Aertzsz van Slechtenhorst,
430-535: A major military victory was needed to improve their bargaining position. An opportunity was provided by Charles, who decommissioned most of the Royal Navy in late 1666 as a cost-saving measure. The Dutch took full advantage in the June 1667 Medway Raid ; although the action itself had limited strategic impact, it was a humiliation Charles never forgot. Holles and Coventry initially assumed this would extend negotiations, but
516-456: A position he held until 1644. In April 1644, he coordinated and led an attack on the island of Saint Martin —which the Spanish had taken from the Dutch. Peter thought they had few men. When Peter raised the Dutch flag the Spanish fired. A cannonball hit Peter. They lost the battle and Peter had his lower leg amputated. Stuyvesant returned to the Netherlands for convalescence, where his right leg
602-595: A secret annex, the Dutch undertook to extradite regicides who voted for the Execution of Charles I in 1649, although in practice these provisions were ignored. A separate treaty amended the Navigation Acts ; goods transported along the Rhine or Scheldt to Amsterdam could be carried by Dutch ships to England without being subject to tariffs. England also accepted the principle of "free ships make free goods", which prevented
688-558: A system of fire wardens and a volunteer fire watch that patrolled the streets to keep an eye on any fire, or potential fire, from nine o'clock in the evening until the morning drum-beat. As such Stuyvesant became the organizer and head of the first volunteer firemen in America The colony of New Netherland had severe external problems. The population was too small and contentious, and the Company provided little military support. The most serious
774-602: A war 'continued only by Holland's obstinacy.' The parties eventually settled on Breda, but French military preparations led the Orangists to accuse De Witt of deliberately stalling to allow Louis a free hand in the Spanish Netherlands. This put De Witt under pressure to reach agreement, which increased after France and Portugal agreed an anti-Spanish alliance in March. The role of mediator in peace talks provided prestige and
860-634: The Americas were cultivated by slaves from Africa, fed by colonies in North America, leading to conflict in all three regions. In August 1664, the English occupied New Netherland , later renamed New York; when another attack captured WIC slave trade posts in modern Ghana , the Dutch sent a fleet to recapture them. The result was to bankrupt the RAC, whose investors saw war as the best way to recoup their losses. Despite
946-502: The Battle of Vågen in August, although this turned out to have been the result of miscommunication. Frederick III of Denmark had secretly agreed to help the English capture the fleet in return for a share of the profits, but his instructions arrived too late. By late 1666, Charles was short of money, largely due to his refusal to recall Parliament, while English trade had been badly affected by
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#17328546553291032-579: The Bowery Lane after its destination at the Great Bowery. In 1632, Wouter van Twiller took control of Bowery No. 1 when he became Director of New Netherland. During his stewardship over the farm he oversaw many improvements, including adding a house, a brewery, and barns. The largely self-sufficient farm's primary product is thought to have been the staple wheat, rather than a cash crop like tobacco. The building that would become Stuyvesant's Bowery Mansion
1118-564: The Dutch Reformed Church remains an important part of the community, as well as shopping centers, yacht clubs and other buildings and facilities throughout the area where the Dutch colony once was. The Peter Stuyvesant Monument by J. Massey Rhind situated at Bergen Square in Jersey City was dedicated in 1915 to mark the 250th anniversary of the Dutch settlement there The World War II Liberty Ship SS Peter Stuyvesant
1204-509: The East River and to erect a fortification. In 1653, a convention of two deputies from each village in New Netherland demanded reforms, and Stuyvesant commanded that assembly to disperse, saying: "We derive our authority from God and the company, not from a few ignorant subjects." In 1654, Stuyvesant signed a deed for an allotment of land 10,000 square feet (930 m ) that corresponds to
1290-725: The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in late May, which the Dutch viewed as a more serious threat. War-weariness in England was increased by the June Raid on the Medway . Both factors led to a rapid agreement of terms. Prior to 1667, the Anglo-Dutch relationship had been dominated by commercial conflict, which the treaty did not end entirely. However, tensions decreased markedly and cleared
1376-800: The Portuguese had been eliminated, leaving only nutmeg plantations on Run . These had been established by the British East India Company in 1616, before being evicted by the VOC in 1620; when the English re-occupied Run in late 1664, the Dutch expelled them again, this time destroying the plantations. There was a similar struggle over the Atlantic trade between the Dutch West-Indische Compagnie , or WIC, and competitors from Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal and England. Sugar plantations in
