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124-410: Stuarts Draft has a history as an agricultural community, dating back to the 1730s. Today, the community also includes a processing and manufacturing cluster that includes Hershey, Hollister Incorporated, McKee Foods, NIBCO, Regal Rexnord, Ply Gem - Cornerstone, and a Target Corporation Distribution Center. As one writer notes, "A visitor to Stuarts Draft can see these imposing plants with cattle grazing in

248-714: A 1614 Dutch map showing some Sawwanew located just east of the Delaware River . Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the Illinois Country . Based on historical accounts and later archaeology, John E. Kleber describes Shawnee towns by

372-604: A bachelor's degree or higher. There are 4,992 households in Stuarts Draft, with an average household size of 2.47. According to the 2020 U.S. Census , the median household income in the Stuarts Draft CDP is $ 63,679, the average household income is $ $ 75,788, and the per capita income is $ 27,975. Of those over sixteen years of age, 63.6% are employed in the civilian workforce. As of July 2022, there are 5,260 housing units in Stuarts Draft, with an average value of $ 251,669 and

496-572: A band of Cherokee along the lower Tennessee River and Chickamauga Creek against the colonists in that area. Some colonists called this group of Cherokee the Chickamauga , because they lived along that river at the time of what became known as the Cherokee–American wars , during and after the American Revolution . But they were never a separate tribe, as some accounts suggested. After

620-466: A botanically significant range of plants. Adjacent to the national forest, Shenandoah Acres includes a small spring-fed lake. Historically, the property included a cranberry bog , one of the sinkhole ponds in the Maple Flats area. The cranberry bog was well-known by botanists as a site for several rare plants and orchids, including the rose pogonia and grass pink orchids. In the journal Claytonia ,

744-621: A chief, in 1714 they asked Carondawana, an Oneida war chief, to represent them to the Pennsylvania provincial council. About 1727, Carondawana and his wife, a prominent interpreter known as Madame Montour , settled at Otstonwakin , on the west bank at the confluence of Loyalsock Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River . By 1730, European American settlers began to arrive in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, where

868-516: A contract to construct 224 miles (360 km) of the SVRR from Shepherdstown to Salem for $ 35,000 a mile. The work was to be completed by August 1872. The major source of capital came from the sale of 6% mortgage bonds backed by the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1871, Thomas A. Scott was elected as the second president of SVRR; he was also a Vice President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Peter B. Borst

992-456: A girdle round them with a piece of cloth drawn through their legs and turned over the girdle, and appears like a short apron before and behind. All the hair is pulled from their eyebrows and eyelashes and their faces painted in different parts with Vermilion. They walk remarkably straight and cut a grotesque appearance in this mixed dress." — from the Journal of Nicholas Cresswell Ever since

1116-568: A group of Shawnee migrated to the Savannah River area. The English based in Charles Town , South Carolina, were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as "Savannah Indians". Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida, Maryland , Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of

1240-576: A hewed-pine log structure then on the Harper property. As a result, the name Stuarts Draft was chosen for the post office and the community. Later, the post office moved three miles west of town and was operated by postmaster James M. Hall. In the 1850s, the Howardsville Turnpike was built through Stuarts Draft. Funded by stock as a commercial venture, the turnpike allowed Stuarts Drafts' farmers to take their wheat and other goods by horse-drawn wagons to

1364-729: A historic commercial district located along Draft Avenue, formerly Main Street. Surviving structures from the railroad era include the Kube Blacksmith Shop (1928) and the Etter Funeral Home (1895), on the corner of Flory Avenue. Also on Draft Avenue, the Shenvalee Farmhouse (1890) is a Victorian-style house. Two properties in Stuarts Draft are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Dating to c.  1857 ,

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1488-587: A legal battle for the next four years to regain control. On September 30, 1890, the SVRR was reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley "Railway", with stockholders approval to sell to N&W. On December 2, the Shenandoah Valley Railway acquired the rights to the franchise of the Washington and Western Railroad . On December 15, 1890, N&W purchased the company outright for $ 6,000,000 of stock and added

1612-555: A link with its own Cumberland Valley Railroad , just north of Williamsport in Hagerstown. This new north/south line would be the key to capturing the traffic on numerous just-acquired southern lines and directing it to the port of Philadelphia. The competing B&O wanted to divert the riches of the area to the port of Baltimore and expand into the south. Each tried to cut off the other from the south. Meanwhile, Virginia really didn’t want either to succeed so that traffic would be directed to

1736-493: A loan of $ 79,000 from Philadelphia financiers E.W. Clark & Co. to cover that year’s shortfall. The life of all the bridges was ending and significant funds would be needed in the coming years. In 1882, N&W made a deal with PRR to swap the SVRR share capital for N&W common stock. SVRR got a loan from N&W of $ 600,000, plus up to $ 200,000 per year for 3 years. PRR kicked in $ 150,000 as advanced payment for highly discounted future traffic contracts. Control of SVRR stock

1860-468: A median value of $ 251,669. 57% of the residents are owner-occupied. In Stuarts Draft, 10.8% of the residents live in poverty, while 5.9% of the people under 65 years do not have health insurance. Agriculture continues to play a role in the economy of the area. However, Stuarts Draft's largest employers are its manufacturing and distribution facilities. These industries were attracted to Stuarts Draft by its proximity to major interstates and metropolitan areas,

1984-555: A nearby field..." Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was the territory of the Shawanee ; none of their settlements are known to have existed in Stuarts Draft. Two non-residents tribes were frequent visitors to the area: the Delaware from the north and the Catawba from the south. When European settlers first moved into Augusta County in 1732, these three tribes were in the midst of

