Stentrode ( Stent-electrode recording array ) is a small stent -mounted electrode array permanently implanted into a blood vessel in the brain, without the need for open brain surgery. It is in clinical trials as a brain–computer interface (BCI) for people with paralyzed or missing limbs, who will use their neural signals or thoughts to control external devices, which currently include computer operating systems. The device may ultimately be used to control powered exoskeletons , robotic prosthesis , computers or other devices.
41-613: The device was conceived by Australian neurologist Thomas Oxley and built by Australian biomedical engineer Nicholas Opie , who have been developing the medical implant since 2010, using sheep for testing. Human trials started in August 2019 with participants who suffer from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , a type of motor neuron disease . Graeme Felstead was the first person to receive the implant. To date, eight patients have been implanted and are able to wirelessly control an operating system to text, email, shop and bank using direct thought through
82-597: A feedback loop within the brain, which offers potential applications for helping people with spinal cord injuries and control robotic prosthetic limbs with their thoughts. The Stentrode device, developed by Opie and a team at the Vascular Bionics Laboratory within the Department of Medicine at the University of Melbourne , is implanted via the jugular vein into a blood vessel next to cortical tissue near to
123-519: A 2018 TEDxSydney Talk that the company, Synchron, would initiate clinical trials of the Stentrode device with the goal of assisting paralyzed patients to regain independence. Just two years later, Oxley and Synchron published a first-in-human study on the device in the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery . The study showed the ability of two Australians with ALS to email, text, shop, and bank online using
164-431: A Stentrode, to learn to control texting and typing, through direct thought and the assistance of eye-tracking technology for cursor navigation. They achieved this with at least 92% accuracy within 3 months of use, and continued to maintain that ability up to 9 months (as of November 2020). This study helped to dispel some criticism that data rates may not be as high as systems requiring open brain surgery, and also pointed out
205-485: A company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, business development , finance, human resources , etc. The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns. In some countries, there is a dual board system with two separate boards, one executive board for
246-402: A facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these psychopathic tendencies. Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at MIT Sloan School of Management , has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in
287-462: A formal delegation of authority regarding business administration . Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on business strategy and other key policy issues, as well as leader , manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO
328-399: A motorized wheelchair or even a powered exoskeleton. However, he switched focus before beginning clinical trials. Opie and colleagues began evaluating the Stentrode for its ability to restore functional independence in patients with paralysis, by enabling them to engage in activities of daily living. Clinical study results demonstrated the capability of two ALS patients, surgically fitted with
369-596: A source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the average worker's wage . For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay. Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been
410-499: A source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies . The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in Big Five personality traits and temperament, sex differences in psychology and interests, maternity and career breaks, hypergamy , phallogocentrism ,
451-629: A wireless antenna unit implanted in the chest, which sends them to an external receiver. The patient would need to learn how to control a computer operating system that interacts with assistive technologies. The Stentrode technology has been tested on sheep and humans, with human trials being approved by the St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia in November 2018. Oxley originally expressed that he expected human clinical trials to help paralyzed people regain movement to operate
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#1732855131713492-402: Is often used in lieu of chief executive officer. Business publicists since the days of Edward Bernays (1891–1995) and his client John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for Henry Ford , promoted the concept of the " celebrity CEO". Business journalists have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in
533-712: Is said to have conceived the idea for the Stentrode™ in 2007 and he led the original team at the University of Melbourne that created the technology. Stentrode is the first motor neuroprosthesis, a form of brain-computer interface implanted via the patient's blood vessels. Oxley's team in Australia was the only non-US-based group funded by DARPA as part of the Reliable Neural-Interface Technology (RE-NET) program and led by Professor Jack Judy. Dr. Oxley announced in
574-418: Is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organization culture". In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas
615-427: Is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors. As an executive officer of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for
656-547: Is the chief executive officer of Synchron and neurointerventionist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City . Trained as a vascular and interventional neurologist, he established the Vascular Bionics laboratory at the University of Melbourne and is currently co-head of this lab. Oxley is best known for founding Synchron, a company building next-generation brain computer interface solutions that has recently announced
697-405: Is the top-ranking corporate executive charged with the management of an organization , usually a company or a nonprofit organization . CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private corporations , nonprofit organizations , and even some government organizations (notably state-owned enterprises ). The governor and CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to
738-532: Is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (the division/subsidiary heads and C-level officers that report directly to the CEO). In the United States, and in business,
779-541: The Dictionary says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in Australia , with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972. The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in