1462-655: The Royal African Company (RAC), challenging the Dutch in West Africa. Investors included senior politicians such as George Carteret , Shaftesbury and Arlington , creating a strong link between the RAC and government policy. Huge profits from Asian spices led to conflict even in times of peace, as the Dutch East India Company , or VOC, first created, then enforced, their monopoly over production and trade. By 1663, indigenous and European competitors like
1548-458: The Royal Navy from intercepting Dutch ships during wars in which the Dutch were neutral. These terms were preliminary, with a definitive text signed on 17 February 1668. The Danish and French treaties followed the Anglo-Dutch version in waiving claims for restitution of losses. In addition, England returned the French possessions of Cayenne and Acadia , captured in 1667 and 1654 respectively, but
1634-589: The Stuyvesant Town housing complex; the site of the original Stuyvesant High School , still marked Stuyvesant on its front face, on East 15th Street near First Avenue, Stuyvesant Square , a park in the area; and the Stuyvesant Apartments on East 18th Street. The new Stuyvesant High , a premier public high school, is on Chambers Street near the World Trade Center. His farm, called the "Bouwerij" –
1720-517: The Treaty of Hartford , to settle the border between New Amsterdam and the English colonies to the north and east. The border was arranged to the dissatisfaction of the Nine Men, who declared that "the governor had ceded away enough territory to found fifty colonies each fifty miles square." Stuyvesant then threatened to dissolve the council. A new plan of municipal government was arranged in the Netherlands, and
1806-664: The United States Constitution 's provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights . In 1664, King Charles II of England ceded to his brother, the Duke of York, later King James II , a large tract of land that included all of New Netherland . This came at a period of considerable conflict between England and the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Wars . Four English ships bearing 450 men, commanded by Richard Nicolls , seized
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#17328546553291892-507: The University of Franeker , where he studied languages and philosophy, but several years later he was expelled from the school after he seduced the daughter of his landlord. He was then sent to Amsterdam by his father, where Stuyvesant – now using the Latinized version of his first name, "Petrus", to indicate that he had university schooling – joined the Dutch West India Company (GWC). In 1630,
1978-579: The African coast north of the Equator and 24 April 1668 for the rest of the world. Article 10 required all prisoners to be exchanged without ransom although the Dutch later demanded reimbursement of their living expenses, which the English viewed as the same thing. After their failed 1666 coup, many Orangists sought refuge in England, with English and Scots dissidents going the other way. In Articles 13 and 17, both sides undertook not to protect each other's rebels; in
2064-617: The Amsterdam Chamber of the GWC in 1654, he hoped that "the deceitful race, — such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, — be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony." He referred to Jews as a "deceitful race" and "usurers", and was concerned that "Jewish settlers should not be granted the same liberties enjoyed by Jews in Holland, lest members of other persecuted minority groups, such as Roman Catholics, be attracted to
2150-552: The Anglo-Spanish Treaty of Madrid formally concluded the 1654 to 1660 war and in return for commercial concessions, England agreed to mediate with Portugal. The threat to the Dutch economy presented by French expansion made ending the Anglo-Dutch War a matter of urgency. Backed by assurances from Louis that he would force the Dutch to agree concessions, the English increased their demands and Van Beverningh told De Witt
2236-575: The Articles of Capitulation. The Dutch settlers mainly belonged to the Dutch Reformed church, a Calvinist denomination, holding to the Three Forms of Unity (Belgic Confession, Heidelberg Catechism, Canons of Dordt). The English were Anglicans, holding to the 39 Articles , a Protestant confession, with bishops. In 1665, Stuyvesant went to the Netherlands to report on his term as governor. On his return to
2322-546: The Bouwerie House and was used in winter for ice skating. The creeks emptied into the East River on Stuyvesant Cove, between Kip's Bay and Corlears Hook. In 1647, Stuyvesant brought a pear tree from the Netherlands and planted it on his farm. The tree stood at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue until 1867, where it lived for two hundred years, with New York City growing around it. The 1811 street grid covered over
2408-492: The Company, which stand idle whereof now, [in] 1639, 3 are again occupied.” In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant was selected to replace Kieft as Director of New Netherland, and took on the role in 1647. On March 12, 1651, the company directors in Amsterdam authorized the sale of the farm with its dwelling house, barns, woods, six cows, two horses and two African slaves for ƒ 6,400 to Stuyvesant, acting through his agent Jan Jansen Damen. By
