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116-645: Storrow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Helen Storrow (1864–1944), American philanthropist, early Girl Scout leader, and chair of WAGGGS for eight years James J. Storrow (1864–1926), Boston-area investment banker instrumental in forming General Motors, and its third president Thomas Storrow Brown (1803–1888), journalist, writer, orator, and revolutionary in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) See also [ edit ] Storrow Drive [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

232-470: A Miss Katherine Howard. In youth, her main interest was music, a love she shared with her brother Thomas. After boarding school, she spent time in Germany continuing her musical studies, later going on to graduate from Smith College. Helen met her future husband, James Jackson Storrow Sr., in 1882, while touring Europe with her relatives. Though James was just one year behind her brother Thomas at Harvard ,

348-660: A belief in simplicity, equality, and individual dignity. They were staunch abolitionists , whose home served as a stop on the Underground Railroad . The Wrights and their daughter, Eliza Osborne, were loyal friends of the Underground Railroad's famed “conductor," Harriet Tubman . They helped Tubman settle in Auburn in 1860, and provided Tubman with odd jobs, enabling her to support her family. Helen's maternal grandfather was, like her father, ambivalent at best about

464-474: A general lack of intelligence, all for the visitors' benefit. This performance by the girls, though funny to them, apparently infuriated Storrow...visitors ultimately walked away from their visit to the pottery with the image of the ignorant immigrant... It was Helen's fervent wish to dispel stereotypes of immigrants by demonstrating the artistic accomplishments of the women at the Paul Revere Pottery, and

580-474: A large family, but had only one child, James Jackson Storrow Jr., who was born on November 20, 1892, in Boston, Massachusetts. When the hoped-for larger family did not materialize, they extended the mantles of "Aunt" and "Uncle" to include not only their own nieces and nephews, but also their son's companions and the children of friends. Helen wrote warmly of those precious years and the activities they sponsored for

696-620: A meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in the German Empire . In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—including Ludwig Mises , Friedrich Hayek , and Wilhelm Röpke —to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct market failures . However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that

812-558: A member of the Saturday Evening Girls during the 1910s: The S.E.G. talks that I have attended have helped me a great deal, in that I learned from them what other girls learned in high school, and I was thus given a general idea of the literature at different periods, civic and social problems in different countries, [the] fine arts...Through the club I became connected with the Branch Public Library. During my work there I

928-554: A mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism. In the Weimar Republic , the German Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of

1044-403: A more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens , Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold —became early influential critics of social injustice. John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising

1160-399: A mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties , followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under

1276-493: A personal interest in the daily operations of the Saturday Girls Club. She announced in 1914 that she would no longer be able to subsidize the pottery, but agreed to fund the operation for an additional year, while they developed a plan to become self-sustaining. In 1915, before withdrawing the bulk of her support, Helen provided the club with a new building constructed on Nottingham Hill; an "L-shaped, two-story pottery, in

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1392-486: A position later held by both his son and one of his grandsons. Munson Osborne was described as a loving husband and father, though he had a tendency to behave like a "benevolent autocrat." He respected his wife, and happily entertained her more liberal friends and relations. However, Osborne expected Eliza to conform, for the most part, to the traditional Victorian ideal of wife and mother. This meant virtually abandoning suffrage work after her marriage, and devoting

1508-508: A reliance on what they believe to be a too centralized government to achieve its goals, critics have called this strain of liberalism a more authoritarian ideological position compared to the original schools of liberal thought, especially in the United States, where conservatives have called presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson authoritarians. The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under

1624-530: A response to the Great Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office. The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the mixed market economy and general welfare capitalism . Also called embedded liberalism , social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging

1740-480: A social liberal government . In modern political discourse, social liberalism is associated with progressivism , a left-liberalism contrasted to the right-leaning neoliberalism , and combines support for a mixed economy with cultural liberalism. Social liberalism may also refer to American progressive stances on sociocultural issues, such as reproductive rights and same-sex marriage , in contrast with American social conservatism . Cultural liberalism

