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101-603: Stern graduated from Union College in 1982 and the Georgetown University Law Center in 1985. Following law school, he clerked for two federal judges in Baltimore and worked for a public interest law firm before joining Equal Justice Works , then known as the National Association of Public Interest Law (NAPIL). Hired in 1992 to create a postgraduate fellowship program for the organization, Stern became

202-437: A liberal arts curriculum across 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors. The school offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering , bioengineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . About 60% of Union students engage in some form of international study or study abroad . Chartered in 1795, Union

303-560: A professional engineer or a chartered engineer . "Only a licensed engineer, for instance, may prepare, sign, seal and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients." This requirement can be written into state and provincial legislation, such as in the Canadian provinces, for example the Ontario or Quebec's Engineer Act. In other countries, such as Australia, and

404-642: A course in an engineering trade like fitter from the Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) to receive a "ITI Trade Certificate" and also pass the All India Trade Test (AITT) with an engineering trade conducted by the National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) by which one is awarded a "National Trade Certificate". A similar system is used in Nepal. Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue

505-452: A drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions. Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture

606-517: A failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes. Once theory is applied to a mechanical design, physical testing is often performed to verify calculated results. Structural analysis may be used in an office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo controlled failure tests. Thermodynamics

707-880: A field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites , mechatronics , and nanotechnology . It also overlaps with aerospace engineering , metallurgical engineering , civil engineering , structural engineering , electrical engineering , manufacturing engineering , chemical engineering , industrial engineering , and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in

808-411: A force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically , depending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until

909-845: A founding member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), Union today participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Liberty League , ECAC Hockey and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Men's and women's ice hockey compete at the NCAA Division I level; all other sports compete at the NCAA Division III level. All club sports are administered through

1010-535: A growing school. In 1806 a large tract of land was acquired to the east of the Downtown Schenectady , on a slope up from the Mohawk River and facing nearly due west. In 1812 French architect Joseph-Jacques Ramée was then hired to draw up a comprehensive plan for the new campus. Construction of two of the college buildings proceeded quickly enough to permit occupation in 1814. The Union College campus became

1111-550: A leader in electrical technologies." Union College has had nineteen presidents since its founding in 1795. The school has the distinction of having had the longest serving college or university president in the history of the United States, Eliphalet Nott (62 years). The current president is David R. Harris (2018–present). During the first half of the 19th century, students in American colleges would have encountered

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1212-492: A machine is likely to work. Engineers may seek license by a state, provincial, or national government. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the engineer is given the title of Professional Engineer (United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in

1313-680: A minimum of 36 term courses in all programs except engineering, which may require up to 40 courses (in two-degree programs, nine courses beyond the requirements for the professional degrees), and students in the Leadership in Medicine program, which requires around 45–50 courses. The most popular majors, by number out of 488 graduates in 2022, were: For the Class of 2027 (enrolling fall 2023), Union College received 9,484 applications and accepted 4,175 (44%). The middle 50% range of SAT scores of enrolled freshmen

1414-583: A minimum of 4 years post graduate on the job competency development and a peer-reviewed project report to become a Chartered Mechanical Engineer (CEng, MIMechE) through the Institution of Mechanical Engineers . CEng MIMechE can also be obtained via an examination route administered by the City and Guilds of London Institute . In most developed countries, certain engineering tasks, such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by

1515-423: A parallel scientific curriculum in 1828. Its civil engineering program, introduced in 1845, was the first of its kind at an American liberal arts college. So successful were Union's reform efforts that by 1839 the college had one of the largest faculties in American higher education and an enrollment surpassed only by Yale . After Union College received its charter in 1795 the college began conducting classes on

1616-1011: A part using the technical drawings. However, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing, parts can now be fabricated without the need for constant technician input. Manually manufactured parts generally consist of spray coatings , surface finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine. Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have incorporated computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products,

1717-406: A postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering , Master of Technology , Master of Science , Master of Engineering Management (M.Eng.Mgt. or M.E.M.), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (Eng.D. or Ph.D.) or an engineer's degree . The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include research . The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as

1818-473: A separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them. The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers , thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers . On the European continent , Johann von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded

1919-639: A sorority and 24% of its male students belonged to a fraternity. In 2010, some 50% of Union's sophomores, junior, and seniors were a member of its twelve Greek letter organizations. The eight current fraternities at Union are members of the North American Interfraternity Conference , and as such come under the supervision of the Interfraternity Council (IFC). They are: Alpha Delta Phi , Chi Psi , Kappa Alpha , Sigma Chi , Sigma Phi , and Theta Delta Chi . A chapter of

2020-523: A student project in the fall of 1910, but did not become "live" until 1912. The Union College radio station was among the first wireless transmitters in the country to broadcast regularly scheduled programs. The weekly Concordiensis , the principal newspaper of Union College since 1877, is the thirteenth oldest student newspaper in the United States and the oldest continuously published newspaper in Schenectady. Most undergraduates are required to complete

2121-410: A substitute for Greek or Hebrew . One approach to modernization was the so-called "parallel course of study" in scientific and "literary" subjects. This offered a scientific curriculum in parallel to the classical curriculum, for those students wishing a more modern treatment of modern languages, mathematics, and science, equal in dignity to the traditional course of study. Union College commenced

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2222-402: A sweeping retreat for both students and faculty. "The Trustees of Union College", a corporate body, has owned the college and been the college's designated legal representative throughout its history. The Board consists of alumni, faculty, students, the president of the college, and others. The governor of the state of New York is also an ex officio member. The Board appoints the president of

2323-669: A variety of mini-terms (three-week programs during the winter break or at the beginning of the summer vacation). In the 2009–2010 school year, mini-terms were offered in 11 regions or countries (including the United States). Opened in 1961, Schaffer Library currently makes available onsite about 750,000 books in print as well as electronic formats. The two largest historical, electronic collections are Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO). The library's print and rare book collections are especially strong in 18th and 19th-century literature ,

2424-484: A variety of opportunities for formal study outside the United States, the most popular of which are the Terms Abroad Programs. Currently, Terms Abroad are offered for residence and study on nearly every continent, some in cooperation with Hobart and William Smith Colleges . In the 2009–2010 school year, programs were offered in 22 countries or regions around the world. Every year Union College also offers

2525-424: A very similar course of study, a curriculum with sturdy foundations in the traditional liberal arts. But by the 1820s all of this began to change. Although Latin and Greek remained a part of the curriculum, new subjects were adopted that offered a more readily apparent application to the busy commercial life of the new nation. Accordingly, French was gradually introduced into the college curriculum, sometimes as

2626-626: Is a private liberal arts college in Schenectady, New York , United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents , and second in the state of New York, after Columbia College . In the 19th century, it became known as the " Mother of Fraternities ", as three of the earliest Greek letter societies were established there. Union began enrolling women in 1970, after 175 years as an all-male institution. The college offers

2727-938: Is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science , to design , analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems . It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering branches . Mechanical engineering requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics , dynamics , thermodynamics , materials science , design , structural analysis , and electricity . In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants , industrial equipment and machinery , heating and cooling systems , transport systems, motor vehicles , aircraft , watercraft , robotics , medical devices , weapons , and others. Mechanical engineering emerged as

2828-459: Is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system . Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy ( enthalpy ) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns

2929-523: Is credited with the invention of the wheel by several, mainly old sources. However, some recent sources either suggest that it was invented independently in both Mesopotamia and Eastern Europe or credit prehistoric Eastern Europeans with the invention of the wheel The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale , and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology . The lever

3030-520: Is the governing body for organizations under the supervision of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO), or for any local organizations that fall under the category. These organizations are Alpha Phi Alpha , Phi Iota Alpha , Iota Phi Theta , Lambda Pi Chi , and Omega Phi Beta . Before 2004, in an effort to provide an alternative social environment to that offered by

3131-426: Is the means by which mechanical engineers design products and create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as

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3232-1020: The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 302 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of 11 March 2014. Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB), and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies. In Australia , mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) or similar nomenclature, although there are an increasing number of specialisations. The degree takes four years of full-time study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, Engineers Australia accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities in accordance with

3333-767: The American Bar Association -accredited law schools in the U.S. are members of Equal Justice Works. In 2006, the Mississippi Center for Justice honored Stern for his leadership in bringing national attention to the legal needs of hurricane survivors and for creating the Katrina Initiative, an Equal Justice Works project that supported the work of 19 lawyers in the Gulf Coast . These attorneys were placed at organizations in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama to help