2494-533: The Dutch colony. On 30 August 1664, George Cartwright sent the governor a letter demanding surrender. He promised "life, estate, and liberty to all who would submit to the king's authority." On 6 September 1664, Stuyvesant sent Johannes de Decker , a lawyer for the West India Company, and five others to sign the Articles of Capitulation. Nicolls was declared governor, and the city was renamed New York . Stuyvesant obtained civil rights and freedom of religion in
2580-465: The Dutch to negotiations in London and withdrew previous demands for the appointment of his nephew William of Orange as stadtholder , payment of damages, the return of Run and a trade deal on India. The States-General refused to attend peace talks without France; on territorial claims, they offered to continue the present situation, or revert to the position before the war , an option clearly unacceptable to
2666-401: The Dutch, who suffered a serious defeat at Lowestoft in June, followed by an invasion from Münster . Louis responded by activating the 1662 treaty, calculating this would make it harder for the Dutch to oppose his occupation of the Spanish Netherlands. He also paid Sweden to remain neutral, while influencing Denmark–Norway to join the war. Danish assistance saved the Dutch merchant fleet at
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2752-848: The English Connecticut Colony were strained, with disputes over ownership of land in the Connecticut valley, and in eastern Long island. The treaty of Hartford of 1650 was advantageous to the English, as Stuyvesant gave up claims to the Connecticut Valley while gaining only a small portion of Long island. In any case, Connecticut settlers ignored the treaty and steadily poured into the Hudson Valley, where they agitated against Stuyvesant. In 1664, England sent an expeditionary force to capture New Netherland. The colony's settlers refused to fight, forcing Stuyvesant to surrender and demonstrating
2838-637: The English delegation felt their position was extremely strong. Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and the States of Holland rejected English proposals to negotiate in The Hague , a town dominated by the Orangist opposition. They were supported by Louis, who viewed the Orangists as English agents. Angered by the delay, the States of Zeeland , Gelderland , Groningen , Overijssel and Friesland threatened to stop paying for
2924-525: The English. It is questionable how sincere this offer from Charles actually was, since his envoy in Paris, the Earl of St Albans , was simultaneously holding secret talks on an Anglo-French alliance. Louis agreed to ensure the Dutch complied with English demands, in exchange for a free hand in the Spanish Netherlands; by April 1667, diplomats in The Hague were predicting a deal was imminent. When talks eventually began,
3010-590: The Franco-Dutch treaty of April 1662, Louis XIV initially remained neutral, as French and Dutch economic interests increasingly diverged over the Spanish Netherlands . The 1648 Peace of Münster permanently closed the Scheldt estuary and the port of Antwerp , which did not recover economically until the 19th century. The combination gave Amsterdam effective control of trade in North-West Europe. Louis considered
3096-544: The French advance, proposed William be made Captain-General of the Dutch States Army , the States of Holland responded on 5 August with the Perpetual Edict . This abolished the position of Stadholder of Holland, while a second resolution agreed to oppose that any confederate Captain-General or Admiral-General would become stadtholder of another province. Since the army was viewed as an Orangist power base, spending on it
3182-458: The GWC in 1651. Stuyvesant did not tolerate full religious freedom in the colony, and was strongly committed to the supremacy of the Dutch Reformed Church . In 1657 he refused Lutherans the right to organize a church. When he also issued an ordinance forbidding them from worshiping in their own homes, the directors of the GWC, three of whom were Lutherans, told him to rescind the order and allow private gatherings of Lutherans. The Company position
3268-417: The Spanish Netherlands his by right of marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain but hoped to acquire them peacefully. Negotiations with the Dutch continually broke down over his desire to re-open Antwerp as an export route for French goods. By 1663, he concluded they would never make concessions voluntarily and began planning a military intervention. In early 1665, England signed an alliance with Sweden against
3354-619: The WIC's confiscation of Danish ships was an ongoing source of dispute; in early 1667, they joined Sweden and France in imposing tariffs on Dutch goods, impacting the Baltic grain trade . In October 1666, Charles opened discussions with the States-General of the Netherlands , under the pretext of arrangements to return the body of Vice-Admiral William Berkeley , killed in the Four Days' Battle . He invited
