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49-406: Straw is usually gathered and stored in a straw bale , which is a bale , or bundle, of straw tightly bound with twine, wire, or string. Straw bales may be square, rectangular, star shaped or round, and can be very large, depending on the type of baler used. Current and historic uses of straw include: Straw may be fed as part of the roughage component of the diet to cattle or horses that are on

98-534: A biofuel substitute to coal. Straw, processed first as briquettes , has been fed into a biogas plant in Aarhus University , Denmark, in a test to see if higher gas yields could be attained. The use of straw in large-scale biomass power plants is becoming mainstream in the EU, with several facilities already online. The straw is either used directly in the form of bales, or densified into pellets which allows for

147-432: A 100% renewable fuel that could be made without using any fossil fuels . Because its longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly non-polar , it is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification. Currently no production vehicle is known to be approved by the manufacturer for use with 100% butanol. As of early 2009, only

196-493: A RON ( Research Octane number ) of 96 and a MON ( Motor octane number ) of 78 (with a resulting "(R+M)/2 pump octane number" of 87, as used in North America) while t-butanol has octane ratings of 105 RON and 89 MON. t-Butanol is used as an additive in gasoline but cannot be used as a fuel in its pure form because its relatively high melting point of 25.5 °C (79 °F) causes it to gel and solidify near room temperature. On

245-608: A commercial composting environment. Straw can be pulped to make paper . Rope made from straw was used by thatchers, in the packaging industry and even in iron foundries. Saekki is a traditional Korean rope made of woven straw. The Chinese wore cailu or caixie , shoes and sandals made of straw, well into modernity. Koreans wear jipsin , sandals made of straw. Several types of traditional Japanese shoes, such as waraji and zōri , are made of straw. In some parts of Germany like Black Forest and Hunsrück people wear straw shoes at home or at carnival. Heavy-gauge straw rope

294-535: A few vehicles are approved for even using E85 fuel (i.e. 85% ethanol + 15% gasoline) in the USA. However, in Brazil all vehicle manufacturers (Fiat, Ford, VW, GM, Toyota, Honda, Peugeot, Citroen and others) produce "flex-fuel" vehicles that can run on 100% Gasoline or 100% on Ethanol or any mix of Gasoline and ethanol . These flex fuel cars represent 90% of the sales of personal vehicles in Brazil, in 2009. BP and DuPont, engaged in

343-516: A former province Bale (historical region) , former geographic region in Northeast Africa Sultanate of Bale , a former Muslim sultanate Bale, Poland Bale, Konjic , Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village Bale, Croatia , a settlement and municipality Bale, Norfolk , England, a village Balé Province , Burkina Faso Basel , Switzerland, a city whose French name is Bâle Other uses [ edit ] Bale (name) ,

392-414: A hard winter as well as to use them as a trap for parasite insects. (see Komomaki ) It is also used in ponds to reduce algae by changing the nutrient ratios in the water. The soil under strawberries is covered with straw to protect the ripe berries from dirt, and straw is also used to cover the plants during winter to prevent the cold from killing them. Straw also makes an excellent mulch . Straw

441-688: A list of people with that name Bale baronets , an extinct title in the Baronetage of England Bail (jewelry) , also spelled bale, a component of certain types of jewelry, mostly necklaces A variant breed or type of Abyssinian horse See also [ edit ] Bale shrew , a species endemic to the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia Akar-Bale language , an extinct Great Andamanese language of India Baal (disambiguation) Bail (disambiguation) Bales , surname Baale (disambiguation) Bale Pandiya (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

490-595: A near maintenance level of energy requirement. It has a low digestible energy and nutrient content (as opposed to hay , which is much more nutritious). The heat generated when microorganisms in a herbivore's gut digest straw can be useful in maintaining body temperature in cold climates. Due to the risk of impaction and its poor nutrient profile, it should always be restricted to part of the diet. It may be fed as it is, or chopped into short lengths, known as chaff . Bee skeps and linen baskets are made from coiled and bound together continuous lengths of straw. The technique

539-633: A perfect soil substitute. There are several styles of straw hats that are made of woven straw. Many thousands of women and children in England (primarily in the Luton district of Bedfordshire), and large numbers in the United States (mostly Massachusetts ), were employed in plaiting straw for making hats. By the late 19th century, vast quantities of plaits were being imported to England from Canton in China, and in

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588-406: A post-and-beam construction, to build straw bale houses . When bales are used to build or insulate buildings, the straw bales are commonly finished with earthen plaster . The plastered walls provide some thermal mass , compressive and ductile structural strength, and acceptable fire resistance as well as thermal resistance (insulation), somewhat in excess of North American building code . Straw

