73-573: The Streisand effect is an unintended consequence of attempts to hide, remove, or censor information, where the effort instead increases public awareness of the information. The effect is named for American singer and actress Barbra Streisand , whose attorney attempted in 2003 to suppress the publication of a photograph showing her clifftop residence in Malibu , taken to document coastal erosion in California, inadvertently drawing far greater attention to
146-529: A Faraday cage . Positively pressured rooms help prevent contaminants from entering the facility. The facility has independent water and power supplies. In March 2013, the French interior intelligence agency DCRI made a request for deletion of the French-language Misplaced Pages article about the site, titled Station hertzienne militaire de Pierre-sur-Haute . The Wikimedia Foundation then asked
219-431: A change in the condition of a single good can have ramifications beyond that good. Menger wrote: If it is established that the existence of human needs capable of satisfaction is a prerequisite of goods-character [...] This principle is valid whether the goods can be placed in direct causal connection with the satisfaction of human needs, or derive their goods-character from a more or less indirect causal connection with
292-460: A common topic of study and commentary for the Austrian school of economics given its emphasis on methodological individualism . This is to such an extent that unexpected consequences can be considered as a distinctive part of Austrian tenets. In " Principles of Economics ", Austrian school founder Carl Menger (1840 - 1921) noted that the relationships that occur in the economy are so intricate that
365-517: A decrease as intended. According to an anecdote , the British government, concerned about the number of venomous cobra snakes in Delhi , offered a bounty for every dead cobra. This was a successful strategy as large numbers of snakes were killed for the reward. Eventually, enterprising people began breeding cobras for the income. When the government became aware of this, they scrapped the reward program, causing
438-478: A drug for an unlicensed purpose. Famously, the drug Viagra was developed to lower blood pressure, with its use for treating erectile dysfunction being discovered as a side effect in clinical trials. The implementation of a profanity filter by AOL in 1996 had the unintended consequence of blocking residents of Scunthorpe , North Lincolnshire , England, from creating accounts because of a false positive . The accidental censorship of innocent language, known as
511-493: A much more dangerous intoxicant—owing to its high flammability—by those seeking to become intoxicated without breaking the letter of their pledge. It was thought that adding south-facing conservatories to British houses would reduce energy consumption by providing extra insulation and warmth from the sun. However, people tended to use the conservatories as living areas, installing heating and ultimately increasing overall energy consumption. A reward for lost nets found along
584-435: A photograph of her home online. Before the lawsuit had been filed, only 6 people had downloaded the file, two of them Streisand's attorneys. The lawsuit drew attention to the image, resulting in 420,000 people visiting the site. The Streisand Effect was named after this incident, describing when an attempt to censor or remove a certain piece of information instead draws attention to the material being suppressed, resulting in
657-435: A song played over 45,000 times. In September 2009, multi-national oil company Trafigura obtained in a British court a super-injunction to prevent The Guardian newspaper from reporting on an internal Trafigura investigation into the 2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump scandal. A super-injunction prevents reporting on even the existence of the injunction. Using parliamentary privilege , Labour MP Paul Farrelly referred to
730-563: A sub-component of complexity (in the scientific sense), the chaotic nature of the universe—and especially its quality of having small, apparently insignificant changes with far-reaching effects (e.g., the butterfly effect )—applies. In 1936, Robert K. Merton listed five possible causes of unanticipated consequences: In addition to Merton's causes, psychologist Stuart Vyse has noted that groupthink , described by Irving Janis , has been blamed for some decisions that result in unintended consequences. The creation of " no-man's lands " during
803-557: A systematic analysis to the problem of unintended consequences of deliberate acts intended to cause social change . He emphasized that his term purposive action , "[was exclusively] concerned with 'conduct' as distinct from 'behavior.' That is, with action that involves motives and consequently a choice between various alternatives". Merton's usage included deviations from what Max Weber defined as rational social action: instrumentally rational and value rational. Merton also stated that "no blanket statement categorically affirming or denying
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#1732854716065876-482: A transportation method is uncommonly sighted, the likelier it could be deemed to be accident prone) Research by Vulcan, et al. found that the reduction in juvenile cyclists was because the youths considered wearing a bicycle helmet unfashionable. A health-benefit model developed at Macquarie University in Sydney suggests that, while helmet use reduces "the risk of head or brain injury by approximately two-thirds or more",