3440-434: The area included Petersfield, a newer "Bowery House", 44 Stuyvesant Street, Hamilton Fish House , and 19 Gramercy Park South . The estate included a wetland known as Stuyvesant Meadows, part of which was later filled and converted to form Tompkins Square Park. Two creeks, noted for their eel populations, passed through the wetland, Stuyvesant Creek and a feature later called Ninth Street Creek. Stuyvesant Creek also passed by
3526-624: The city and practice their faiths. Stuyvesant was in particular antisemitic , loathing both the Jewish ethnicity and religion . Peter Stuyvesant was born around 1610 in Peperga or Scherpenzeel , Friesland , in the Netherlands , to Balthasar Stuyvesant, a Reformed Calvinist minister, and Margaretha Hardenstein. He grew up in Peperga, Scherpenzeel, and Berlikum . At the age of 20, Stuyvesant went to
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3612-481: The colony had left the colony in terrible condition. Only a small number of villages remained after Kieft's wars, and many of their inhabitants had been driven away and returned home, leaving only 250 to 300 men able to carry arms. Kieft himself had accumulated a fortune of over 4,000 guilders during his term in office, and become an alcoholic. Certain that righting New Netherland was the work which God had saved him for, Stuyvesant told its people "I shall govern you as
3698-422: The colony stopped sheltering runaways from New Netherland. In 1657, the GWC's directors wrote to Stuyvesant, telling him that they were not going to be able to send him all the tradesmen that he requested and that he would have to use slaves as well. Although it is commonly thought that Stuyvesant was New Netherland's largest slaveholder, he only owned two slaves, purchasing them as part of the farm he bought from
3784-456: The colony was provisionally ceded to the Kingdom of England . He was a major figure in the history of New York City and his name has been given to various landmarks and points of interest throughout the city (e.g. Stuyvesant High School , Stuyvesant Town , Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood , etc.). Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general of New Netherland included a great expansion for
3870-476: The colony, he spent the remainder of his life on his farm, Stuyvesant Farm , of sixty-two acres outside the city, called the Great Bouwerie, beyond which stretched the woods and swamps of the village of Nieuw Haarlem . A pear tree that he reputedly brought from the Netherlands in 1647 remained at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue until 1867 when it was destroyed by a storm, bearing fruit almost to
3956-462: The colony. In 1651, while serving as director, Stuyvesant purchased the land from the company. He capitulated the colony to the English in 1664 and went to Europe for three years, returning to retire to his farm in 1667. The land was kept in the Stuyvesant family for many generations into the American period, and was the namesake of numerous local sites and institutions. Prior to Dutch colonization ,
4042-432: The colony." Stuyvesant's decision was again rescinded after pressure from the directors of the company. As a result, Jewish immigrants were allowed to stay in the colony as long as their community was self-supporting. However, Stuyvesant would not allow them to build a synagogue, forcing them to worship instead in a private house. In 1657, the Quakers , who were newly arrived in the colony, drew his attention. He ordered
4128-440: The commanding officers of the colony. The land which made up Stuyvesant Farm was formerly part of two of these estates, the entire Bowery No. 1 and parts of Bowery No. 2 (bowery is an anglicization of the archaic Dutch word for "farm", spelled bouwerie or bouwer ij ). These boweries were laid out along a Native American footpath, part of the Northeastern Great Trail and later the Boston Post Road , that would become known as
4214-399: The commissary of the patroonship Rensselaerwijck , which surrounded Fort Orange (present-day Albany). Stuyvesant claimed he had power over Rensselaerwijck, despite special privileges granted to Kiliaen van Rensselaer in the patroonship regulations of 1629. When Van Slechtenhorst refused, Stuyvesant sent a group of soldiers to enforce his orders. The controversy that followed resulted in
4300-439: The company assigned him to be their commercial agent on a small island just off of Brazil , Fernando de Noronha , and then five years later transferred him to the nearby Brazilian state of Pernambuco . In 1638, he was moved again, this time to the colony of Curaçao , the main Dutch naval base in the West Indies , where, just four years later, aged 30, he became the acting governor of that colony, as well as Aruba and Bonaire ,
4386-426: The dilemma of domestic dissatisfaction, small size, and overwhelming external pressures with inadequate military support from the Company that was fixated on profits. Stuyvesant became involved in a dispute with Theophilus Eaton , the governor of English New Haven Colony , over the border of the two colonies. In September 1650, a meeting of the commissioners on boundaries took place in Hartford, Connecticut , called