1856-581: A stream of youthful guests at the country home she and Jim eventually built on a hillside in Lincoln. From the earliest days of their marriage, the Storrows were interested in the settlement movement and charity work, helping to build playgrounds in poor immigrant neighborhoods, sponsoring night schools, vocational schools, and evening centers. James also took a keen interest in civil service reform, educational reform and legal reform, spearheading an effort to diversify

1972-569: A third way between Manchester Liberalism and socialist revolution in the 1871-founded German Empire . However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the German Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At

2088-503: A wide range of individuals to speak before the club: Edward Everett Hale , Reverend Paul Revere Frothingham, Charles Eliot Norton , activists Paul Davis and Meyer Bloomfield , social reformers Vida Scudder and Robert Woods, and many doctors, lawyers, judges, librarians, artists, rabbis, clergy, performance artists, suffragists, business leaders, and writers spoke to the S.E.G. on a variety of classical and contemporary issues. Seven additional clubs were eventually formed, each named for

2204-665: A wool merchant, and the eldest son of "the Great Emancipator", abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Sr. The younger Garrison was an abolitionist, pacifist , an opponent of Jim Crow laws and the Chinese Exclusion Act , an advocate of women's suffrage, Henry George's single tax , free trade , equality for Freedmen and immigrants, and a founding member of the American Anti-Imperialist League . His younger brother, Francis Jackson Garrison, served as

2320-407: A young art student, arrived at the school in 1899, looking for a position in the nursery. She approached Helen with a letter of introduction from her uncle, William Garrison Jr., who was an old friend of Guerrier's father. Not long after coming to the school, Guerrier was tasked with the job of maintaining the school's reading room. Her story-hour quickly gained immense popularity with young women at

2436-464: Is also the founding father of the German cooperative movement and the organiser of the world's first credit unions . Some liberal economists, such as Lujo Brentano or Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz , established the Verein für Socialpolitik (German Economic Association) in 1873 to promote social reform based on the historical school of economics and therefore rejecting classical economics , proposing

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2552-459: Is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest. A Theory of Justice countered utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham , instead following the Kantian concept of a social contract , picturing society as

2668-532: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Helen Storrow She was married to James J. Storrow , a prominent banker, who was the second national president of the Boy Scouts of America . Born Helen Osborne on September 22, 1864, in Auburn, New York , she was the youngest of David Munson ("Munson") Osborne and Eliza Wright 's four children. Her parents were raised in modest circumstances, but by

2784-734: Is held by the Liberal Party of Canada , while in the United States , social liberalism is a significant force within the Democratic Party . Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, mainly because political organisations are not always ideologically pure, and party ideologies often change over time. However, peers such as the Africa Liberal Network , the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ,

2900-422: Is often referred to as social liberalism because it expresses the social dimension of liberalism; however, it is not the same as the broader political ideology known as social liberalism. In American politics , a social liberal may hold either conservative ( economic liberal ) or liberal ( economic progressive ) views on fiscal policy . By the end of the 19th century, downturns in economic growth challenged

3016-618: Is one of only three American women ever granted the Silver Fish Award by Lady Baden-Powell. It was awarded to her in recognition of her long service and dedication to scouting. Helen's interest in dance began in the early 20th century, when several middle-aged Boston socialites organized a dance class to "amuse themselves and their friends." Helen later said: For several years we considered it only funny that we should be pirouetting and hopping about it in arabesque positions, and were ashamed to try to dance really well; but gradually we lost

3132-433: Is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of

3248-825: The Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats , the European Liberal Forum , the Liberal International , and the Liberal Network for Latin America or scholars usually accept them as parties who are following social liberalism as a core ideology. Social liberal political parties that are more left-biased than general centre-left parties are not described here. (See list of progressive parties ) Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to

3364-592: The European People's Party , the Greens–European Free Alliance , and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats also house some political parties with social-liberal factions. In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In Canada , social liberalism