3434-462: The Continent . The Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1657, which was the first reliable timekeeper for almost 300 years, and published a work dedicated to clock designs and the theory behind them. In England, Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed the calculus , which would become the mathematical basis of physics. Newton

3535-770: The Liberty League , ECAC Hockey , the Annapolis Group , the Oberlin Group , the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges (CLAC), and the New York Six Consortium. Union is also a component of Union University , which also includes Albany Medical College , Albany Law School , the Dudley Observatory , and the Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences . The Union College radio station, WRUC 89.7, dates from

3636-546: The Scientific Revolution , and the Enlightenment . Of particular note is the almost complete preservation of the college's first library, acquired between 1795 and 1799. Union College belongs to several regional and national consortia that improve access to materials not owned by the college. The modern fraternity system at American colleges and universities is generally determined as beginning at Union College with

3737-510: The United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science. Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at various universities worldwide. Mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study depending on

3838-462: The abolitionist cause. Union College was sometimes called Schenectady College in this period. Union chose the modern language French —France was then the most revolutionary of countries —rather than Latin for its motto. The resulting tone of the entire seal is both historically aware and distinctly modern in outlook. The head of the Roman goddess Minerva ( Greek goddess Athena ) appeared in

3939-549: The "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing Engineer or Professional Engineer) exams. The requirements and steps of this process are set forth by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES), composed of engineering and land surveying licensing boards representing all U.S. states and territories. In the UK, current graduates require a BEng plus an appropriate master's degree or an integrated MEng degree,

4040-550: The 13th to 14th centuries. During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari , who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs. In the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England and

4141-752: The Advisory Boards of the J. Skelly Wright Fellowship Committee at Yale Law School ; the National Center for Medical-Legal Partnership and the New Voices Fellowship. Currently, he serves on the board of trustees for the Georgetown Day School . Stern was recognized as a 'Champion of Change' by the White House in October 2011. The honor is in recognition of his dedication and commitment to closing

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4242-469: The CD to the computer. Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine

4343-804: The David Breazzano Fitness Center, the Travis J. Clark Strength Training Facility, the David A. Viniar Athletic Center, and Frank Bailey Field . Union has hosted the two longest games in NCAA Men's Hockey History, losing both by identical 3-2 scores: The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 12, 2010. Quinnipiac University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League Quarter-Finals after 90:22 of overtime. Greg Holt scored

4444-524: The Greek organizations, the Union College administration began recovering occupancy of independent fraternity houses. This initiative was, and remains, a controversial step by the college. A non-residential "house system" was created and funded, establishing buildings to serve as intellectual, social, and cultural centers for resident and non-resident members. All incoming students are randomly assigned to one of

4545-497: The Mathematics Department, Jackson's Garden comprises 8 acres (3.2 ha) of formal gardens and woodlands. Sited where Ramee's original plans called for a garden, it initially featured a mix of vegetables, shrubs, and flowers – some of which were grown from seeds sent by botanists and botanical enthusiasts from around the world. As early as 1844 it drew the admiration of visitors such as John James Audubon , and evolved into

4646-568: The Netherlands. With about 4,000 residents, it was the third largest city in the state, after New York City and Albany . The local Dutch Reformed Church began to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its auspices there. In 1778, it invited the Rev. Dirck Romeyn of New Jersey to visit. Returning home, he authored a plan in 1782 for such an institution and was summoned two years later to come help found it. The Schenectady Academy

4747-491: The Schaffer Foundation was done in the 1980s. After structural problems with the 1973–1974 addition developed, a major project to renovate and expand the library was undertaken in the late 1990s. Designed by the firm of Perry, Dean, Rogers, and Partners , the renovation provided space for College Media Services, Writing Center, and a language lab. Jackson's Garden : Begun in the 1830s by Professor Isaac Jackson of

4848-725: The Stern Family Foundation created the Public Interest Pioneer program that provided seed money to social entrepreneurs to launch new nonprofit organizations. Among the pioneers: Ami Dar, founder of Idealist.org ; Greg LeRoy, founder of Good Jobs First; Sara Horowitz, founder of Working Today; and Joe Lovett, founder of the Appalachian Center for the Economy and the Environment. Union College Union College