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#17328546553294472-421: The early 19th century. The family land area gradually declined into the 19th century as pieces were sold off, both commercially and in some cases to local institutions for a nominal price. The tract of land that comprised Stuyvesant Farm covered what is today's East Village and Stuyvesant Town . Stuyvesant Square and Tompkins Square Park are both within the limits of the Stuyvesant farm. The Bouwerie House
4558-507: The early instruction of youth." In 1661, New Amsterdam had one grammar school, two free elementary schools, and had licensed 28 schoolmasters. As director-general of New Netherland, Stuyvesant greatly increased the colony's involvement with slavery . During the late 1640s, authorities in the neighboring English colonies of Connecticut and Maryland encouraged New Netherland slaves to escape there, refusing to return them. In 1650, Stuyvesant threatened to offer freedom to Maryland slaves unless
4644-527: The exact boundaries were not specified, and the handover was delayed until 1670. England regained Montserrat and Antigua , and the Anglo-French division of the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts was restored. After the treaties were signed on 31 July, they were sent to each country for ratification, a process which was completed by 24 August and followed by public celebrations in Breda. By exchanging New Netherland and Run, Breda removed two major areas of dispute, reducing Anglo-Dutch tensions overall and clearing
4730-403: The farm but spared the Stuyvesant Pear Tree. The tree remained there, through the founding of Kiehl's Pharmacy at the same corner in 1851, until February 1867 when, weakened by a massive winter storm, it toppled by a wagon collision. A plaque marking the Stuyvesant tree's spot remains at the corner of 13th Street and Third Avenue. In this neighborhood, pear trees are still planted to commemorate
4816-410: The founding of the new settlement, Beverwijck . In an effort to remedy the neglect on the town, previously under Kieft's administration, Stuyvesant took measures to improve the appearance and safety of the town, with numerous regulations to achieve this end that were routinely issued by his office. Building codes were established for houses and other structures, including fences in an effort to control
4902-447: The land where Stuyvesant Farm sat was most likely used or inhabited by Native Americans. The Wappinger and Lenape peoples inhabited Manhattan, using the land as seasonal hunting grounds and also establishing permanent villages there. The Dutch Republic formed the colony of New Netherland in the early 17th century, and Cryn Fredericks of the Dutch West India Company set out six estates north of New Amsterdam to be farmed to support
4988-458: The last. The house was destroyed by fire in 1777. He also built an executive mansion of stone called Whitehall . In 1645, Stuyvesant married Judith Bayard ( c. 1610 –1687) of the Bayard family . Her brother, Samuel Bayard, was the husband of Stuyvesant's sister, Anna Stuyvesant. Petrus and Judith had two sons together: He died in August 1672 and his body was entombed in the east wall of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery , which sits on
5074-455: The mid-17th century, an estimated 40 people were enslaved on Stuyvesant Farm. Stuyvesant was the largest private slaveholder on Manhattan; only the company of which he was director held more. Stuyvesant diminished free African-owned properties in the neighboring Land of the Blacks settlement by appropriating some of them to himself, through both purchases and fiat, though most stayed intact. When England moved to take over New Netherland in 1664,
5160-422: The modern-day Financial District of lower Manhattan . It was co-signed by land grantee and secretary of the New Netherland Council Cornelis van Ruijven (alternative spelling Ruyven). The lot was given and granted to van Ruijven. The deed conveys a tract of land on Manhattan island in the Sheep Pasture. It was bounded by present-day Broad Street to William Street , and Beaver Street to Exchange Place . In
5246-417: The name "New Amsterdam" was officially declared on 2 February 1653. Stuyvesant made a speech for the occasion, saying that his authority would remain undiminished. Stuyvesant was then ordered to the Netherlands, but the order was soon revoked under pressure from the States of Holland and the city of Amsterdam. Stuyvesant prepared against an attack by ordering the citizens to dig a ditch from the North River to
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#17328546553295332-463: The need to create an alliance against France meant Spain threatened to withhold implementation of the Madrid treaty, supported by Leopold. Combined with economic losses caused by the war and the Great Fire of London , Clarendon instructed Holles to agree terms "to calm people's minds" and "free the king from a burden...he is finding hard to bear". Article 1 of the treaty stipulated a limited military alliance, obliging fleets or single ships sailing on