3480-583: The First World War held the post of New England Fuel Administrator. He was largely responsible for preventing a severe coal shortage, actually using his own credit to ensure vital shipments of coal reached the Northeast, during the winter of 1917–1918. The Storrows rejected "Nativist" ideology, i.e., the anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic , anti-immigrant stance widely embraced by the American upper classes during

3596-697: The German Economic Association . He published the socialist democratic manifesto "Social-liberal: Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia" to create an "action group" for the general people's welfare in the Social Democratic Party of Germany , which they rejected. The National-Social Association , founded by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann also maintained contacts with the left liberals. He tried to draw workers away from Marxism by proposing

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3712-664: The Great Depression and the New Deal . In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely , John Bates Clark , and Henry Carter Adams —influenced both by socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy toward labour unions . However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published

3828-808: The Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom, the Democrats 66 in the Netherlands, and the Danish Social Liberal Party . In continental European politics, social liberal parties are integrated into the Renew Europe group in the European Parliament , the third biggest group in the parliament, and includes social liberal parties, market liberal parties, and centrist parties. Other groups such as

3944-674: The Liberal Party in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the Liberal welfare reforms . The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, and health, sickness, and unemployment insurance . These changes were accompanied by progressive taxation , particularly in the People's Budget of 1909. The old system of charity relying on the Poor Laws and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies

4060-456: The kindergarten movement in the United States. The school provided classes in printing, pottery, stone carving, woodwork, woodcarving, woodturning, cement work, sewing and dressmaking; there was also an athletic club, a debating club, a drama club, music lessons, reading rooms, a kindergarten, and a nursery for infants belonging to working mothers. It was at North Bennet Street Industrial School that Helen met Edith Guerrier . Guerrier, then

4176-410: The surname Storrow . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storrow&oldid=855102084 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

4292-400: The 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greater Georgist movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson . America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into the New Deal , which developed as

4408-430: The 1970s political and philosophic academia. Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism. Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower consumer spending , and

4524-787: The English Folk Dance Society, now known as the Country Dance Society, Boston Centre. She believed that everyone's life, be they young or old, male or female, could be enriched by dance. She wrote: Social liberalism Social liberalism is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses social justice , social services , a mixed economy , and the expansion of civil and political rights , as opposed to classical liberalism which favors limited government and an overall more laissez-faire style of governance. While both are committed to personal freedoms, social liberalism places greater emphasis on

4640-574: The Jacksons, Higginsons, Tracys, and the Cabots who famously " talk only to God ." His father, also named James Jackson Storrow, was a prominent attorney, whose clients included Alexander Graham Bell and the government of Venezuela ; his mother, Ann Maria Perry, was the grandchild of naval hero Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry , and a distant cousin of President Thomas Jefferson . James graduated in 1888 from Harvard Law School , and for twelve years

4756-474: The New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism. The New Liberals, including intellectuals Thomas Hill Green , Leonard Hobhouse and John A. Hobson , saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances. In their view,

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4872-768: The New York State Woman's Suffrage Association, and first vice president of the Cayuga County Political Equality Club. A tireless worker, at age eighty, Eliza led a delegation of women to Albany where they spoke before the State Legislature , lobbying for suffrage. Eliza was also involved in numerous philanthropic endeavors. In 1882, Eliza helped found the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, an institution that may have inspired Helen's interest in settlement work. Modeled on an organization of

4988-765: The Pine Tree Camp, on her property at Long Pond, in Plymouth , which became the First National Girl Scout Leaders' Training School. Decades later, Scouts were still flocking to the camp for training. In July 1932, Helen provided the Girl Scouts with a retreat in Switzerland. She purchased a chalet just outside Adelboden , in the Bernese Oberland . Known simply as Our Chalet , the retreat remains in

5104-652: The Playground Association of America, Helen could be found in the ballroom of the New Willard Hotel in New York City, leading a "practical demonstration" in folk dancing for those in attendance. A year later, she volunteered to instruct the Fathers' and Mothers' Folk Dancing Club at the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston. In 1915, Helen helped found, and served as director, of the American branch of