4949-534: The Taylor Music Center and Memorial Chapel. Union College jazz, choral and orchestral groups, a taiko ensemble, and three student a cappella groups perform regularly. The college's chamber music series performs at the Memorial Chapel. The Department of Theater and Dance offers several major theatrical productions as well as staged readings, student performances, guest appearances, and other shows throughout

5050-510: The U.S. workforce was $ 80,580. The median income was highest when working for the government ($ 92,030), and lowest in education ($ 57,090). In 2014, the total number of mechanical engineering jobs was projected to grow 5% over the next decade. As of 2009, the average starting salary was $ 58,800 with a bachelor's degree. The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical engineering science disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines which are typically taught at

5151-414: The U.S., for example, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas." The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and institutes of technology will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and

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5252-429: The UK, no such legislation exists; however, practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics independent of legislation, that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 278,340 were mechanical engineers (17.28%), the largest discipline by size. In 2012, the median annual income of mechanical engineers in

5353-576: The United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (much of the European Union). In the U.S., to become a licensed Professional Engineer (PE), an engineer must pass the comprehensive FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, work a minimum of 4 years as an Engineering Intern (EI) or Engineer-in-Training (EIT) , and pass

5454-503: The United States it is common for mechanical engineering students to complete one or more internships while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option. Future work skills research puts demand on study components that feed student's creativity and innovation. Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, engines, and machines. Mechanical engineers typically do

5555-455: The center of an oval. Surrounding it in French was "Sous les lois de Minerve nous devenons tous frères" (English: Under the laws of Minerva, we all become brothers ). This was expanded to "et soeurs" (English: "and sisters" ) in 2015. Minerva was originally patroness of the arts and crafts, but had over time evolved to become an icon of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment . By

5656-614: The co-ed community service oriented fraternity Alpha Phi Omega also exists on campus. Among dormant fraternities with active alumni, Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity maintained a chapter on campus from 1888 to 1997. The College Panhellenic Council (CPC) is the governing body for member sororities, of which the National Panhellenic Council (NPC) is the parent organization. There are four CPC sororities at Union: Delta Phi Epsilon , Gamma Phi Beta , Sigma Delta Tau , and Alpha Delta Lambda . The Multicultural Greek Council (MGC)

5757-640: The college upon vacancy of the position. The Student Forum represents the principal form of student government at Union College. The purpose of the Student Forum is to formulate policies in areas involving the student body. The student body is represented by a president, vice-president of administration, vice-president of finance, vice-president of academics, vice-president of campus life, and vice-president for multicultural affairs. The entire Student Forum includes these officers together with two student trustees and 12 class representatives. Union College belongs to

5858-493: The college, making this endeavor what has been termed "the linchpin " of the Union education. By the mid-1960s several disciplines at Union had established a senior research thesis requirement, and in 1978 the college began funding faculty-mentored student research in all disciplines. This was followed by the creation of funded summer research opportunities, again in all disciplines at the college, in 1986. Union College makes available

5959-510: The core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such as control systems , robotics, transport and logistics , cryogenics , fuel technology, automotive engineering , biomechanics , vibration, optics and others, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects. Most mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving experience. In

6060-429: The crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure . Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the cause. Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after

6161-428: The design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for

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6262-418: The entry point to academia . The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate. Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in

6363-403: The executive director in 1995. In the 23 years he has served as head of Equal Justice Works, the organization’s annual budget grow more than fivefold from $ 2 million to $ 18 million, and the number of postgraduate fellowships has grown from 20 to more than 300 lawyers who are in the field. Today, Equal Justice Works manages the largest postgraduate fellowship program in the country. Nearly all of

6464-537: The factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration , and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications. Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having

6565-471: The field of biomedical engineering , specifically with biomechanics , transport phenomena , biomechatronics , bionanotechnology , and modelling of biological systems. The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East . The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. Mesopotamian civilization

6666-478: The first comprehensively planned college campus in the United States. Nott Memorial : Designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter (class of 1853), this building derived from the central rotunda in the original Ramée Plan. While it was probably intended to be a chapel in its original conception, the Nott Memorial's primary purpose when finally built was aesthetic. It served as the library until 1961 when Schaffer Library

6767-586: The first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz , Germany in 1848. In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were

6868-474: The following: Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. They also design power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers to help create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how