820-685: The University of Melbourne . His training included advanced MRI imaging analysis, hardware device (stent) development, and electrophysiological signal processing. Oxley completed residencies in both internal medicine and neurology, as well as a stroke fellowship. From 2015 – 2017, Oxley completed an endovascular neurosurgery fellowship at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York under Professor J. Mocco and Professor Alejandro Berenstein. Dr Oxley has published 100 internationally peer reviewed articles that have accumulated over 6500 citations, with 13 as first or last author and with an H Index of 20. In 2018, Oxley won
861-410: The board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the profitability , market share , revenue , or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation . CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of the main manager of
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#1732855131713902-520: The motor cortex and sensory cortex , so open brain surgery is avoided. Insertion via the blood vessel avoids direct penetration and damage of the brain tissue. As for blood clotting concerns, Oxley says neurologists routinely use permanent stents in patients' brains to keep blood vessels open. Once in place, it expands to press the electrodes against the vessel wall close to the brain where it can record neural information and deliver currents directly to targeted areas. The signals are captured and sent to
943-595: The 2018 Global Australian Advance Award Winner, an award given to celebrate international Australians who exhibit remarkable talent, exceptional vision and ambition, the UNESCO Netexplo award for Innovation, and was a finalist for the Congress of Neurological Surgeons Innovator of the Year Award. Chief executive officer A chief executive officer ( CEO ), also known as a chief executive or managing director ,
984-535: The CEO is also the president, is the vice president (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the chief operating officer (COO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief strategy officer (CSO), chief marketing officer (CMO) and chief business officer (CBO). The public relations -focused position of chief reputation officer
1025-525: The Stentrode Device, and was conducted at Royal Melbourne Hospital. Earlier in 2020, the company had announced that it received Breakthrough Device status from the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the Stentrode. Oxley's work has been published in major journals including Nature Biotechnology and New England Journal of Medicine, and he is the founder of three start-up companies: SmartStent (which
1066-431: The Stentrode brain computer interface, marking the first time a brain-computer interface was implanted via the patient's blood vessels, eliminating the need for open brain surgery. The FDA granted breakthrough designation to the device in August 2020. In January 2023, researchers demonstrated that it can record brain activity from a nearby blood vessel and be used to operate a computer with no serious adverse events during
1107-525: The UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in local government , where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service", and in business and in the charitable sector . As of 2013 , the use of the term director for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term managing director
1148-422: The arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the " great man theory ". Guthey et al. argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to
1189-401: The benefits of using well-established neuro-interventional techniques which do not require any automated assistance, dedicated surgical space or expensive machinery. Selected patients are people with paralyzed or missing limbs, including people who have suffered strokes , spinal cord injuries, ALS, muscular dystrophy , and amputations. Thomas Oxley (neurologist) Thomas J. Oxley
1230-617: The case of a partnership , an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company , an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer. Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if
1271-450: The day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairperson presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim
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1312-492: The executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a sole proprietorship , an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In
1353-562: The existence of old boy networks , tradition, and the lack of female role models in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to Korn Ferry to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's. There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have psychopathic tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind
1394-527: The first clinical data on a novel stent electrode (Stentrode) neural interface that is inserted through blood vessels. The company was initiated sometime after his cold-call to DARPA for funding, and has received substantial funding from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) and the Australian government to research this minimally-invasive neural interface technology. While Oxley has been conducting research in motor systems since 2003, he
1435-496: The first year in all four patients. Opie began designing the implant in 2010, through Synchron, a company he founded with Oxley and cardiologist Rahul Sharma. The small implant is an electrode array made of platinum electrodes embedded within a nitinol endovascular stent . The device measures about 5 cm long and a maximum of 8 mm in diameter. The implant is capable of two-way communication, meaning it can both sense thoughts and stimulate movement, essentially acting as
1476-711: The organization and the highest-ranking officer in the C-suite . The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States of America used the term to refer to governors and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the Thirteen Colonies . In draft additions to the Oxford English Dictionary published online in 2011,
1517-409: The point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does
1558-409: The term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities. The CEO is the highest-ranking executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company. In
1599-457: The work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the celebrity journalists . Research published in 2009 by Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance". Executive compensation has been
1640-790: The workplace. This perspective is explored in the book Snakes in Suits , co-authored by Robert D. Hare . However, Scott Lilienfeld has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in Psychology Today , has linked psychopathic traits in managers to workplace bullying , employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses. In
1681-643: Was acquired by Synchron, Inc. ), VascuLab and Synchron. Oxley and his colleagues at Mount Sinai reported an increased incidence of stroke identified in patients under 50 years of age with COVID-19, which was published in New England Journal of Medicine in April 2020. After earning bachelor's degrees in medical science, medicine and surgery from the University of Monash in Melbourne Australia, Oxley earned doctorate degrees in philosophy and neuroscience from