5418-450: The opportunity to build relationships; since Louis and Leopold both wanted the position, they compromised by using Swedish diplomats. Key players in the vital Baltic trade in grain, iron and shipping supplies, the Swedes hoped to remove commercial concessions imposed by the Republic in the 1656 Treaty of Elbing and end its alliance with Denmark. Göran Fleming was based at Breda, with Peter Coyet in The Hague; after Coyet died on 8 June, he
5504-411: The original pear tree planted by Stuyvesant. A Stuyvesant descendant gifted a cross-section of the original trunk to the New-York Historical Society . Kiehl's planted a new pear tree at the same spot in 2003. Peter Stuyvesant Peter Stuyvesant ( c. 1610 – August 1672) was a Dutch colonial administrator who served as the director-general of New Netherland from 1647 to 1664, when
5590-399: The public torture of Robert Hodgson, a 23-year-old Quaker convert who had become an influential preacher. Stuyvesant then made an ordinance, punishable by fine and imprisonment, against anyone found guilty of harboring Quakers. That action led to a protest from the citizens of Flushing , which came to be known as the Flushing Remonstrance , considered by some historians to be a precursor to
5676-479: The same course to defend each other against a third party. Article 3 established the principle of uti possidetis , or "what you have, you hold", with an effective date of 20 May. The Dutch kept Surinam , now part of modern Suriname , Fort Cormantin and Run while the English kept New Netherland , which was subsequently divided into the colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , Connecticut and Delaware . Articles 4 to 8 applied
5762-427: The same principle to losses of goods or ships, including those that occurred before the war. No indemnities could be levied or punishments imposed, but all existing Letters of Marque were declared void. To allow time to communicate these instructions, Article 7 varied the date on which they would be enforced: 5 September for the English Channel and the North Sea , 5 October for the other European seas, 2 November for
5848-447: The settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan . Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street , the canal that became Broad Street , and Broadway . Stuyvesant, himself a member of the Dutch Reformed Church , opposed religious pluralism and came into conflict with Lutherans , Jews , Roman Catholics , and Quakers as they attempted to build places of worship in
5934-440: The seventeenth-century Dutch word for "farm" – was the source for the name of the Manhattan street and surrounding neighborhood named " The Bowery ". The contemporary neighborhood of Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn includes Stuyvesant Heights and retains its name. Also named after him are the hamlets of Stuyvesant and Stuyvesant Falls in Columbia County, New York , where descendants of the early Dutch settlers still live and where
6020-399: The site of Stuyvesant's family chapel. The last acknowledged descendant of Peter Stuyvesant to bear his surname was Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant, Jr., who died a bachelor in 1953 at the age of 83 in his mansion at 2 East 79th Street. Rutherfurd Stuyvesant , the 19th-century New York developer, and his descendants are also descended from Peter Stuyvesant; however, Rutherford Stuyvesant's name
6106-417: The summer of 1655, he sailed down to the Delaware River with a fleet of seven vessels and about 300 men and took possession of the colony of New Sweden , which was renamed "New Amstel." In his absence, Pavonia and Staten Island were attacked by Native Americans on 15 September 1655 in what became known as the Peach War . In 1660, Stuyvesant was quoted as saying that "Nothing is of greater importance than
6192-474: The war and domestic disasters. In contrast, the Dutch economy had largely recovered from its post-1665 contraction, while public debt was lower in 1667 than 1652; however, naval warfare was enormously expensive and financing it a challenge even for the Amsterdam markets. Both sides wanted peace, since the Dutch had little to gain from continuing the war and faced external challenges from competitors. Denmark resented concessions imposed at Christianopel in 1647, while
6278-536: The way for the 1668 Triple Alliance between the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden. With the brief anomaly of the 1672 to 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War , the treaty marked the beginning of an alliance between the English and the Dutch that would last for a century. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was caused by commercial tensions, heightened by Charles II , who saw trade as a way to reduce his financial dependence on Parliament . In 1660, he and his brother James founded
6364-521: The way for the 1668 Triple Alliance between the Republic, Sweden and England. The Alliance is often credited with forcing France to return most of their gains at Aix-la-Chapelle , whereas the terms had already been agreed by Louis and Leopold in January 1668. In the longer term, Breda was the point when the English and Dutch came to view France as a greater threat than each other; whilst Charles' preference for