6969-449: The formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of education, and training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer one has to pass a state exam at the end of the course. In Greece, the coursework is based on a five-year curriculum. In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by

7070-408: The founding of Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827), and Delta Phi (1827). Three other surviving national fraternities – Psi Upsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847) – were founded at Union in the next two decades. On account of this fact, Union has been called " The Mother of Fraternities ". In the fall of 2021, 33% of the college's female students belonged to

7171-493: The frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVAC ), or to design the intake system for the engine. Mechatronics is a combination of mechanics and electronics. It is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid automation systems. In this way, machines can be automated through

7272-547: The global Washington Accord . Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm. Similar systems are also present in South Africa and are overseen by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA). In India , to become an engineer, one needs to have an engineering degree like a B.Tech. or B.E., have a diploma in engineering, or by completing

7373-726: The hundreds of thousands of people left without homes, jobs and social services due to the damage from the hurricanes. Stern describes the impact of the project in the 2007 short documentary, Survivors of the Storm . Stern was also recognized in May 2008 as one of the "Greatest Washington Lawyers of the Past 30 Years" by the Legal Times . Stern has served on the boards of OpenSecrets and the Constitutional Accountability Center, and served on

7474-562: The justice gap in America and ensure that all have equal access to justice. The Sterns have supported reform efforts that attack the root causes of societal problems rather than simply attempting to alleviate the symptoms of these problems. As president of the Stern Family Fund — the foundation the family operated until 2007 — David Stern expanded the work of his father, philanthropist and author Philip Stern. During his tenure as president,

7575-428: The late 18th century she had indeed come to represent all of those qualities that might be wished for in a rational, virtuous, prudent, wise, and "scientific" man. In 2023, the college changed the school's nickname from "Dutchmen" and "Dutchwomen" to "Garnet Chargers" as part of a branding update. Garnet has been the school's official color for 150 years, and the name "chargers" is a reference to "Schenectady's legacy as

7676-604: The pair were started in 1812 and occupied in 1814. Serving as dormitories, both buildings included faculty residences at each end until well into the 20th century. Memorial Chapel : Memorial Chapel was constructed between 1924 and 1925 to serve as the central college chapel and to honor Union graduates who lost their lives serving during wartime. The names of Union alumni who died in World War I and World War II appear on its south wall, flanked by portraits of college presidents. Schaffer Library : Schaffer Library, erected in 1961,

7777-452: The place and university and result in a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.Sc.Eng.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (B.M.E.), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither B.S. nor B.Tech. programs have been adopted,

7878-592: The school reapplied as "Union College", a name chosen to reflect the resolution of its founders that the school should be free of any specific religious affiliation. The resulting institution was awarded its charter on February 25, 1795 – still celebrated by the college as "Founders' Day". In 1836, the year of its founding, the Union College Anti-Slavery Society claimed 51 members. It published its Constitution and Preamble, with an address to students—not just those of Union—calling on them to join

7979-425: The school year. Intercollegiate competition is offered in 26 sports; for men, in baseball , basketball , crew , cross-country , football , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming , tennis , and indoor and outdoor track ; and for women, in basketball, crew, cross-country, field hockey , golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball , swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track, and volleyball . Originally

8080-477: The seven Minerva Houses. An Office of Minerva Programs was created to coordinate and supervise Minerva activities. The Mandeville Gallery presents an annual Art Installation Series in partnership with the Schaffer Library. The Art Installation Series features contemporary artists who visit campus and create a site-specific installation piece for the library's Learning Commons. The Wikoff Student Gallery, on

8181-599: The seventh century BC in Meroe . Kushite sundials applied mathematics in the form of advanced trigonometry. The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill , first appeared in the Persian Empire , in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC. In ancient Greece , the works of Archimedes (287–212 BC) influenced mechanics in the Western tradition. The geared Antikythera mechanisms

8282-504: The stresses within the robot). Robots are used extensively in industrial automation engineering. They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, especially in Automotive Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves . Outside

8383-512: The student activities office. The most active and popular clubs are baseball, bowling , fencing , golf , ice hockey, karate , rugby , skiing , volleyball, and ultimate frisbee . An extensive intramural program is offered in a wide range of sports along with noncredit physical education classes as part of the wellness program. Facilities include the Frank L. Messa Rink at the Achilles Center ,