637-434: Is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. Bacillus subtilis offers many of the same advantages and disadvantages of E. coli , but it is less prominently used and does not produce isobutanol in quantities as large as E. coli . Similar to E. coli , B. subtilis is capable of producing isobutanol from lignocellulose, and is easily manipulated by common genetic techniques. Elementary mode analysis has also been used to improve

686-401: Is a good alternative source for butanol production. While glucose sources are valuable and limited, glycerol is abundant and has a low market price because it is a waste product of biodiesel production. Butanol production from glycerol is economically viable using metabolic pathways that exist in the bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum . A process called cloud point separation could allow

735-442: Is an abundant agricultural waste product, and requires little energy to bale and transport for construction. For these reasons, straw bale construction is gaining popularity as part of passive solar and other renewable energy projects. Wheat straw can be used as a fibrous filler combined with polymers to produce composite lumber . Enviroboard can be made from straw. Strawblocks are strawbales that have been recompressed to

784-500: Is being investigated as a source of fine chemicals including alkaloids , flavonoids , lignins , phenols , and steroids . In many parts of the world, straw is used to bind clay and concrete . A mixture of clay and straw, known as cob , can be used as a building material. There are many recipes for making cob. When baled , straw has moderate insulation characteristics (about R-1.5/inch according to Oak Ridge National Lab and Forest Product Lab testing). It can be used, alone or in

833-437: Is coiled and sewn tightly together to make archery targets. This is no longer done entirely by hand, but is partially mechanised. Sometimes a paper or plastic target is set up in front of straw bales, which serve to support the target and provide a safe backdrop. Thatching uses straw, reed or similar materials to make a waterproof, lightweight roof with good insulation properties. Straw for this purpose (often wheat straw)

882-540: Is completed in several steps: High cost of raw material is considered as one of the main obstacles to commercial production of butanols. Using inexpensive and abundant feedstocks, e.g., corn stover , could enhance the process economic viability. Metabolic engineering can be used to allow an organism to use a cheaper substrate such as glycerol instead of glucose . Because fermentation processes require glucose derived from foods, butanol production can negatively impact food supply (see food vs fuel debate). Glycerol

931-595: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Biobutanol Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine . It is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol . A C4-hydrocarbon, butanol is a drop-in fuel and thus works in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification. Both n -butanol and isobutanol have been studied as possible fuels. Both can be produced from biomass (as "biobutanol" ) as well as from fossil fuels (as "petrobutanol" ). The chemical properties depend on

980-536: Is estimated that around 9.5 gigaliter (Gl) of gasoline can be saved and about 64.6 Gl of butanol-gasoline blend 16% (Bu16) can potentially be produced from corn residues in the US, which is equivalent to 11.8% of total domestic gasoline consumption. Consumer acceptance may be limited due to the potentially offensive banana -like smell of n-butanol. Plans are underway to market a fuel that is 85% ethanol and 15% butanol (E85B), so existing E85 internal combustion engines can run on

1029-723: Is first activated and then reduced by a two-step reaction to give 4-hydroxybutyrate , which is then metabolized further to crotonyl-coenzyme A (CoA). Crotonyl-CoA is then converted to butyrate. The genes corresponding to these butanol production pathways from Clostridium were cloned to E. coli . Cyanobacteria are a phylum of photosynthetic bacteria. They are suited for isobutanol biosynthesis when genetically engineered to produce isobutanol and its corresponding aldehydes . Isobutanol-producing species of cyanobacteria offer several advantages as biofuel synthesizers: The primary drawbacks of cyanobacteria are: Cyanobacteria can be re-engineered to increase their butanol production, showing

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1078-495: Is grown specially and harvested using a reaper-binder . Dried straw presents a fire hazard that can ignite easily if exposed to sparks or an open flame. It can also trigger allergic rhinitis in people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens such as straw dust. [REDACTED] Media related to Straw at Wikimedia Commons bale [REDACTED] Look up bale in Wiktionary,

1127-504: Is known as lip work. Straw is commonly used as bedding for ruminants and horses. It may be used as bedding and food for small animals, but this often leads to injuries to mouth, nose and eyes as straw is quite sharp. The straw-filled mattress, also known as a palliasse , is still used by people in many parts of the world. Rice straw, an agricultural waste which is not usually recovered, can be turned into bioplastic with mechanical properties akin to polystyrene in its dry state. Straw

1176-415: Is less likely to separate from this fuel than ethanol if the fuel is contaminated with water. There is also a vapor pressure co-blend synergy with butanol and gasoline containing ethanol, which facilitates ethanol blending. This facilitates storage and distribution of blended fuels. The octane rating of n-butanol is similar to that of gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol. n-Butanol has