2108-600: A new short-line railroad formed late in the 20th century by several major shippers. The historic name of the once rival was adopted for the current privately owned intrastate Shenandoah Valley Railroad . The organizers of the SVRR planned to construct a railroad from the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) station in Hagerstown, Maryland (a branch out of Harrisburg, PA called the Cumberland Valley Railroad ) to

2232-479: A pavilion, and a large horseshoes court. Friendship Park provides a single-lit baseball field. Stuarts Draft Park is a 13 acres (0.053 km; 5.3 ha) county-administered facility that opened in 2004. It has a junior Olympic-sized swimming pool, a pool house, the John W. Swett Amphitheater, two baseball fields, two picnic shelters, a playground, two soccer/multi-purpose fields, and a walking trail. Shenandoah Acres

2356-512: A relatively flat landscape, and a "high-quality workforce with a strong work ethic." Draftco Inc. is a machine and fabrication shop founded in Stuarts Draft in 1965. In 1969, NIBCO (formerly J. K. Porter), a manufacturer of wrot copper fittings for the flow control industry, opened its manufacturing plant in Stuarts Draft. Hollister Incorporated , which develops and manufactures medical devices and products, opened its facility in Stuarts Draft in 1979. Other manufacturers moving to Stuarts Draft in

2480-680: A small American post on the Sandusky River . After they were repulsed with serious losses, the British and Tecumseh ended their Ohio campaign. On Lake Erie, the American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813. His decisive victory against the British ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled

2604-805: A small group joining Muscogee people in Alabama . In the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed them under the 1830 Indian Removal Act to areas west of the Mississippi River; these lands would eventually become the states of Missouri , Kansas , and Texas . Finally, they were removed to Indian Territory , which became the state of Oklahoma in the early 20th century. Today, Shawnee people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes , all headquartered in Oklahoma: Shawnee has also been written as Shaawana . Individuals and singular Shawnee tribes may be referred to as šaawanwa, and

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2728-576: A two-pronged invasion into the Ohio Country. The Shawnee chief Cornstalk attacked one wing but fought to a draw in the only major battle of the war, the Battle of Point Pleasant . In the Treaty of Camp Charlotte ending the war (1774), Cornstalk and the Shawnee were compelled by the British to recognize the Ohio River as their southern border, which had been established by the Fort Stanwix treaty. By this treaty,

2852-646: A variety of primary and specialty care medical practices, including offices affiliated with the University of Virginia Health System and Augusta Health . Its closest hospital in Augusta Health, a 255-bed facility in Fishersville . Augusta Health is a research affiliate of the Duke Cancer Institute . Shawnee The Shawnee ( / ʃ ɔː ˈ n i / shaw- NEE ) are a Native American people of

2976-414: A war. As a result, armed war parties were a common sight in the white settlements. In 1736, William Beverly received a patent from Virginia's Governor William Gooch for 118,491 acres (479.52 km; 47,952 ha) in what became Augusta County. At the time, this was the "outermost limits of Virginia". Beverly sold parcels of land to settlers, including property that is now in Stuarts Draft. One settler

3100-522: A warehouse. In 1891, the Shenandoah Valley Railroad was purchased by the Norfolk and Western Railway , further expanding Stuart Draft's reach. George Samuel Etter opened his Etter Funeral Home in Stuarts Draft in 1895. Other businesses that opened in Stuarts Draft in 1895 include a barrel factory and a chair factory. Also in 1895, the Fishersville, Barterbrook, and Stuarts Draft Telephone Company

3224-461: Is 1.6% Hispanic or Latino, and 1.3% of its total population is foreign-born. Stuarts Draft's population is 51.7% female and 48.3% male. The population's age range is 18.7% over the age of 65 years, 58.4% between 19 and 64 years, 22.9% under eighteen years of age, and 5.2% under the age of five years. 9.4% of its residents under the age of 65 have a disability. 94% of its population over the age of 24 years are high school graduates or higher; 20.5% have

3348-476: Is a gap in the archaeological record between the most recent Fort Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the historic Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European (French and English) archaeologists as occupying this area at the time of encounter. Scholars generally accept that similarities in material culture, art, mythology , and Shawnee oral history linking them to the Fort Ancient peoples, can be used to support

3472-422: Is also close to intersections with Interstate 81 and Interstate 64 . Stuarts Draft's primary roads include SR 608 (Cold Springs Road/Tinkling Spring Road/Draft Avenue), SR 610 (Howardsville Turnpike), SR 624 (Lyndhurst Road), SR 633 (Patton Farm Road), SR 634 (Patton Farm Road), SR 635 (Mount Vernon Road/Augusta Farms Road), SR 639 (Wayne Avenue), SR 660 (Lake Road), and SR 664 (Lyndhurst Road). Stuarts Draft has

3596-569: Is also served by Beverley Manor Middle School, Riverheads Elementary School, and Riverheads High School . Private schools in Stuarts Draft include Pilgrim Christian School, which offers grades one through twelve, and Ridgeview Christian School which teaches grades pre-kindergarten through twelve. Brite Bus provides public transportation through its Stuarts Draft Link. The link connects Stuarts Draft to Fishersville , Waynesboro , and employment and healthcare locations. Major highways in Stuarts Draft include U.S. Route 340 (Stuarts Draft Highway). It

3720-549: Is at the southern border of Stuarts Draft. The forests consist primarily of oaks, including white, black, red, post, and chestnut oaks. Other trees include ash, balsam fir, beech, birch, black maple, black spruce, black walnut, cucumber tree , dogwood, elm, fir, gum, hemlock, hickory, hornbeam, locust, mulberry, persimmon, red cedar, red maple, sugar maple, sumac, sycamore, tulip poplar, umbrella tree ( magnolia tripetala ), white cherry, while maple, white pine, and yellow pine. Some areas include rhododendron and laurel. Wildlife native to