5220-523: The School Committee in 1905, he received a ringing endorsement from The Pilot , Boston's leading Irish-Catholic newspaper : Mr. Storrow is a Protestant, but he has a host of friends and admirers among the Catholics, clergy and laity alike, for his philanthropy which knows no test of religion nor of color; for his upright life; for his sincere devotion to the best interests of those citizens who most need

5336-606: The Scouting movement, and his wife, Lady Baden-Powell . James Storrow's interest in the Boy Scouts mirrored his wife's interest in the girls' movement; he served as the second national president of the Boy Scouts of America . In Helen's honor, the Girl Scouts of Eastern Massachusetts Council presents individuals who have made "outstanding contributions to Girl Scouting" with the Helen Storrow Heritage Award. [1] Helen

5452-699: The Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals. In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like Max Hirsch , Franz Duncker , and Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch established trade unions —modelled on their British counterparts—to help workers improve working and economic conditions through reconciliation of interests and cooperation with their employers rather than class struggle. Schulze-Delitzsch

5568-561: The Storrows met not in Massachusetts, but in Switzerland , while scaling the Matterhorn . They were married, after a lengthy engagement, in 1891. The shy and studious James, was described as "unassuming," but "magnetic", "a born leader and a keen judge of man; unassuming, yet in his quiet way exerting a strong influence over his fellows...a dominating personality." Temperamentally, he was

5684-620: The United States President Ronald Reagan . They pursued policies of deregulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services. Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during

5800-576: The United States, and Keynesian liberalism . Cultural liberalism is an ideology that highlights its cultural aspects. The world has widely adopted social liberal policies. Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered centre to centre-left , although there are deviations from these positions to both the political left or right . Addressing economic and social issues, such as poverty , welfare , infrastructure , healthcare and education using government intervention, while emphasising individual rights and autonomy, are expectations under

5916-607: The aftermath of the American Revolution . Osborne left his father's home at the age of fifteen, accepting work wherever it could be found. After several failed business ventures, Osborne founded D. M. Osborne & Co. in 1856, and made a fortune manufacturing agricultural machinery. Osborne's life revolved around his work. He was an exacting, but fair employer, and years after his death his former employees still spoke of him with admiration. One of Auburn's most respected citizens, Osborne served three terms as mayor (1877–1880);

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6032-546: The arts, among them Isabella Stewart Gardner . While their productions met with great success, the girls often resented the supercilious attitude of their wealthy benefactors. As previously stated, in the early 20th century many wealthy Americans, including some supporters of the Saturday Girls Club, viewed Italian, Irish and Jewish immigrants as inherently ignorant, either unable or unwilling to comprehend cultural and intellectual subjects, and unlikely to benefit from advanced education. In order to raise funds and gain publicity,

6148-483: The bulk of her time to domestic affairs. Having been raised in a family of social reformers, Eliza (Wright) Osborne was stubborn, self-reliant, witty and outspoken, a far less conventional figure than her spouse. She was the eldest child of David and Martha (Coffin) Wright . Both parents were descended from Quakers who traveled to the new world with William Penn . The Wrights were not practicing Quakers, but they still adhered to many tenets of their parents' faith –

6264-409: The capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the boom and bust cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because

6380-518: The club staged an annual exhibition, allowing affluent Bostonians to tour the pottery and view their work. The young women were angered by the “expectations of inferiority,” and the belittling remarks made openly by some visitors, who were astonished to discover that "illiterate" and "ignorant" girls could produce such beautiful artwork. The young women rebelled against their condescension: In an interesting display of oppositional resistance…the girls acted out by feigning ignorance of English and exhibited

6496-500: The club. A naturally exuberant, enthusiastic woman, during the club's early years Helen became a familiar figure, forming lasting friendships with several of the girls, and providing the club with invaluable financial support. The Storrows would later personally finance the college education of several young men and women from the Saturday Girls Club, the North Bennet school, and various settlement houses they patronized. Believing that

6612-413: The concept of consequentialism to promote a rights based system. He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a utilitarian foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights. The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of