1225-523: Is less than half of that of ethanol, an engine running on butanol should be easier to start in cold weather than one running on ethanol or methanol. Standards for the blending of ethanol and methanol in gasoline exist in many countries, including the EU, the US, and Brazil. Approximate equivalent butanol blends can be calculated from the relations between the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio of butanol, ethanol and gasoline. Common ethanol fuel mixtures for fuel sold as gasoline currently range from 5% to 10%. It

1274-444: Is not cost-competitive relative to petroleum-derived butanol. Although unproven commercially, combining electrochemical and microbial production methods may offer a way to produce butanol from sustainable sources . Escherichia coli , or E. coli , is a Gram-negative , rod-shaped bacterium . E. coli is the microorganism most likely to move on to commercial production of isobutanol. In its engineered form, E. coli produces

1323-469: Is resistant to being crushed and therefore makes a good packing material . A company in France makes a straw mat sealed in thin plastic sheets. Straw envelopes for wine bottles have become rarer, but are still to be found at some wine merchants. Wheat straw is also used in compostable food packaging such as compostable plates. Packaging made from wheat straw can be certified compostable and will biodegrade in

1372-421: Is used as an alternative to shorter alcohols when a more viscous solvent is desired. The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel fuel. The fuel in an engine has to be vaporized before it will burn. Insufficient vaporization is a known problem with alcohol fuels during cold starts in cold weather. As the heat of vaporization of butanol

1421-1063: The A.B.E. process using Clostridium acetobutylicum , Clostridium beijerinckii . C. acetobutylicum was once used for the production of acetone from starch . The butanol was a by-product of fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The feedstocks for biobutanol are the same as those for ethanol: energy crops such as sugar beets , sugar cane , corn grain , wheat and cassava , prospective non-food energy crops such as switchgrass and even guayule in North America, as well as agricultural byproducts such as bagasse , straw and corn stalks . According to DuPont , existing bioethanol plants can cost-effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production. Additionally, butanol production from biomass and agricultural byproducts could be more efficient (i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed) than ethanol or methanol production. A strain of Clostridium can convert nearly any form of cellulose into butanol even in

1470-441: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and various state agencies recommend use of alternative sediment control practices where possible, such as silt fences , fiber rolls and geotextiles . They can also be used as burned area emergency response , as ground cover or as in-stream check dams. The use of straw as a carbon-neutral energy source is increasing rapidly, especially for biobutanol . Straw or hay briquettes are

1519-423: The isomer ( n -butanol or isobutanol), not on the production method. Obtaining higher yields of butanol involves manipulation of the metabolic networks using metabolic engineering and genetic engineering . While significant progress has been made, fermentation pathways for producing butanol remain inefficient. Titer and yields are low and separation is very expensive. As such, microbial production of butanol

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1568-406: The United States most of the straw plait was imported. A fiber analogous to straw is obtained from the plant Carludovica palmata , and is used to make Panama hats . Traditional Japanese rain protection consisted of a straw hat and a mino cape . Straw is used in cucumber houses and for mushroom growing. In Japan , certain trees are wrapped with straw to protect them from the effects of

1617-408: The air-fuel ratio to accommodate variations in the fuel, but only within certain limits depending on model. If the limit is exceeded by running the engine on pure ethanol or a gasoline blend with a high percentage of ethanol, the engine will run lean, something which can critically damage components. Compared to ethanol, butanol can be mixed in higher ratios with gasoline for use in existing cars without

1666-415: The density of woodblocks, for compact cargo container shipment, or for straw-bale construction of load-bearing walls that support roof-loads, such as a "living" or green roofs . Craft usages of straw include: Straw bales are sometimes used for sediment control at construction sites. However, bales are often ineffective in protecting water quality and are maintenance-intensive. For these reasons

1715-418: The enzymes in the valine biosynthetic pathway of S. cerevisiae has been used to improve isobutanol yields. S. cerevisiae , however, has proved difficult to work with because of its inherent biology: Cupriavidus necator (= Ralstonia eutropha ) is a Gram-negative soil bacterium of the class Betaproteobacteria . It is capable of indirectly converting electrical energy into isobutanol. This conversion

1764-461: The feedstock to be transported over longer distances. Finally, torrefaction of straw with pelletisation is gaining attention, because it increases the energy density of the resource, making it possible to transport it still further. This processing step also makes storage much easier, because torrefied straw pellets are hydrophobic. Torrefied straw in the form of pellets can be directly co-fired with coal or natural gas at very high rates and make use of

1813-463: The free dictionary. Bale may refer to: Packaging [ edit ] Cotton bale Hay or straw bale in farming, bound by a baler Paper bale , a unit of paper measurement equal to ten reams Wool bale , a standard-sized and -weighted pack of classed wool Places [ edit ] Bale Zone in Oromia Region, Ethiopia Bale Mountains Bale Province, Ethiopia ,