949-453: A user revealed that Giggs was the subject of an anonymous privacy injunction (informally referred to as a "super-injunction") that prevented the publication of details regarding an alleged affair with model and former Big Brother contestant Imogen Thomas . A blogger for the Forbes website observed that the British media, which were banned from breaking the terms of the injunction, had mocked
1022-508: Is a French military communications site that has been in use since 1913. The 30-hectare (74-acre) station is located on a hilltop in the Sauvain and Job communes . The site contains three towers, the tallest of which is a 55-metre-high civilian telecommunication tower owned by Télédiffusion de France . In April 2013, the French interior intelligence agency DCRI pressured the president of Wikimedia France , Rémi Mathis , into deleting
1095-541: Is another key figure in the Austrian School of Economics who is notable for his comments on unintended consequences. In " The Use of Knowledge in Society " (1945) Hayek argues that a centrally planned economy cannot reach the level of efficiency of the free market economy because the necessary (and pertinent) information for decision-making is not concentrated but dispersed among a vast number of agents. Then, for Hayek,
1168-522: Is likely to make it so that something that most people would never, ever see (like a photo of a urinal in some random beach resort) is now seen by many more people? Let's call it the Streisand Effect. The phenomenon is well-known in Chinese culture, expressed by the chengyu "wishing to cover, more conspicuous" ( 欲蓋彌彰 , pinyin : Yù gài mí zhāng ). A similar expression appeared as early as
1241-505: The Direction Interarmées des Réseaux d'Infrastructure et des Systèmes d'Information ( Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems ). The station is situated on a 30-hectare (74-acre) site between the communes of Sauvain and Job, straddling the border between the two departments of Loire and Puy-de-Dôme . The perimeter is surrounded by a high barrier of wood and metal. There are three towers at
1314-521: The Cold War , in places such as the border between Eastern and Western Europe, and the Korean Demilitarized Zone , has led to large natural habitats. The sinking of ships in shallow waters during wartime has created many artificial coral reefs , which can be scientifically valuable and have become an attraction for recreational divers. This led to the deliberate sinking of retired ships for
1387-563: The French-language Misplaced Pages article about the station. It was promptly restored by another Misplaced Pages contributor living in Switzerland . As a result of the controversy, the article temporarily became the most read page on the French Misplaced Pages, which was noted as an example of the Streisand effect . In 1913, a semaphore telegraph station ( French : télégraphe Chappe ) was built where
1460-764: The Internet or distributed on file-sharing networks . In addition, seeking or obtaining an injunction to prohibit something from being published or to remove something that is already published can lead to increased publicity of the published work. The Streisand effect is an example of psychological reactance , wherein once people are aware that some information is being kept from them, they are significantly more motivated to acquire and spread it. In 2003, American singer and actress Barbra Streisand sued photographer Kenneth Adelman and Pictopia.com for US$ 50 million for violation of privacy . The lawsuit sought to remove "Image 3850", an aerial photograph in which Streisand's mansion
1533-666: The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) added the English Misplaced Pages article about the 1976 Scorpions album Virgin Killer to a child pornography blacklist, considering the album's cover art "a potentially illegal indecent image of a child under the age of 18". The article quickly became one of the most popular pages on the site, and the publicity surrounding the IWF action resulted in the image being spread across other sites. The IWF
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#17328547160651606-650: The Scunthorpe problem , has been repeated and widely documented. In 1990, the Australian state of Victoria made safety helmets mandatory for all bicycle riders. While there was a reduction in the number of head injuries, there was also an unintended reduction in the number of juvenile cyclists—fewer cyclists obviously leads to fewer injuries, all else being equal . The risk of death and serious injury per cyclist seems to have increased, possibly because of risk compensation , or due to invisibilisation of cyclists. (the more
1679-606: The Taliban and Al-Qaeda . The introduction of exotic animals and plants for food, for decorative purposes, or to control unwanted species often leads to more harm than good done by the introduced species. The protection of the steel industry in the United States reduced production of steel in the United States, increased costs to users, and increased unemployment in associated industries. In 2003, Barbra Streisand unsuccessfully sued Kenneth Adelman and Pictopia.com for posting
1752-504: The War on Drugs , intended to suppress the illegal drug trade , instead increased the power and profitability of drug cartels who became the primary source of the products. In CIA jargon , " blowback " describes the unintended, undesirable consequences of covert operations, such as the funding of the Afghan Mujahideen and the destabilization of Afghanistan contributing to the rise of