6728-534: The condescension shown by many of her peers toward immigrants. She took a genuine interest in the women and children of the North End, joining the North Bennet Street Industrial School's board of managers in 1898, and serving as secretary of the institution. The school was founded in 1885 by Pauline Agassiz Shaw . The daughter of scientist and Harvard professor, Louis Agassiz , Shaw pioneered

6844-401: The country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as

6960-470: The creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as Milton Friedman and Samuel Brittan , whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called neoliberalism —had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and

7076-436: The day of the week when members met. There was a club for girls as young as ten, another for working women in their mid-twenties, and clubs for girls every age in between. At a time when many first and second generation immigrants failed to graduate, or even attend high school, clubs like the Saturday Evening Girls played a vital role in educating their members. One young woman, Vanessa Casassa Bruno, described her experience as

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7192-414: The economic policies of the New Deal appeared Keynesian , there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a more anti-communist ideology as a result. American exceptionalism

7308-621: The end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), Amartya Sen (philosophy and economy), Ronald Dworkin (philosophy of law), Martha Nussbaum (philosophy), Bruce Ackerman (constitutional law), and others. In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized centrist and centre-left parties. Examples of successful European social liberal parties participating in government coalitions at national or regional levels include

7424-506: The feeling of self-consciousness and enjoyed it too much not to try to do our best. During her travels in Europe, Helen developed a passion for folk dancing, becoming a staunch devotee of Cecil Sharp , aiding him in his efforts to popularize folk dance in the United States. Helen devoted increasingly lengthy amounts of time to providing lessons in English folk dance. In 1911, during a benefit for

7540-611: The first president of the Boston chapter of the N.A.A.C.P . Helen's cousin, Eleanor Garrison, graduated from Smith College , and worked for Carrie Chapman Catt as an organizer at the New York office of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Continuing the family tradition of social reform, Eleanor later worked for several years as secretary of Armitage House Settlement in New York City . In

7656-545: The foundations of the welfare state in the United Kingdom before World War I. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after World War II, although primarily accomplished by the Labour Party 's Attlee ministry , was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely John Maynard Keynes (who laid the foundations in economics with the Keynesian Revolution ) and William Beveridge (whose Beveridge Report

7772-466: The hands of the Girl Scouts, and hosts "Helen Storrow Seminars", focusing on international education. Helen served for many years as First Vice President of Girl Scouts, Inc., the national organization of American Girl Scouts, and as chairman of the executive committee of Massachusetts Girl Scouts, Inc. Serving as Second Vice President of the national organization was none other that Lou Henry Hoover , wife of future president, Herbert Hoover . After

7888-410: The initial founding of the American Girl Scouts organization, there were numerous squabbles with the older organization of British Girl Guides , including arguments over uniforms, territorial disputes, and an unsuccessful attempt by the Girl Guides to convince the Girl Scouts to change their name; the British organization considered the term "Scout" too masculine for a girls' movement. Helen responded to

8004-435: The issue of women's suffrage , but that didn't prevent Helen's grandmother from actively campaigning on behalf of political equality. Martha Wright helped to organize the first suffrage convention at Seneca Falls in 1848, prepared the final draft of Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's Declaration of Sentiments , and briefly served as president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association before her death in 1874. Martha's role in

8120-470: The late 19th and early 20th century. While serving on the Boston School Committee, James quickly "gained a reputation" among Irish-Catholics "for absolute fairness in the sensitive matter of hiring and promoting Boston teachers and administrators". He insisted that teachers should be hired and promoted on the basis of "merit regardless of religious background," whereas before, Catholics had been routinely discriminated against. When James ran for re-election to

8236-461: The late 19th century was an impoverished, over-crowded, filthy, disease ridden area, reminiscent of the London slums depicted by Dickens . The ward suffered from the highest infant mortality rates, child mortality rates, and homicide rates, in Boston. Many affluent Bostonians blamed conditions in the North End on the residents themselves, immigrants, who were predominantly Jewish and Italian. Massachusetts state legislator Edward C. Chandler voiced