3844-490: Is located in southeast Augusta County on the northwest side of the Blue Ridge Mountains . It is located in the Shenandoah Valley , part of the valley belt of Silurian limestone . The area features a flat valley or cove, regionally called a draft. The soil is rich and fertile, well suited for agricultural purposes. Stuarts Draft is eight miles south of Staunton and seven miles southwest of Waynesboro . According to

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3968-419: Is now Sylacauga, Alabama , Chalahgawtha at the site of present-day Chillicothe, Ohio , Old Shawneetown, Illinois , and Suwanee, Georgia . Their language became a lingua franca for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining intertribal resistance to European and Euro-American expansion. Some Shawnee occupied areas in central Pennsylvania. Long without

4092-864: Is the deity of the south wind. Jeremiah Curtin translates Sawage as 'it thaws', referring to the warm weather of the south. In an account and a song collected by C. F. Voegelin, šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind. The Shawnee language is known as saawanwaatoweewe. In 2002, the Shawnee language , part of the Algonquian family , was in decline but still spoken by 200 people. These included more than 100 Absentee Shawnee and 12 Shawnee Tribe speakers. By 2017, Shawnee language advocates, including tribal member George Blanchard, estimated that there were fewer than 100 speakers. Most fluent Shawnee speakers are over

4216-827: Is the largest recreation development in the George Washington National Forest area. The Stuarts Draft Library opened in October 2017; it is part of the Augusta County Library system. The Augusta County Board of Supervisors governs Stuarts Draft as part of Augusta County. The community's representative is elected from the South River Magisterial District. Stuarts Draft includes four Augusta County Schools : Guy K. Stump Elementary School, Stuarts Draft Elementary School, Stuarts Draft Middle School, and Stuarts Draft High School . The expanded CDP

4340-525: The Bare House is a Greek Revival and Italianate style brick house, located off Wilda Road. Its related two-story stone mill, now in ruins, operated from 1795 through 1850. Other historic structures on the property include a brick well house and meat house, a small frame barn, and a cistern. Located on U.S. Route 340 (Stuarts Draft Highway), the Harper House is a two-story brick Italianate-style house from

4464-765: The Beaver Wars , the Haudenosaunee Confederacy had claimed the Ohio Country as their hunting ground by right of conquest, and treated the Shawnee and Lenape who resettled there as dependent tribes. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the Mingo . These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware (Lenape), and the Mingo—became closely associated with one another, despite

4588-580: The Beaver Wars , which began in the 1640s. Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy invaded from the east to secure the Ohio Valley for hunting grounds. The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements, extending from Pennsylvania to Illinois and to Georgia . Among their known villages were Eskippakithiki in Kentucky, Sonnionto (also known as Lower Shawneetown ) in Ohio, Chalakagay near what

4712-657: The Indiana Territory , invited Potawatomi , Lenape, Eel River people , and Miami representatives to a meeting at Fort Wayne . In the negotiations, Harrison promised large subsidies to the tribes if they would cede lands to the United States. After two weeks of negotiating, the Potawatomi leaders convinced the Miami to accept the treaty as reciprocity, because the Potawatomi had earlier accepted treaties less advantageous to them at

4836-791: The Norfolk Southern system. South of Harrisonburg, Virginia , a former part of the Norfolk Southern System a few miles west was a parallel line originally called the Valley Railroad. It was built in the late 19th century by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , a fierce competitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The line was purchased in 1942 by the Chesapeake Western Railway . A portion extending northward from Staunton, Virginia in Augusta County and Rockingham County became

4960-627: The Powhatan Confederacy of 1618–1644, to settle in the Shenandoah Valley . The party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied Abraham Wood 's expedition in 1650, wrote that in Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the Chawan chief and the weroance of the Powhatan (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). He said the latter had murdered

5084-753: The South River . The tract was bound by Robert Stuart's patent to the north, Samuel Davidson's patent to the south, John Black's patent to the west, and James Patton's patent to the east. There, Thomas lived with his wife Elizabeth (née Moore) and their nine children. The property had a small valley or cove, regionally called a draft. There was fighting in Augusta County during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), smaller conflicts with Native Americans in 1764 and 1774, and minor skirmishes through 1794. When Thomas Stuart died, his sons were not living nearby, and his widow left

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5208-568: The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad (V&T) in Salem, Virginia . The route called for 243 miles (391 km) of new construction. The line follows closely the great iron ore belt along the western slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains . Peter Bouck Borst of Page County, Virginia introduced a charter for the railroad for a bill before the Virginia General Assembly in 1866. The ambitious plan

5332-466: The West Virginia panhandle into Virginia to reach Roanoke, Virginia and to connect with the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The development of this railroad had considerable backing from the Pennsylvania Railroad . In September 1890 it went into bankruptcy and was reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley Railway. In December 1890, it became part of N&W. Today the tracks are a major artery of

5456-538: The 1839 Cherokee War. Texas achieved independence from Mexico under American leaders. It decided to force removal of the Shawnee from the new republic. But in appreciation of their earlier neutrality, Texan President Mirabeau Lamar fully compensated the Shawnee for their improvements and crops. They were forced out to Arkansas Territory . The Shawnee settled close to present-day Shawnee, Oklahoma . They were joined by Shawnee pushed out of Kansas (see below), who shared their traditionalist views and beliefs. In 1817,

5580-577: The 1939s. In the early 20th century, Stuarts Draft was a farming community specialized in livestock and fruit. In the 1920s, fruit production included apples, peaches, and pears. At that time, the average apple production from Stuarts Draft was 200 to 400 railroad car loads. Stuart Drafts' main apple producers were Alta Vista, Robert Black, Cisco Orchards, William Baldwin Dodge, George Harper, Samuel B. Harper, Charles I. Keyt, Linda Vista, and Virginia Valley—with each growing 1,000 to 6,000 barrels each annually. Dodge