1825-574: The "ElonJet" account or been critical of Musk in the past. Unintended consequences In the social sciences , unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences , more colloquially called knock-on effects ) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen. The term was popularized in the 20th century by American sociologist Robert K. Merton . Unintended consequences can be grouped into three types: The idea of unintended consequences dates back at least to John Locke who discussed
1898-408: The 4th century BC. In her 2023 autobiography My Name Is Barbra , Streisand, citing security problems with intruders, wrote, "My issue was never with the photo ... it was only about the use of my name attached to the photo. I felt I was standing up for a principle, but in retrospect, it was a mistake. I also assumed that my lawyer had done exactly as I wished and simply asked to take my name off
1971-529: The Austrian school, this process of social adjustment that generates a social order in an unintendedly way is known as catallactics . For Hayek and the Austrian School, the number of individuals involved in the process of creating a social order defines the type of unintended consequence: Sociologist Robert K. Merton popularised this concept in the twentieth century. In "The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action" (1936), Merton tried to apply
2044-664: The DCRI which parts of the article were causing a problem, noting that the article closely reflected information in a 2004 documentary made by Télévision Loire 7 , a French local television station, a film not only freely available online but made with the cooperation of the French Air Force . The DCRI then forced Rémi Mathis , a volunteer administrator of the French-language Misplaced Pages and president of Wikimedia France , under threat of detention and arrest, to delete
2117-679: The Mont-Août (FADZ) station to the north. The NATO radio station was using American-made tropospheric scatter equipment to relay voice and telegraph signals on a network stretching from Turkey to the Arctic Polar Circle in Norway. The French Air Force took control of the station in 1974. In the late 1980s, the system was gradually replaced by a combination of national defense systems and some NATO-owned subsystems. The large parabolic antennas, known locally as Mickey 's ears , were replaced with
2190-543: The Normandy coast was offered by the French government between 1980 and 1981. This resulted in people vandalizing nets to collect the reward. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1960s, the Canadian federal government gave Quebec $ 2.75 per day per psychiatric patient for their cost of care, but only $ 1.25 a day per orphan. The perverse result is that the orphan children were diagnosed as mentally ill so Quebec could receive
2263-524: The area. The two remaining concrete towers are owned by the military. The 30-metre (98 ft) high structures have been used since 1991 for radio transmission and reception. These are built to withstand the blast of a nuclear explosion . Some buildings are used as garages and living quarters, complete with kitchen, dining room and bedrooms. They are linked together by tunnels, 400 metres (1,300 ft) in total length, so as to avoid walking through thick snow in winter when moving from one building to
Streisand effect - Misplaced Pages Continue
2336-460: The article. The article was promptly restored by another Misplaced Pages contributor living in Switzerland. As a result of the controversy, the article temporarily became the most-read page on the French Misplaced Pages, with more than 120,000 page views during the weekend of 6–7 April 2013. The high amount of extra attention was noted as an example of the Streisand effect in action. For his role in
2409-423: The attention the story received. Twitter removed the ban the following day. In April 2007, a group of companies that used Advanced Access Content System (AACS) encryption issued cease-and-desist letters demanding that the system's 128-bit (16-byte) numerical key (represented in hexadecimal as 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 ) be removed from several high-profile websites, including Digg . With
2482-516: The case led to more than 420,000 people visiting the site over the following month. Two years later, Mike Masnick of Techdirt named the effect after the Streisand incident when writing about Marco Beach Ocean Resort's takedown notice to urinal.net (a site dedicated to photographs of urinals ) over its use of the resort's name. How long is it going to take before lawyers realize that the simple act of trying to repress something they don't like online
2555-455: The cobra breeders to set the now-worthless snakes free. As a result, the wild cobra population further increased. The apparent solution for the problem made the situation even worse, becoming known as the Cobra effect . Theobald Mathew 's temperance campaign in 19th-century Ireland resulted in thousands of people vowing never to drink alcohol again. This led to the consumption of diethyl ether ,
2628-470: The command of operational units. If French nuclear weapons ( force de dissuasion ) were used, the fire order might pass through this relay. The station has been part of the Commandement Air des Systèmes de Surveillance d'Information et de Communications (Air Command of Surveillance, Information and Communication Systems) since its creation on 1 June 1994; from 1 January 2006, it has been run by
2701-487: The current two-antenna setup in 1991. The Pierre-sur-Haute station is controlled by the French Air Force and is a subsidiary of the Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base , 80 km (50 mi) east of the station. It is one of the four radio stations along France's north-south axis, in constant communication with three others: Lacaune , Henrichemont and Rochefort air base. The station is mainly used for transmissions relating to