8352-533: The latter argument by suggesting that, instead, the Girl Guides should refer to themselves as Scouts: Our name, Girl Scouts, is very dear to us, and seems to us the logical name. The terms scout and scouting apply to girls and their activities as appropriately as to boys, and represent the same laws and ideals. The idea that we are trying to make boys out of the girls is soon dissipated when the girls show their increased usefulness at home... The suggestion to change

8468-526: The left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles , but it influenced local cooperative enterprises. After 1945, the Free Democrats included most of

8584-409: The main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy. Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the markets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free." Also it

8700-565: The makeup of the Boston Chamber of Commerce , and helping to establish a juvenile court . In a testament to how highly regarded he was by Bostonians from every social strata , on multiple occasions James was asked to act as a mediator between corporate interests, the city, and labor unions . Elected on the Democratic ticket, James served for several years on the City Council , and during

8816-584: The mid-1880s, Munson Osborne sued Cyrus McCormick for patent infringement. The case proved to be difficult and protracted, with McCormick ultimately agreeing to settle out of court, paying Osborne $ 225,000, an enormous sum at the time. However, the stress of the case had a terrible effect on Osborne. On July 6, 1886, Osborne suffered a massive coronary. Helen and her mother, having witnessed his collapse, tried fruitlessly to revive him, but he died later that evening. Following her husband's death, Eliza resumed her suffrage work, going on to become vice president of

8932-562: The midst of the Red Scare , notably by the previously mentioned Reagan. Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support. From

9048-502: The name met with the determined opposition from both our girls and their officers, and we shall in all probability remain scouts. I wish most heartily that we might share the same name. Would the Guides consider changing? I wish they would. In spite of the initial tension between the British and American organizations, the Storrows became close personal friends of Lord Baden-Powell , who founded

9164-618: The only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism. Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called ordoliberalism or the social market economy , under Ludwig Erhard . He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery

9280-440: The opinion of many in Boston when he stated that "the personal habits of the tenants are largely responsible for such conditions…Undoubtedly many a suitable tenement house is turned into a place of misery by the ignorance and vice of its occupants." Helen agreed that further education was necessary, and should be encouraged in immigrant communities, but she rejected the notion that immigrants were inherently inferior, and disliked

9396-585: The organizations connected to the Saturday Girls Club. However, as one author noted: "For the girls, it [the opinion of the Brahmins] may not have mattered; Storrow's vision and dedication to securing a future for them, perhaps conflicted with their own ideas of identity, self-definition, and respect." In spite of tensions between the young women and their benefactors, the pottery and clubs continued for several decades with considerable success. Helen's growing involvement in scouting precluded her from continuing to take

9512-413: The playground movement. Distressed by the number of children being killed and injured in accidents while playing in the streets, Boston philanthropists began constructing playgrounds. It was also hoped that if the children had a proper place to play, rather than congregating in the streets, they would be less likely to become involved in gang-related criminal activities. The North End of Boston during

9628-413: The polar opposite of the out-going, effervescent Helen. However, behind his stiff mien lay an idealistic nature and a keen sense of humor. Their marriage was described as "a perfect partnership” of equals, and Mr. Storrow's biographer claimed that “no two people ever saw more completely eye-to-eye on all the things that count." James was descended from a long line of Boston Brahmin families, including

9744-418: The pottery. They produced a wide variety of objects, including pitchers, vases, inkwells, plates, bowls, and even lamps. The Saturday Girls regularly staged theatricals, operettas, recitals, and folk dancing exhibitions, to raise additional funds for the pottery. Helen personally instructed the girls in the art of folk dancing. Their performances were attended by leading Boston philanthropists and patrons of

9860-511: The poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions. The Liberal governments of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith , mainly thanks to Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister David Lloyd George , established

9976-458: The precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of Justice as Fairness . Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within