1862-474: The highest yields of isobutanol of any microorganism. Methods such as elementary mode analysis have been used to improve the metabolic efficiency of E. coli so that larger quantities of isobutanol may be produced. E. coli is an ideal isobutanol bio-synthesizer for several reasons: The primary drawback of E. coli is that it is susceptible to bacteriophages when being grown. This susceptibility could potentially shut down entire bioreactors. Furthermore,

1911-701: The ignition timing. This will improve energy efficiency , leading to a better fuel economy than the comparisons of energy content different fuels indicate. By increasing the compression ratio, further gains in fuel economy, power and torque can be achieved. Conversely, a fuel with lower octane rating is more prone to knocking and will lower efficiency. Knocking can also cause engine damage. Engines designed to run on 87 octane will not have any additional power/fuel economy from being operated with higher octane fuel. Alcohol fuels, including butanol and ethanol, are partially oxidized and therefore need to run at richer mixtures than gasoline. Standard gasoline engines in cars can adjust

1960-477: The importance of ATP and cofactor driving forces as a design principle in pathway engineering. Many organisms have the capacity to produce butanol utilizing an acetyl-CoA dependent pathway. The main problem with this pathway is the first reaction involving the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to acetoacetyl-CoA . This reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable due to the positive Gibbs free energy associated with it (dG = 6.8 kcal/mol). Bacillus subtilis

2009-408: The isobutanol-synthesis metabolic pathway used by B. subtilis , leading to higher yields of isobutanol being produced. Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or S. cerevisiae , is a species of yeast . It naturally produces isobutanol in small quantities via its valine biosynthetic pathway. S. cerevisiae is an ideal candidate for isobutanol biofuel production for several reasons: Overexpression of

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2058-469: The native reaction pathway for isobutanol in E. coli functions optimally at a limited concentration of isobutanol in the cell. To minimize the sensitivity of E. coli in high concentrations, mutants of the enzymes involved in synthesis can be generated by random mutagenesis . By chance, some mutants may prove to be more tolerant of isobutanol which will enhance the overall yield of the synthesis. n -Butanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass by

2107-571: The need for retrofit as the air-fuel ratio and energy content are closer to that of gasoline. Alcohol fuels have less energy per unit weight and unit volume than gasoline. To make it possible to compare the net energy released per cycle a measure called the fuels specific energy is sometimes used. It is defined as the energy released per air fuel ratio. The net energy released per cycle is higher for butanol than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline. The viscosity of alcohols increase with longer carbon chains. For this reason, butanol

2156-436: The other hand, isobutanol has a lower melting point than n-butanol and favorable RON of 113 and MON of 94, and is thus much better suited to high fraction gasoline blends, blends with n-butanol, or as a standalone fuel. A fuel with a higher octane rating is less prone to knocking (extremely rapid and spontaneous combustion by compression) and the control system of any modern car engine can take advantage of this by adjusting

2205-642: The presence of oxygen. A strain of Clostridium cellulolyticum , a native cellulose-degrading microbe, affords isobutanol directly from cellulose. A combination of succinate and ethanol can be fermented to produce butyrate (a precursor to butanol fuel) by utilizing the metabolic pathways present in Clostridium kluyveri . Succinate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle , which metabolizes glucose. Anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium saccharobutylicum also contain these pathways. Succinate

2254-512: The processing infrastructures at existing coal and gas plants. Because the torrefied straw pellets have superior structural, chemical and combustion properties to coal, they can replace all coal and turn a coal plant into an entirely biomass-fed power station. First generation pellets are limited to a co-firing rate of 15% in modern IGCC plants. Straw bale gardening is also popular among gardeners who do not have enough space for soil gardening . When properly conditioned, straw bales can be used as

2303-428: The production of whisky , and low-grade potatoes . Isobutanol is a second-generation biofuel with several qualities that resolve issues presented by ethanol. Isobutanol's properties make it an attractive biofuel: Butanol better tolerates water contamination and is less corrosive than ethanol and more suitable for distribution through existing pipelines for gasoline. In blends with diesel or gasoline, butanol

2352-578: The recovery of butanol with high efficiency. DuPont and BP plan to make biobutanol the first product of their joint effort to develop, produce, and market next-generation biofuels. In Europe the Swiss company Butalco is developing genetically modified yeasts for the production of biobutanol from cellulosic materials. Gourmet Butanol, a United States–based company, is developing a process that utilizes fungi to convert organic waste into biobutanol. Celtic Renewables makes biobutanol from waste that results from

2401-496: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bale . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bale&oldid=1259904911 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

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