2774-518: The decrease in exercise caused by reduced cycling as a result of helmet laws is counterproductive in terms of net health. Prohibition in the 1920s United States , originally enacted to suppress the alcohol trade, drove many small-time alcohol suppliers out of business and consolidated the hold of large-scale organized crime over the illegal alcohol industry. Since alcohol was still popular, criminal organisations producing alcohol were well-funded and hence also increased their other activities. Similarly,
2847-404: The dispersion (or lack of concentration) of information. The implication of this is that the social order (which derives from social progress, which in turn derives from the economy), would be result of a spontaneous cooperation and also an unintended consequence, being born from a process of which no individual or group had all the information available or could know all possible outcomes. In
2920-436: The domain of history produce a state of affairs entirely analogous to [...] the realm of unconscious nature. The ends of the actions are intended, but the results which actually follow from these actions are not intended; or when they do seem to correspond to the end intended, they ultimately have consequences quite other than those intended. Historical events thus appear on the whole to be likewise governed by chance. But where on
2993-557: The footballer for not understanding the effect. Dan Sabbagh from The Guardian subsequently posted a graph detailing—without naming the player—the number of references to the player's name against time, showing a large spike following the news that the player was seeking legal action. In 2013, a Buzzfeed article listing photos from the Superbowl contained a photo of Beyonce making an unflattering pose. Her publicist contacted Buzzfeed and requested its removal. As an unintended side effect,
Streisand effect - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-402: The idea of (apparent) unintended consequences: In nature [...] there are only blind, unconscious agencies acting upon one another, [...] In the history of society, on the contrary, the actors are all endowed with consciousness, are men acting with deliberation or passion, working towards definite goals; nothing happens without a conscious purpose, without an intended aim. [...] For here, also, on
3139-431: The idea of uncertainty and chance in social dynamics (and thus unintended consequences beyond results of perfectly defined laws) was only apparent, (if not rejected) since social actions were directed and produced by deliberate human intention. While discerning between the forces that generate changes in nature and those that generate changes in history in his discussion of Ludwig Feuerbach , Friedrich Engels touched on
3212-433: The image became far more well-known across the internet and is frequently cited as an example of the Streisand effect. The Streisand effect has been observed in relation to the right to be forgotten , the right in some jurisdictions to have private information about a person removed from internet searches and other directories under some circumstances, as a litigant attempting to remove information from search engines risks
3285-519: The larger amount of money. This psychiatric misdiagnosis affected up to 20,000 people, and the children are known as the Duplessis Orphans in reference to the Premier of Quebec who oversaw the scheme, Maurice Duplessis . There have been attempts to curb the consumption of sugary beverages by imposing a tax on them. However, a study found that the reduced consumption was only temporary. Also, there
3358-504: The law was passed, it was suggested the law be repealed if gun rights lobbyists agree not to resist the introduction of "smart" firearms. Drug prohibition can lead drug traffickers to prefer stronger, more dangerous substances, that can be more easily smuggled and distributed than other, less concentrated substances. Televised drug prevention advertisements may lead to increased drug use. Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station The Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station
3431-540: The litigation itself being reported as valid, current news. In December 2022, Twitter CEO Elon Musk banned the Twitter account @elonjet , a bot that reported his private jet's movements based on public domain flight data. Musk cited concerns about his family's safety. The ban drew further media coverage and public attention to Musk's comments on allowing free speech across the Twitter platform. Musk received further criticism after banning several journalists that had referred to
3504-416: The material instead becoming widely known, reported on, and distributed. Passenger-side airbags in motorcars were intended as a safety feature, but led to an increase in child fatalities in the mid-1990s because small children were being hit by airbags that deployed automatically during collisions. The supposed solution to this problem, moving the child seat to the back of the vehicle, led to an increase in
3577-661: The military radio station is now. At the time, it was a small stone building, with a semaphore on top. In 1961, during the Cold War , NATO asked the French Army to build the station as part of the 82-node transmission network in Europe known as the ACE High system. In this network, the Pierre-sur-Haute station, or FLYZ, was a relay between the Lachens (FNIZ) station to the south and