10092-452: The principles of classical liberalism , a growing awareness of poverty and unemployment present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of organised labour . A significant political reaction against the changes introduced by industrialisation and laissez-faire capitalism came from one-nation conservatives concerned about social balance and the introduction of the famous Education Act 1870 . However, socialism later became

10208-442: The public schools. He will be found where he has been found heretofore, alert for the largest possible moral, material and intellectual benefits for the neediest, rather than seeking to control appointments for personal or political motives... Helen was involved in a wide variety of charitable activities during her life ranging from settlement work to land conservation. Helen's initial focus was on children's charities, beginning with

10324-633: The reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , John Maynard Keynes , David Lloyd George (especially as Chancellor of the Exchequer ), and Winston Churchill (as President of the Board of Trade ), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) William Beveridge . Most of the social democratic parties in Europe (notably the British Labour Party ) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from

10440-687: The remainder of his life with Eliza's family, dying at a ripe old age in 1897. Martha Wright's friends and fellow reformers, individuals like Frederick Douglass , Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony , and Anna Howard Shaw , were regular guests in the Osborne home. Helen's aunt, Ellen (Wright) Garrison, was also involved in the fight for suffrage. She was an active member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association , campaigning with her sister-in-law, Fanny Garrison Villard . Ellen married William Lloyd Garrison Jr.,

10556-537: The role of government in addressing social inequalities and ensuring public welfare. Economically, social liberalism is based on the social market economy and views the common good as harmonious with the individual's freedom. Social liberals overlap with social democrats in accepting market intervention more than other liberals; its importance is considered auxiliary compared to social democrats. Ideologies that emphasize its economic policy include welfare liberalism , New Deal liberalism and New Democrats in

10672-520: The same name in Boston , the institution provided young working women with classes in practical subjects, such as sewing and cooking, later adding more intellectually gratifying classes in modern languages and literature. Helen was sent away to boarding school at the age of eleven. At the time of her father's death, she was spending most of each year at a boarding school in Springfield, Massachusetts run by

10788-433: The same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a welfare state , which they called state socialism . The main differences between the left-liberal parties were: The term social liberalism ( German : Sozialliberalismus ) was used first in 1891 by Austria-Hungarian economist and journalist Theodor Hertzka . Subsequently, in 1893, the historian and social reformer Ignaz Jastrow also used this term and joined

10904-450: The school, forming the foundation of what in 1901 became the Saturday Evening Girls' Club (S.E.G.). The club derived its name from the fact that its members were mainly young working-women, and high school students, who could only attend on Saturdays. The weekly story-hour was soon expanded to include discussions about history, politics, civics, economics, art, literature, and lectures given by well-known figures. Guerrier managed to attract

11020-653: The social liberals while others joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany . Until the 1960s, post-war ordoliberalism was the model for Germany. It had a theoretical social liberal influence based on duty and rights. As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach in 1982, some members left the party and formed the social liberal Liberal Democrats . In France, solidaristic thinkers, including Alfred Fouillée and Émile Durkheim , developed

11136-490: The social-liberal theory in the Third Republic. Sociology inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians like Léon Bourgeois . They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted

11252-431: The state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state. Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from classical liberalism or laissez-faire . It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around

11368-401: The state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an equal opportunity for success. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as

11484-443: The store in Boston where their wares were sold and, later on, they also conducted pottery classes. Helen, Guerrier, and Brown, agreed that an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere should surround the girls. Accordingly, their rooms were always filled with "fresh flowers and bright light," and as they worked, the young women were treated to "dramatic readings and soothing music" performed by the children of well-to-do families who patronized

11600-482: The style of an English country house…with warm, well-lighted rooms," and additional space, where Guerrier and Brown made their residence. Helen was introduced in 1915 to the founder of scouting in America, Juliette Gordon Low . It may have been this encounter that sparked her interest in the scouting movement. Whatever the reason, not long afterward, Helen began holding Girl Scout training courses at her summer home in Lincoln, Massachusetts. In 1917, Helen founded