6450-582: The widespread problem of wandering livestock about the town. As the housing and other structures in New Amsterdam were built almost entirely from wood and stood very close together the possibility of a spreading fire was very great. As governor, Stuyvensant forbid the construction of wooden chimneys, and imposed a tax of a beaver skin, or its trade equivalent, on every householder to finance the cost of two hundred and fifty leather fire buckets and hooks and ladders, which he had sent from Holland. He also established
6536-458: Was a manor house perhaps originally built for Van Twiller, that became the personal property of Stuyvesant and later of his family until it was burned on October 24, 1778. An informal settlement, known as Stuyvesant Village or Bowery Village, grew up adjoining the house to its west. The Bouwerie House is to be distinguished from the governor's house downtown at what became known as Whitehall Street. Other residences of Stuyvesant family members in
6622-445: Was a member of De Witt's States Party . The English lead negotiators were Denzil Holles , Ambassador to France , and Henry Coventry , Ambassador to Sweden . On 24 May, Louis launched the War of Devolution , French troops quickly occupying much of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté . To focus on this, Spain needed to end the long-running Portuguese Restoration War . On 27 May,
6708-513: Was changed from Stuyvesant Rutherford in 1863 to satisfy the terms of the 1847 will of Peter Gerard Stuyvesant . His descendants include: According to historian Eleanor Bruchey: Stuyvesant and his family were large landowners in the northeastern portion of New Amsterdam, and the Stuyvesant name is currently associated with four places in Manhattan 's East Side, near present-day Gramercy Park :
6794-578: Was deliberately minimised; this had catastrophic effects in 1672. Breda was also a success for Sweden, who used their position as mediators to improve the Elbing provisions, break the Dutch-Danish agreement and join the Triple Alliance. The Spanish regained Franche-Comté and most of the Spanish Netherlands; more significantly, the Dutch now viewed them as a better neighbour than an ambitious France. Overall,
6880-477: Was most likely a structure originally erected by the Dutch West India Company's carpenters in 1633. Van Twiller was fired in 1637 and when his replacement, Willem Kieft , arrived in 1638, he found the colony in disarray outside of the impressive Bowery No.1. The Manatus Map of 1639 indicates only half of the six company boweries were in operation, referring to Boweries 2–6 as “five run down bouweries of
6966-646: Was named in his honor. Treaty of Breda (1667) The Peace of Breda , or Treaty of Breda was signed in the Dutch city of Breda , on 31 July 1667. It consisted of three separate treaties between England and each of its opponents in the Second Anglo-Dutch War : the Dutch Republic , France , and Denmark–Norway . It also included a separate Anglo-Dutch commercial agreement. Negotiations had been in progress since late 1666 but were slow, as both sides tried to improve their positions. This changed after
7052-406: Was replaced by Count Dohna , who was instructed to negotiate a Swedish-English-French alliance if talks at Breda failed. The States General appointed eight delegates but only those from Holland , Zeeland and Friesland were actually present. Two of the three were Orangists, Zeelandic Pensionary Pieter de Huybert and Friesland's van Jongestall ; the delegate from Holland, Van Beverningh ,
7138-468: Was replaced with a wooden peg . Stuyvesant was given the nicknames "Peg Leg Pete" and "Old Silver Nails" because he used a wooden stick studded with silver nails as a prosthesis . The West India Company saw the loss of Stuyvesant's leg as a "Roman" sacrifice, while Stuyvesant himself saw the fact that he did not die from his injury as a sign that God was saving him to do great things. A year later, in May 1645, he
7224-750: Was selected by the company to replace Willem Kieft as Director-General of the New Netherland colony, including New Amsterdam , the site of present-day New York City . Stuyvesant had to wait for his appointment to be confirmed by the Dutch States-General . During that time he married Judith Bayard, who was the daughter of a Huguenot minister and hailed from Breda . Together, they left Amsterdam in December 1646 and, after stopping at Curaçao, arrived in New Amsterdam by May 1647. Kieft's administration of
7310-412: Was that more tolerance led to more trade and benefited everyone. Freedom of religion was further tested when Stuyvesant refused to allow the permanent settlement of Jewish refugees from Dutch Brazil in New Amsterdam (without passports), and join the handful of existing Jewish traders (with passports from Amsterdam). Stuyvesant attempted to have Jews leave the colony "in a friendly way". As he wrote to
7396-524: Was the economic rivalry with England regarding trade. Secondarily there were small scale military conflicts with neighboring Indian tribes, involving fights between mobile bands on the one hand, and scattered small Dutch outposts on the other. With a large area and limited population, defense was a major challenge. Stuyvesant's greatest success came in dealing with the Delaware River colony of New Sweden , which he invaded and annexed in 1655. Relations with
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