3650-432: The most efficient allocation of resources, contributes to overall economic efficiency ; the merchant's reaction to price signals helps to ensure that the allocation of resources accurately reflects the structure of consumer preferences; and the drive to better our condition contributes to economic growth ." Influenced by 19th century positivism and Charles Darwin 's evolution , for both Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx,
3723-559: The number of children forgotten in unattended vehicles, some of whom died under extreme temperature conditions. Risk compensation, or the Peltzman effect , occurs after implementation of safety measures intended to reduce injury or death (e.g. bike helmets, seatbelts, etc.). People may feel safer than they really are and take additional risks which they would not have taken without the safety measures in place. This may result in no change, or even an increase, in morbidity or mortality, rather than
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#17328547160653796-479: The numerical key and some software, it was possible to decrypt the video content on HD DVDs . This led to the key's proliferation across other sites and chat rooms in various formats, with one commentator describing it as having become "the most famous number on the Internet". Within a month, the key had been reprinted on over 280,000 pages, printed on T-shirts and tattoos, published as a book, and appeared on YouTube in
3869-481: The original intended goal and the product derived from conflicts would be a marxist equivalent to «unintended consequences.» This social conflicts would happen as a result of a competitive society, and also lead society to sabotage itself and prevent historical progress. Thus, historical progress (in Marxist terms) should eliminate these conflicts and make unintended consequences predictable. Unintended consequences are
3942-464: The other. About 20 personnel are stationed on-site, including electricians, mechanics, and cooks. The most important part of the site is the underground section, used for transmissions dispatch: at a speed of 2 Mb/s , communications from the towers are analysed, then redirected to be transmitted. This part of the facility is supplied with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defences. It defends against electromagnetic pulses using
4015-497: The photo." According to Vanity Fair , "she... didn’t want her name to be publicized with [the photo], for security reasons." Since the controversy, Streisand has published numerous detailed photos of the property on social media and in her 2010 book, My Passion For Design . The French intelligence agency DCRI 's attempt to delete the French Misplaced Pages article about the military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute resulted in
4088-418: The practical feasibility of all social planning is warranted." More recently, the law of unintended consequences has come to be used as an adage or idiomatic warning that an intervention in a complex system tends to create unanticipated and often undesirable outcomes. Akin to Murphy's law , it is commonly used as a wry or humorous warning against the hubristic belief that humans can fully control
4161-454: The previously obscure photograph. The effect exemplifies psychological reactance , in which the attempt to hide information instead makes it more interesting to seek out and propagate. Attempts to suppress information are often made through cease-and-desist letters , but instead of being suppressed, the information sometimes receives extensive publicity, as well as the creation of media such as videos and spoof songs, which can be mirrored on
4234-474: The price system in the free market allows the members of a society to anonymously coordinate for the most efficient use of resources, for example, in a situation of scarcity of a raw material, the price increase would coordinate the actions of an uncountable amount of individuals "in the right direction". The development of this system of interactions would allow the progress of society, and individuals would carry it out without knowing all its implications, given
4307-486: The purpose of replacing coral reefs lost to global warming and other factors. In medicine , most drugs have unintended consequences (' side effects ') associated with their use. However, some are beneficial. For instance, aspirin , a pain reliever , is also an anticoagulant that can help prevent heart attacks and reduce the severity and damage from thrombotic strokes . The existence of beneficial side effects also leads to off-label use —prescription or use of
4380-482: The restored article temporarily becoming the most-viewed page on the French Misplaced Pages. In October 2020, the New York Post published emails from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden , the son of then Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden , detailing an alleged corruption scheme. After internal discussion that debated whether the story may have originated from Russian misinformation and propaganda , Twitter blocked
4453-664: The satisfaction of human needs. [...] Thus quinine would cease to be a good if the diseases it serves to cure should disappear, since the only need with the satisfaction of which it is causally connected would no longer exist. But the disappearance of the usefulness of quinine would have the further consequence that a large part of the corresponding goods of higher order would also be deprived of their goods-character. The inhabitants of quinine-producing countries, who currently earn their livings by cutting and peeling cinchona trees, would suddenly find that not only their stocks of cinchona bark, but also, in consequence, their cinchona trees,