11716-470: The suffrage movement has been largely overshadowed due to the fame of her older sister, the feminist, abolitionist, and Quaker minister, Lucretia (Coffin) Mott . The Wrights lived at just a walking distance from the Osborne mansion, and played a significant role in the upbringing of the Osborne children, including Helen. David Wright came to live with the Osbornes a few years after Martha's death, and spent

11832-569: The time of Helen's birth, Munson Osborne had become one of the most prominent men in Cayuga County . Helen and her siblings enjoyed a happy and privileged upbringing, attending private schools, traveling through Europe , and spending summers at their home on Owasco Lake at Willow Point, New York. The Osborne mansion at 99 South Street served as a cultural center in Auburn. Her eldest sister, Emily (1854–1944), married Springfield banker Frederick Harris; her next eldest sister, Florence (1856–1877),

11948-499: The traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts. Alexander Rüstow , a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalism neoliberalism while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries

12064-413: The two-volume Dynamic Sociology . He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner . The historian Henry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongside William James , John Dewey , and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and called him the father of the modern welfare state. A writer from 1884 until

12180-507: The wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies. Social liberalism is also a generally internationalist ideology. Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate for liberal feminism among other forms social progress. Social liberals tend to find a compromise between the perceived extremes of unrestrained capitalism and state socialism to create an economy built on regulated capitalism . Due to

12296-522: The young women with employment and a skill set. Helen readily agreed to subsidize the venture and the Paul Revere Pottery was born. In 1908, she purchased a large townhouse at 18 Hull Street to serve as the club's new headquarters; the pottery and kiln were erected in the basement. The operation was wholly run by the Saturday Girls. They produced and decorated the pottery, operated the kiln, ran

12412-477: The young women would benefit from time spent in the countryside, Helen also provided them with a summer camp at Wingaersheek Beach in West Gloucester, Massachusetts . During a tour of Europe in 1906, funded by Helen, Guerrier and her partner, Edith Brown, had an epiphany – they would return to America and develop a pottery. The enterprise would be operated by Brown, Guerrier, and the Saturday Girls, providing

12528-459: Was a unique economic system for Turkey and that it was different from socialism , communism , and collectivism . Atatürk explained his economic idea as follows: State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it

12644-454: Was able to help children and foreigners to read proper books...to make them better citizens and scholars, as well as increasing my knowledge of books and authors. Helen was inspired by Guerrier's desire to impart her knowledge of art and literature to the young women of the North End, taking an avid interest in Guerrier's work, and using her connections to generate funding, and attract speakers to

12760-445: Was described as a gentle girl, extremely fond of animals, who died of typhoid fever, leaving behind a fiancée, Samuel Bowles; her only brother, Thomas Mott Osborne (1859–1926), inherited his father's business, and became a stalwart advocate of prison reform. Their father, Munson Osborne, was a farmer's son from Rye, New York . His ancestors were once prosperous landowners, but they became impoverished, having lost their fortune in

12876-481: Was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly. The Kemalist economic model was designed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1930s, founder of the Republic of Turkey, after an unsuccessful attempt to embrace a regulated market economy from İzmir Economic Congress until the 1929 Depression . He put the principle of " etatism " in his Six Arrows and stated that etatism

12992-543: Was employed as a corporate lawyer . In 1900, he disbanded his law firm and accepted a position at Lee, Higginson & Co. , an investment bank. James proved to be an astute businessman, quickly achieving the position of senior partner at Lee, Higginson & Co., and accumulating a vast personal fortune. Though he was employed by one of America's most conservative banks, James remained politically moderate and socially progressive, positions that set him at odds with other members of his social milieu . The Storrows longed for

13108-519: Was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the Conservatives , the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed

13224-529: Was likely the reason for the separate development of modern liberalism in the United States , which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range. John Rawls ' principal work, A Theory of Justice (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of analytic philosophy and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources. According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what

13340-593: Was said by İsmet İnönü that Atatürk's principle of etatism was Keynesian and a Turkish variant of New Deal . The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century. American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While

13456-461: Was used to design the welfare system). Historian Peter Weiler has argued: Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after

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