5704-438: The 1960s, Stuarts Draft entered the modern industrial era with the opening of Draftco and the J. K. Porter plant (now NIBCO). In the 1970s, other manufacturers moved to Stuarts Draft, including Hollister, Mastic Corporation/ Alcoa (now PlyGem Industries), and P. T. Components (now Rexnord ). This was followed by a Hershey Company plant and McKee Foods in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. Manufacturing significantly increased

5828-534: The 1970s include Ply-Gem Siding Group (formerly Alcoa ) and Rexnord (formerly P. T. Components). The Hershey Company opened its second-largest United States manufacturing plant in Stuarts Draft in 1980. It employees more than 1,300 people. In February 2022, some Hershey employees started a campaign to join the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers’ union (BCTGM) to gain better working conditions. Hershey

5952-971: The 2020 United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 29.31 square miles (75.9 km). This is an increase from 2010 when the area was listed as being 19.82 acres. The CDP includes the Christians Creek and the South River watersheds and parts of the Beverley Manor, Riverheads, and the South River magisterial districts. The South River is a tributary of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River . Major streams in Stuarts Draft include Barterbrook Branch, Cole's Run, Deep Pond Run, Falling Rock Creek, Folly Mills Creek, Goose Creek, Johns Runs, Loves Run, Pine Run, and Stony Run. The George Washington National Forest

6076-414: The American rebel cause. Cornstalk led the minority who wished to remain neutral. The Shawnee north of the Ohio River were unhappy about the American settlement of Kentucky. Colin Calloway reports that most Shawnees allied with the British against the Americans, hoping to be able to expel the settlers from west of the mountains. War leaders such as Blackfish and Blue Jacket joined Dragging Canoe and

6200-421: The Brethren. Stuarts Draft has a summer baseball league team, the Stuarts Draft Diamondbacks. The team plays at The Diamond Club, leased to it by Augusta County. The Diamondbacks are a member of the Rockingham County Baseball League and were champions in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016. Kate Schneider Park is operated by the Stuarts Draft Ruritans and provides three lit baseball fields, one unlit baseball field,

6324-464: The British to fall back from Detroit. General Harrison launched another invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario), which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813. Tecumseh was killed there, and his death effectively ended the Indigenous alliance with the British in the Detroit region. American control of Lake Erie meant the British could no longer provide essential military supplies to their Native allies, who dropped out of

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6448-425: The British unless the treaty was nullified. In March, the Great Comet of 1811 appeared. During the next year, tensions between American colonists and Native Americans rose quickly. Four settlers were murdered along the Missouri River and, in another incident, Natives seized a boatload of supplies from a group of traders. Harrison summoned Tecumseh to Vincennes to explain the actions of his allies. In August 1811,

6572-413: The Civil War, Stuarts Draft's residents provided supplies and men to the Confederate Army. The community's first school was established before the Civil War in Barterbrook, four miles from Stuarts Draft. This one-room schoolhouse was replaced by another schoolhouse behind today's Finley Memorial Presbyterian Church in Stuarts Draft. The new school started with one room but later was expanded to five rooms as

6696-516: The Colter House may date to c.  1770 . There is also a Craftsman style farmhouse (1901) at 239 Stuart Avenue. Churches located in Stuarts Draft include: Bible Truth Church, Calvary United Methodist Church, Destiny Family Center ( Assemblies of God ), Finley Memorial Presbyterian Church, Good Shepard Church of the Nazarene, Greenmonte Mennonite Church, Pilgrim Christian Fellowship ( Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship ), Rankin United Methodist Church, Rejoicing Life Church ( International Church of

6820-410: The Foursquare Gospel ), Ridgeview Baptist Church ( Baptist Bible Fellowship International ), Sherando United Methodist Church, Steadfast Church of God in Christ (Pentecostal), Stuarts Draft Baptist Church ( Southern Baptist Convention ), Stuarts Draft Christian Fellowship, Stuarts Draft Good Shepherd ( Nazarene ), Stuarts Draft Mennonite Church, Valley Baptist Church (Independent), and White Hill Church of

6944-409: The Lower Creek, and the bands became involved in civil war, known as the Creek War . This became part of the War of 1812 when open conflict broke out between American soldiers and the Red Sticks of the Creek. After William Hull 's surrender of Detroit to the British during the War of 1812, General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake

7068-409: The Mississippi River in North America. Later that year, the Crown issued the Proclamation of 1763 , legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization. They reserved the land beyond for Native Americans. But the Crown had difficulty enforcing the boundary, as Anglo-European colonists continued to move westward. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 extended the colonial boundary to

7192-401: The Norfolk port. The PRR began purchasing stock in the SVRR, and took effective control of it. B&O took control of a competing north/south line called the Valley Railroad. The plans showed the railroads were to run parallel to each other through the valley, sometimes just a few miles apart. The race was on. The Central Improvement Company (a subsidiary of Pennsylvania Railroad) was awarded

7316-463: The Northeastern Woodlands . Their language, Shawnee , is an Algonquian language . Their precontact homeland was likely centered in southern Ohio . In the 17th century, they dispersed through Ohio, Illinois , Maryland , Delaware , and Pennsylvania . In the early 18th century, they mostly concentrated in eastern Pennsylvania but dispersed again later that century across Pennsylvania, West Virginia , Kentucky , Ohio, Indiana , and Illinois, with

7440-438: The Ohio River Valley for settlement, frequently traveling by boats and barges along the Ohio River. Violent incidents between settlers and Indians escalated into Lord Dunmore's War in 1774. British diplomats managed to isolate the Shawnee during the conflict: the Iroquois and the Lenape stayed neutral. The Shawnee faced the British colony of Virginia with only a few Mingo allies. Lord Dunmore , royal governor of Virginia, launched