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#17328547160654526-474: The site. The tallest one is a 55-metre (180 ft) high civilian telecommunication tower, owned by Télédiffusion de France . The telecommunication tower is topped by a radome and contains a mode S air traffic control radar beacon system owned by the Directorate General for Civil Aviation . The radar has been in operation since 18 August 2009 but has experienced malfunctions due to heavy snowfall in
4599-466: The story from their platform and locked the accounts of those who shared a link to the article, including the New York Post 's own Twitter account, and White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany , among others. Researchers at MIT cited the increase of 5,500 shares every 15 minutes to about 10,000 shares shortly after Twitter censored the story, as evidence of the Streisand Effect nearly doubling
4672-453: The story to his followers. Twitter users soon tracked down all details of the case, and by October 16, the super-injunction had been lifted and the report published. In January 2008, the Church of Scientology 's attempts to get Internet websites to delete a video of Tom Cruise speaking about Scientology resulted in the creation of the protest movement Project Chanology . On December 5, 2008,
4745-569: The super-injunction in a parliamentary question and on October 12, 2009, The Guardian reported that it had been gagged from reporting on the parliamentary question, in violation of the Bill of Rights 1689 . Blogger Richard Wilson correctly identified the blocked question as referring to the Trafigura waste dump scandal, after which The Spectator suggested the same. Not long after, Trafigura began trending on Twitter, helped along by Stephen Fry 's retweeting
4818-500: The surface accident holds sway, there actually it is always governed by inner, hidden laws, and it is only a matter of discovering these laws. For his part, for Karl Marx what can be understood as unintended consequences are actually consequences that should be expected but are obtained unconsciously. These consequences (that no one consciously sought) would be (in the same way as it is for Engels ) product of conflicts that confront actions from countless individuals. The deviation between
4891-413: The tools and appliances applicable only to the production of quinine, and above all the specialized labor services, by means of which they previously earned their livings, would at once lose their goods-character, since all these things would, under the changed circumstances, no longer have any causal relationship with the satisfaction of human needs. Economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek (1899 – 1992)
4964-507: The unintended consequences of interest rate regulation in his letter to Sir John Somers, Member of Parliament. The idea was also discussed by Adam Smith , the Scottish Enlightenment , and consequentialism (judging by results). The invisible hand theorem is an example of the unintended consequences of agents acting in their self-interest. As Andrew S. Skinner puts it: "The individual undertaker ( entrepreneur ), seeking
5037-444: The whole, in spite of the consciously desired aims of all individuals, accident apparently reigns on the surface. That which is willed happens but rarely; in the majority of instances the numerous desired ends cross and conflict with one another, or these ends themselves are from the outset incapable of realization, or the means of attaining them are insufficient. Thus the conflicts of innumerable individual wills and individual actions in
5110-407: The world around them, not to presuppose a belief in predestination or a lack or a disbelief in that of free will. Possible causes of unintended consequences include the world's inherent complexity (parts of a system responding to changes in the environment), perverse incentives , human stupidity , self-deception , failure to account for human nature, or other cognitive or emotional biases. As
5183-634: Was an increase in the consumption of beer among households. The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law , which was intended to protect children from accidental discharge of firearms by forcing all future firearms sold in New Jersey to contain "smart" safety features , has delayed, if not stopped entirely, the introduction of such firearms to New Jersey markets. The wording of the law caused significant public backlash, fuelled by gun rights lobbyists , and several shop owners offering such guns received death threats and stopped stocking them. In 2014, 12 years after
5256-509: Was later reported on the BBC News website to have said "IWF's overriding objective is to minimise the availability of indecent images of children on the Internet, however, on this occasion our efforts have had the opposite effect". This effect was also noted by the IWF in its statement about the removal of the URL from the blacklist. In May 2011, Premier League footballer Ryan Giggs sued Twitter after
5329-537: Was visible, from the publicly available California Coastal Records Project of 12,000 California coastline photographs. As the project's goal was to document coastal erosion to influence government policymakers, privacy concerns of homeowners were deemed to be of minor or no importance. The lawsuit was dismissed and Streisand was ordered to pay Adelman's $ 177,000 legal attorney fees . "Image 3850" had been downloaded only six times prior to Streisand's lawsuit, two of those being by Streisand's attorneys. Public awareness of
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