8484-525: The subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specialized subdisciplines are discussed in this section. Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter . Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic ) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses . Subdisciplines of mechanics include Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in

8585-449: The third floor of the Nott Memorial, is dedicated to showing work by current, full-time Union College students. The college owns over 3,000 works of art and artifacts which comprise its Permanent Collection, most of which are available for use by faculty and students in support of teaching and research. The Department of Music sponsors lectures, performances, recitals, and workshops by visiting artists at numerous campus venues, including

8686-487: The undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be

8787-631: The university's major area(s) of research. The fundamental subjects required for mechanical engineering usually include: Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, physics, tribology , chemical engineering , civil engineering , and electrical engineering . All mechanical engineering programs include multiple semesters of mathematical classes including calculus, and advanced mathematical concepts including differential equations , partial differential equations , linear algebra , differential geometry , and statistics , among others. In addition to

8888-443: The upper floor, while a grammar school continued to be conducted on the lower. It soon became clear that this space would prove inadequate for the growing college. Construction soon began on a three-story building, possibly influenced by Princeton 's Nassau Hall , that was occupied in 1804. Two dormitories were constructed nearby. Eliphalet Nott became college president that year, and envisioned an expanding campus to accommodate

8989-404: The use of electric motors , servo-mechanisms , and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software. A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive. Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bits . Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of

9090-410: The wheels. Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of heat transfer , thermofluids , and energy conversion . Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design engines and power plants , heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat exchangers , heat sinks , radiators , refrigeration , insulation , and others. Drafting or technical drawing

9191-509: The winning goal just after 1:00 am local time. The second-longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League first-round playoff game after 81:35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded. Mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involve force and movement. It

9292-555: The world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive . The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, Dual-roller gins appeared in India and China between the 12th and 14th centuries. The worm gear roller gin appeared in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of

9393-483: Was 1300-1470 for math + reading, while the middle 50% range of the ACT composite score was 30-33. The average high school grade point average ( GPA ) was 3.40. Undergraduate research at Union College had its origin in the first third of the 20th century when chemistry professor Charles Hurd began involving students in his colloid chemistry investigations. Since then, undergraduate research has taken hold in all disciplines at

9494-682: Was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Sakia was developed in the Kingdom of Kush during the 4th century BC. It relied on animal power reducing the tow on the requirement of human energy. Reservoirs in the form of Hafirs were developed in Kush to store water and boost irrigation. Bloomeries and blast furnaces were developed during

9595-582: Was an Analog computer invented around the 2nd century BC. In Roman Egypt , Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam-powered device ( Aeolipile ). In China , Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer , and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before escapement devices were found in medieval European clocks. He also invented

9696-516: Was built. Its design bears some resemblance to the Radcliffe Camera at Oxford University . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The building was restored between 1993 and 1995 and today is the centerpiece of the campus. North and South College : The first college buildings using Ramée's plans,

9797-581: Was established in 1785 as the city's first organized school. It immediately flourished, reaching an enrollment of about 100 within a year. By at least 1792 it offered a full four-year college course, as well as one of elementary and practical subjects taught mainly to girls. Attempts to charter the academy as a college with the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York were initially rejected, but in 1794

9898-505: Was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Edmond Halley . Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , who earlier designed a mechanical calculator , is also credited with developing the calculus during the same time period. During the early 19th century Industrial Revolution, machine tools were developed in England, Germany , and Scotland . This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as

9999-534: Was the first non-denominational institution of higher education in the United States, and the second college established in the State of New York . From 1636 to 1769, only nine institutions of higher education were founded permanently in Colonial America . Most had been founded in association with British religious denominations devoted to the perpetuation of their respective Christian denominations. Union College

10100-473: Was the first building constructed at Union for the sole purpose of housing the college library. Trustee Henry Schaffer donated the majority of funds needed for its construction as well as for a later expansion between 1973 and 1974. The original building was designed by Walker O. Cain of McKim, Mead and White and built by the Hamilton Construction Company. Additional interior work supported by

10201-504: Was to be founded with a broader ecumenical basis. Only Columbia University , founded in 1754 as King's College, had preceded Union in New York. Twenty-five years later impetus for another institution grew. As democratic cultural changes rose and began to become dominant, old ways, in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, began to be challenged. Schenectady had been founded and populated by people originating from

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