7564-500: The Ohio River increased to around 1,200 people by 1750. "[I] saw four Indian Chiefs of the Shawnee Nation, who have been at War with the Virginians this summer (i.e. 1774), but have made peace with them, and they are sending these people to Williamsburg as hostages. They are tall, manly, well-shaped men, of a Copper colour with black hair, quick piercing eyes, and good features. They have rings of silver in their nose and bobs to them which hang over their upper lip. Their ears are cut from

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7688-422: The Ohio Shawnee had signed the Treaty of Fort Meigs , ceding their remaining lands in exchange for three reservations in Wapaughkonetta , Hog Creek (near Lima ), and Lewistown , Ohio. They shared these lands with some Seneca people who had migrated west from New York. In a series of treaties, including the Treaty of Lewistown of 1825, Shawnee and Seneca people agreed to exchange land in western Ohio with

7812-441: The Ohio country. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , founder of New Orleans and the French colony of La Louisiane , writing in his journal in 1699, describes the Shawnee (or as he spells them, Chaouenons ) as "the single nation to fear, being spread out over Carolina and Virginia in the direction of the Mississippi." Historian Alan Gallay speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by

7936-482: The Oneida people, becoming the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy; they declared their migration finished in 1722. Also at this time, Seneca (an Iroquois nation) and Lenape war parties from the north often fought pitched battles with pursuing bands of Catawba from Virginia, who would overtake them in the Shawnee-inhabited regions of the Valley. By the late 1730s, pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were also impacted by

8060-404: The Revolution and during the Northwest Indian War , the Shawnee collaborated with the Miami to form a great fighting force in the Ohio Valley. They led a confederation of warriors of Native American tribes in an effort to expel U.S. settlers from that territory. After being defeated by U.S. forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, most of the Shawnee bands signed the Treaty of Greenville

8184-412: The Shawnee Reserve in Kansas. This movement was largely under terms negotiated by Joseph Parks (1793–1859). He had been raised in the household of Lewis Cass and had been a leading interpreter for the Shawnee. Shenandoah Valley Railroad (1867%E2%80%931890) Shenandoah Valley Railroad was a line completed on June 19, 1882, extending up the Shenandoah Valley from Hagerstown, Maryland through

8308-434: The Shawnee ceded all claims to the "hunting grounds" of West Virginia and Kentucky south of the Ohio River. But many other Shawnee leaders refused to recognize this boundary. The Shawnee and most other tribes were highly decentralized, and bands and towns typically made their own decisions about alliances. When the United States declared independence from the British crown in 1776, the Shawnee were divided. They did not support

8432-426: The Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant . In response, Tecumseh began to expand on the teachings of his brother Tenskwatawa , a spiritual leader known as The Prophet who called for the tribes to return to their ancestral ways. He began to associate these teachings with the idea of an intertribal alliance. Tecumseh traveled widely, urging warriors to abandon accommodationist chiefs and to join

8556-426: The Shawnee predominated in the northern part of the valley. They were claimed as tributaries by the Haudenosaunee or Six Nations of the Iroquois to the north. The Iroquois had helped some of the Tuscarora people from North Carolina, who were also Iroquoian speaking and distant relations, to resettle in the vicinity of what is now Martinsburg, West Virginia . Most of the Tuscarora migrated to New York and settled near

8680-475: The Shenandoah River between Elkton and Waynesboro . In 1881 the north and south sections were connected. Finally, in 1882, it stretched south to meet the Norfolk and Western Railroad in the new railroad town of Roanoke, Virginia . The track was now complete. Meanwhile, rival Valley Railroad (VRR) was trying to raise capital. With Robert E. Lee as its spokesman, it convinced Baltimore to authorize $ 1,000,000 to secure funding by other Virginia counties. Baltimore

8804-477: The United States for land west of the Mississippi River in what became Indian Territory . In July 1831, the Lewistown group of Seneca–Shawnee departed for the Indian Territory (in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma). The main body of Shawnee in Ohio followed Black Hoof , who fought every effort to force his people to give up their homeland. After the death of Black Hoof, the remaining 400 Ohio Shawnee in Wapaughkonetta and Hog Creek surrendered their land and moved to

8928-522: The age of 50. The language is written in the Latin script , but attempts at creating a unified spelling system have been unsuccessful. The Shawnee language has a dictionary, and portions of the Bible have been translated into Shawnee. Some scholars believe that the Shawnee descend from the precontact Fort Ancient culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. The Shawnee may have entered

9052-584: The area at a later time and occupied the Fort Ancient sites. Fort Ancient culture flourished from c. 1000 to c. 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands on both sides of the Ohio River in areas of present-day southern Ohio , northern Kentucky and western West Virginia . Like the Mississippian culture peoples of this period, they built earthwork mounds as part of their expression of their religious and political structure. Fort Ancient culture

9176-471: The area but were reduced over time by agriculture and development. The summers in Stuarts Draft are warm and humid. Winters in Stuarts Draft are cold and snowy. The temperature ranges are from 26 °F to 86 °F; it is rarely below 11 °F or above 93 °F. As of the 2020 U.S. Census , 12,142 people live in the Stuarts Draft CDP. The population is 93% white, 4.3% black, 2% two or more races, 0.4% Asian, and 0.3% Native American. The white population

9300-484: The area include black bear, deer, red fox, porcupine, beaver, hare, rabbit, and weasel. Perennial streams in the area include native brook trout . Mineral deposits in the national forest include clay, gravel, iron, manganese, and sand. Stuarts Draft includes several natural and man-made ponds. Lake Wilda is Green Pond is a naturally occurring high-elevation pond on the Big Levels Ridge. It is five acres in size during

9424-498: The botanist Lloyd Carr described the pond as a sea of pink when the orchids were in bloom. However, the bog was destroyed to create Shenandoah Acres, and many of the rare species became locally extinct . The Stuarts Draft CDP includes agricultural conservation areas and rural conservation areas. The Cowbane Natural Area Preserve includes 147 acres (0.59 km; 59 ha)1 with calcareous spring marshes, mesic prairies, and wet prairies. These three landscapes were historically common in

9548-524: The city, which was defended by British Colonel Henry Procter , together with Tecumseh and his forces. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22, 1813. Some prisoners were taken to Detroit, but Procter left those too injured to travel with an inadequate guard. His Native American allies attacked and killed perhaps as many as 60 wounded Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen. The Americans called

9672-401: The collective Shawnee people as šaawanwaki or šaawanooki . Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic shawano (now: shaawanwa ) meaning "south". However, the stem šawa- does not mean "south" in Shawnee, but "moderate, warm (of weather)": See Charles F. Voegelin , "šawa (plus -ni, -te) Moderate, Warm. Cp. šawani 'it is moderating...". In one Shawnee tale, "Sawage" (šaawaki)

9796-551: The comet of March 1811 had signaled his coming. He also said that the people would see a sign proving that the Great Spirit had sent him. As Tecumseh traveled, both sides readied for the Battle of Tippecanoe . Harrison assembled a small force of army regulars and militia to combat the Native forces. On November 6, 1811, Harrison led this army of about 1,000 men to Prophetstown, Indiana , hoping to disperse Tecumseh's confederacy. Early

9920-509: The connection from Fort Ancient society and development as the historical Shawnee society. But there is also evidence and oral history linking Siouan -speaking nations to the Ohio Valley. The Shawnee considered the Lenape (or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, to be their "grandfathers". The Algonquian nations of present-day Canada, who extended to

10044-484: The construction idea on February 25, 1870. Maryland provided the final approval needed on April 4, 1870. On March 14, 1870, the company was formed and the first president, Peter Bouck Borst, was elected. After Maryland approved construction of a bridge over the Potomac river anywhere between Harpers Ferry and Williamsport, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) took notice. There could be link with rival B&O railroad, as well as

10168-739: The differences in their languages. The first two spoke Algonquian languages and the third an Iroquoian language. After taking part in the first phase of the French and Indian War (also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the Treaty of Easton , which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the Eastern Divide ) as their mutual border. This peace lasted only until Pontiac's War erupted in 1763, following Britain's defeat of France and takeover of its territory east of

10292-517: The fate of the Fort Ancient people. Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at Madisonville , the type site , the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer. Evidence shows that the people changed from their previously "horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life". There

10416-400: The following: A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to Iroquois longhouses . Each village usually had a meeting house or council house , perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place. According to one English colonial legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief Opechancanough , ruler of

10540-450: The former. The Shawnee were "driven from Kentucky in the 1670s by the Iroquois of Pennsylvania and New York, who claimed the Ohio valley as hunting ground to supply its fur trade . In 1671, the colonists Batts and Fallam reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) in that year and were losing. Sometime before 1670,

10664-450: The fur trade. While they gained arms and European goods, they also traded for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse by their members. Several Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania , led by Peter Chartier , a Métis trader, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities. This resulted in a conflict with colonial Governor Patrick Gordon , who

10788-487: The inability to obtain a traffic contract with the Cumberland Valley Railroad. SVRR sent a team of surveyors during the summer of 1880 into Pennsylvania indicating a desire to build a line to Harrisburg to connect with the competing Philadelphia and Reading Railroad line. The bluff worked and a contract was worked out. But the split with PRR was now inevitable. Also in 1880, service began on the section south of

10912-818: The incident the "River Raisin Massacre". The defeat ended Harrison's campaign against Detroit, and the phrase "Remember the River Raisin!" became a rallying cry for the Americans. In May 1813, Procter and Tecumseh besieged Fort Meigs in northern Ohio. Native forces defeated the American reinforcements arriving during the siege, but the garrison in the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return to Canada. Their second offensive in July against Fort Meigs also failed. To improve Indian morale, Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson ,

11036-670: The interior along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes from the Atlantic coast, regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were historically located mostly in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas. Europeans reported encountering the Shawnee over a wide geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be

11160-430: The land for farming. The most successful crops were hemp, corn, wheat, and flax which was mixed with wool to make linsey-woolsey clothes. Farmers experimented with tobacco and cotton but found hemp the most successful cash crop, supplying raw material for naval rope. Robert Stuart operated a chopping mill in Stuarts Draft. In 1749, Archibald Stuart's son Thomas purchased a patent 353 acres (1.43 km; 143 ha) near

11284-743: The margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the world. The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks . They were the more conservative and traditional part of the people, as their communities in the Upper Towns were more isolated from European-American settlements. They did not want to assimilate. The Red Sticks rose in resisting

11408-536: The mid-19th century. Other historic structures on the property that are included in the National Register listing include a large meat house and a two-story frame structure that likely was as a summer kitchen, laundry, and dwelling. There is also a large mortise-and-tenon frame granary. Another historic property in Stuarts Draft, the Colter House is a two-story brick house located off of Locust Grove Lane. Parts of

11532-804: The next morning, forces under The Prophet prematurely attacked Harrison's army at the Tippecanoe River near the Wabash. Though outnumbered, Harrison repulsed the attack, forcing the Natives to retreat and abandon Prophetstown. Harrison's men burned the village and returned home. On December 11, 1811, the New Madrid earthquake shook the Muscogee lands and the Midwestern United States. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, they agreed that

11656-622: The next year. They were forced to cede large parts of their homeland to the new United States. Other Shawnee groups rejected this treaty, migrating independently to Missouri west of the Mississippi River , where they settled along Apple Creek. The French called their settlement Le Grand Village Sauvage . In the early 19th century, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh gained renown for organizing his namesake confederacy to oppose American expansion in Native American lands. The resulting conflict

11780-692: The northern Shenandoah Valley: at Moorefield, West Virginia , on the North River ; and on the Potomac at Cumberland, Maryland . In 1753, the Shawnee on the Scioto River in the Ohio Country sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley, suggesting that they cross the Alleghenies to join the people further west, which they did the following year. The community known as Shannoah ( Lower Shawneetown ) on

11904-482: The number of students grew. The post office moved back to town in 1881 when the Shenandoah Valley Railroad was under construction. The railroad began stopping in Stuarts Draft in 1882 and connected the town with Roanoke and Hagerstown . The railroad brought growth and prosperity to the farming community, making it one of the wealthiest sections of August County. A village or commercial area formed along

12028-428: The patent or land grant, making it available for resale. The Stuart property was purchased by John Harper in 1800, with some parts being owned by Joseph McComb and Jacob Farror at a later date. Before 1800, the roads to Stuarts Draft were poor, limiting travel to horseback or sleds rather than wheeled wagons. The settlement did not have a post office until 1837. The first post office was in the former Thomas Stuart cabin,

12152-478: The population and development of Stuarts Draft. In 2017 and 2018, the community held a series of public meetings to create a Stuart Draft Small Area Plan. The process included elected officials and consultants. Spanning 2019 through 2039, the resulting plan addresses land use, development, and transportation needs. It also defines areas for urban development (business, industrial, public use, and residential) and agricultural and rural conservation. The Stuarts Draft CDP

12276-460: The powerful earthquake had to have spiritual significance. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement as the Muscogee and other Native American tribes believed it was a sign that the Shawnee must be supported and that Tecumseh had prophesied such an event and sign. The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted

12400-470: The railroad track, expanding to about a mile south of the tracks. A train depot was constructed in 1891 (and demolished in 1975). By 1885, Charles H. Cohron opened C. H. Cohron's Store alongside the tracks, while Fox's Store was located on Howardsville Turnpike. In 1886, the J. B. McChesney Store opened beside the railroad. Cohron built the Stuarts Draft Mill along the railroad tracks in 1893, followed by

12524-575: The railroad was extended to January 1875 and 94 miles (151 km) of work south of the C&;O railroad in Staunton eliminated. Service began between Shepherdstown, WV and the Shenandoah River on December 15, 1879. In September 1872, the Cumberland Valley Railroad (a subsidiary of Pennsylvania Railroad) was asked to construct the tracks from their station in Hagerstown, MD to Shepherdstown, WV. Service began on that stretch in 1880. Problems with PRR escalated over

12648-473: The rails to its system. The competing Valley Railroad ran out of capital to build in 1884 and struggled until it went into receivership in 1896. The final length of that line was 36 miles (58 km) from Staunton to Lexington, the southern 51 miles (82 km) to Salem never finished. The line was never profitable. Into the mid-20th century the new owners, the Norfolk & Western, operated two passenger trains

12772-463: The request of the Miami. Finally, the tribes signed the Treaty of Fort Wayne on September 30, 1809, thereby selling the United States more than 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km ), chiefly along the Wabash River north of Vincennes, Indiana . Tecumseh was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, believing that American Indian land was owned in common by all tribes, an idea advocated in previous years by

12896-522: The resistance at Prophetstown . In August 1810, Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors to confront Harrison in Vincennes. Tecumseh demanded that Harrison nullify the Fort Wayne treaty, threatening to kill the chiefs who had signed it. Harrison refused, saying that the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose. Tecumseh left peacefully but warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with

13020-424: The tips two thirds of the way round and the piece extended with brass wire till it touches their shoulders, in this part they hang a thin silver plate, wrought in flourishes about three inches diameter, with plates of silver round their arms and in the hair, which is all cut off except a long lock on the top of the head. They are in white men's dress, except breeches which they refuse to wear, instead of which they have

13144-793: The trading post in Howardsville, Virginia . The trip took a week but yielded trade goods such as flour, sugar, and other staples. Howardsville was located in Albemarle County on the James River ; from there, trade goods went to Richmond by barge . In 1856, Stuarts Draft's first doctor arrived; James M. Watson was a graduate of the University of Virginia 's medical school in nearby Charlottesville. Watson traveled on horseback to visit patients. Other families moving to Stuarts Draft include Caldwell, Churchman, Forrer, Grass, Harnsberger, Hicks, Johnson, Kindig, Patterson, Prior, Van Lear, and Wilson. During

13268-516: The two leaders met, with Tecumseh assuring Harrison that the Shawnee intended to remain at peace with the United States. Afterward, Tecumseh traveled to the Southeast on a mission to recruit allies against the United States from among the " Five Civilized Tribes ". His name Tekoomsē meant "Shooting Star" or "Panther Across The Sky". Tecumseh told the Choctaw , Chickasaw , Muscogee , and many others that

13392-529: The war. The Americans controlled the area during the remainder of the conflict. The Shawnee in Missouri migrated from the United States south into Mexico, in the eastern part of Spanish Texas . They became known as the " Absentee Shawnee ". They were joined in the migration by some Delaware (Lenape). Although they were closely allied with the Cherokee led by The Bowl , their chief John Linney remained neutral during

13516-469: The west, giving British colonists a claim to lands in what are now the states of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Shawnee did not agree to this treaty: it was negotiated between British officials and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, who claimed sovereignty over the land. While they predominated, the Shawnee and other Native American tribes also hunted there. After the Stanwix treaty, Anglo-Americans began pouring into

13640-549: The wet season. The Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries constructed the Maple Flats Ponds in the late 1950s to serve migrating waterfowl. However, this project failed because water levels were too low seasonally. These ponds are now stocked with bass , bluegill , and catfish for recreational use, There are naturally occurring sinkhole ponds near the Maple Flats Ponds, including Spring Pond and Twin Ponds that are home to

13764-651: Was Archibald Stuart, a Scotch Presbyterian, who arrived in the area in 1738. Stuart settled about three miles east of Tinkling Spring Presbyterian Church which he helped found in 1744. This property became known as the Pratt Farm and is located on what is now U.S. 340 near Northgate Avenue. Other early settlers who purchased land from Beverly in what is now Stuarts Draft include Robert Alexander, James Bell, John Black, John Christian, John Colter, Samuel Davidson, William Long, Finley McClure, Joseph Mills, Robert Moffet, and James Patton. These early settlers built houses and cleared

13888-545: Was a popular resort operated and owned by the Blacka family from 1935 to 2004. Billed as "America's Finest Inland Beach", it featured 250 campsites, cabins, horseback riding, tennis courts, a volleyball and softball field, shuffleboard, a fishing pond, a beach area, and a sand-bottom swimming lake. Shenandoah Acres reopened in 2015 as Sun Retreats Shenandoah Valley; the new owners expanded the facilities to 315 campsites and added an arcade. Covering 134 acres (0.54 km; 54 ha), it

14012-444: Was against unionization and responded by hiring union-busting consultants, Labor Relations Institute . In March 2022, Hershey's workers voted against unionization at the Stuarts Draft plant. McKee Foods moved to the area in 1990 and has around 1,000 employees. It manufactures Little Debbie snack cakes. The Target Mid-Atlantic Distribution Center in Stuarts Draft has a footprint of 1,650,000 square feet (38 acres; 153,000 m). It

14136-527: Was called Tecumseh's War . The two principal adversaries in the conflict, Chief Tecumseh and General William Henry Harrison , had both been junior participants in the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers . Tecumseh did not sign the 1795 Treaty of Greenville . However, many American Indian leaders in the region accepted the Greenville terms, and for the next ten years local intertribal resistance to American hegemony faded. In September 1809, Harrison, then governor of

14260-529: Was established. Its first telephones were operational in May 1897. In 1904, the Stuarts Draft post office included two delivery routes, serving 1,200 people. Stuarts Draft School was the first school in Augusta County to operate for a nine-month term in 1906. The Citizens Educational League raised funds to expand the school building and add a playground, library, and organ. In 1907, the People's Bank opened in Stuarts Draft and

14384-562: Was forced out because of his involvement with a competing plan for a similar rail line called the Luray Valley Railroad Company that was pushed through the Virginia General Assembly in 1870. In August 1871, the Central Improvement Company submitted a proposal to cancel the construction contract, asking for payment only for work completed. The proposal was rejected by SVRR. In 1872, the deadline for completion of

14508-557: Was listed as the eighth largest tilt-up building in the world by the American Tilt-Up Association . The Plant Company opened in Stuarts Draft in 2019 with a 5 acres (0.020 km; 2.0 ha) commercial greenhouse. It grows houseplants exclusively for the consumer brand Proven Winners. Sweet Dreams is a family-friendly, day-long festival held in Stuarts Draft Park each summer since around 2004. Stuarts Draft has

14632-467: Was now with N&W. In 1883, SVRR floated $ 1.8 million of income bonds. Revenues continued to be far below forecast due to the bad economy. In early 1885, SVRR defaulted on its loan interest, taxes, payrolls, and bills. A Roanoke judge put the line in a receivership, but in December, the mortgage company holding its notes filed suit for liquidation of the road’s assets. The Norfolk and Western Railroad fought

14756-437: Was once thought to have been a regional extension of the Mississippian culture. Scholars now believe that Fort Ancient culture (1000–1650 CE) was descended from Hopewell culture (100 BCE–500 CE). The people in those earlier centuries also built mounds as part of their social, political and religious system. Among their monuments were earthwork effigy mounds , such as Serpent Mound in present-day Ohio. Uncertainty surrounds

14880-633: Was operated by cashier S. H. Moore. In 1913, B. B. Kube opened a blacksmith shop in the Stuart Draft village area; he rebuilt his shop after the original structure burned in 1928. Dr. William Baldwin Dodge, a physician for railroad employees, became Stuart Draft's doctor and a businessman. He opened the Dodge Inn on Main Street (now Draft Avenue), providing accommodations and packed lunches for travelers. Dodge also developed Mountain Lake, now called Shenandoah Acres , in

15004-490: Was the only large-scale grower of cranberries south of New Jersey, yielding 500 to 1,000 bushels a year. Cattle was the most common commercial livestock, although farmers in Stuarts Draft also raised hogs, sheep, and poultry. Most of the community's households produced eggs. There was also a large incubator in Stuarts Draft that produced 50,000 to 75,000 eggs annually. In the 1940s, a number ofGerman–speaking members of Old Order Amish moved to Stuart’s Draft from Pennsylvania. In

15128-676: Was to build a railroad from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia , to the Virginia Central Railroad somewhere near Staunton, to a connection with the V&;T around Salem, and finally to somewhere near the southwest corner of Virginia to meet the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad at Bristol, Virginia . Since the route traversed three states (Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia) three legislative authorizations were required. Virginia provided approval on February 23, 1867. West Virginia approved

15252-400: Was to gain considerably by having the traffic from the richest parts of the south directed its way. Many delays occurred, particularly after the recession on the 1870s, but traffic finally began between Harrisonburg and Staunton in 1883. The southern section was never constructed. The financial panic of 1873 brought a deep recession that suppressed business into the 1880s. In 1882 SVRR received

15376-454: Was under pressure from traders to allow rum and brandy in trade. Unable to protect themselves, in 1745, some 400 Shawnee migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois, hoping to escape the traders' influence. Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day Cross Junction, Virginia . The father of the later chief Cornstalk held his council there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in

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